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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 757 records · Page 42
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Populus VariantDB v3.2 facilitates CRISPR and functional genomics research

The success of CRISPR genome editing studies depends critically on the precision of guide RNA (gRNA) design. Sequence polymorphisms in outcrossing tree species pose design hazards that can render CRISPR genome editing ineffective. Despite recent advances in tree genome sequencing with haplotype resolution, sequence polymorphism information remains largely inaccessible to various functional genomics research efforts. The Populus VariantDB v3.2 addresses these challenges by providing a user-friendly search engine to query sequence polymorphisms of heterozygous genomes. The database accepts short sequences, such as gRNAs and primers, as input for searching against multiple poplar genomes, including hybrids, with customizable parameters. We provide examples to showcase the utilities of VariantDB in improving the precision of gRNA or primer design. The platform-agnostic nature of the probe search design makes Populus VariantDB v3.2 a versatile tool for the rapidly evolving CRISPR field and other sequence-sensitive functional genomics applications. The database schema is expandable and can accommodate additional tree genomes to broaden its user base.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evolutionary Game and Simulation Research of Blockchain-Based Co-Governance of Emergency Supply Allocation

Recently, with the spread of COVID-19 pandemic, emergency supply allocation system is drawing more and more social attention. Emergency supply allocation system is an important part of emergency governance system. It reflects social organizations’ credibility, public safety, and the modernization level of social governance. However, emergency supply allocation system still has some problems, such as information asymmetry, different desires of participants, unreasonable allocation, and so on. At present, it is widely accepted that the advantage of blockchain in co-governance could be of great help in solving above problems. And in order to distinguish the effect of blockchain to the emergency supply allocation, the paper builds a tripartite evolutionary game model among the government, social organizations, and the public to analyse the impact of blockchain platform on emergency supply allocation. The simulation analysis shows the following: (1) The strategy choices of the government have a crucial impact on the evolution and stability of social organizations’ strategies. It needs a long-term process to guide social organizations practicing active allocation, and the government should accelerate to build the blockchain platform to promote this process. (2) With the help of blockchain platform, the increment of penalty intensity of the government is conductive to increasing the probabilities that social organizations practice active allocation and the government practices strict supervision. (3) Blockchain platform has a significant impact on social organizations’ choice for active allocation in many aspects, such as the positive and negative effects of social organizations, effect’s increasing multiple, and the cost of the public informing. In the end, some suggestions are presented to improve the co-governance of emergency supply allocation.

Zhao, Huawei↗
DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of Random Forest Modeling Strategies for Multi-Step Wind Speed Forecasting

Although the random forest (RF) model is a powerful machine learning tool that has been utilized in many wind speed/power forecasting studies, there has been no consensus on optimal RF modeling strategies. This study investigates three basic questions which aim to assist in the discernment and quantification of the effects of individual model properties, namely: (1) using a standalone RF model versus using RF as a correction mechanism for the persistence approach, (2) utilizing a recursive versus direct multi-step forecasting strategy, and (3) training data availability on model forecasting accuracy from one to six hours ahead. These questions are investigated utilizing data from the FINO1 offshore platform and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) C1 site, and testing results are compared to the persistence method. At FINO1, due to the presence of multiple wind farms and high inter-annual variability, RF is more effective as an error-correction mechanism for the persistence approach. The direct forecasting strategy is seen to slightly outperform the recursive strategy, specifically for forecasts three or more steps ahead. Finally, increased data availability (up to ~8 equivalent years of hourly training data) appears to continually improve forecasting accuracy, although changing environmental flow patterns have the potential to negate such improvement. We hope that the findings of this study will assist future researchers and industry professionals to construct accurate, reliable RF models for wind speed forecasting.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1984

Interactive systems design and synthesis of future spacecraft concepts

An interactive systems design and synthesis is performed on future spacecraft concepts using the Interactive Design and Evaluation of Advanced spacecraft (IDEAS) computer-aided design and analysis system. The capabilities and advantages of the systems-oriented interactive computer-aided design and analysis system are described. The synthesis of both large antenna and space station concepts, and space station evolutionary growth is demonstrated. The IDEAS program provides the user with both an interactive graphics and an interactive computing capability which consists of over 40 multidisciplinary synthesis and analysis modules. Thus, the user can create, analyze and conduct parametric studies and modify Earth-orbiting spacecraft designs (space stations, large antennas or platforms, and technologically advanced spacecraft) at an interactive terminal with relative ease. The IDEAS approach is useful during the conceptual design phase of advanced space missions when a multiplicity of parameters and concepts must be analyzed and evaluated in a cost-effective and timely manner.

Wright, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Conceptual spacecraft systems design and synthesis

An interactive systems design and synthesis is performed on future spacecraft concepts using the Interactive Design and Evaluation of Advanced Systems (IDEAS) computer-aided design and analysis system. The capabilities and advantages of the systems-oriented interactive computer-aided design and analysis system are described. The synthesis of both large antenna and space station concepts, and space station evolutionary growth designs is demonstrated. The IDEAS program provides the user with both an interactive graphics and an interactive computing capability which consists of over 40 multidisciplinary synthesis and analysis modules. Thus, the user can create, analyze, and conduct parametric studies and modify earth-orbiting spacecraft designs (space stations, large antennas or platforms, and technologically advanced spacecraft) at an interactive terminal with relative ease. The IDEAS approach is useful during the conceptual design phase of advanced space missions when a multiplicity of parameters and concepts must be analyzed and evaluated in a cost-effective and timely manner.

Wright, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Control of intelligent robots in space

In view of space activities like International Space Station, Man-Tended-Free-Flyer (MTFF) and free flying platforms, the development of intelligent robotic systems is gaining increasing importance. The range of applications that have to be performed by robotic systems in space includes e.g., the execution of experiments in space laboratories, the service and maintenance of satellites and flying platforms, the support of automatic production processes or the assembly of large network structures. Some of these tasks will require the development of bi-armed or of multiple robotic systems including functional redundancy. For the development of robotic systems which are able to perform this variety of tasks a hierarchically structured modular concept of automation is required. This concept is characterized by high flexibility as well as by automatic specialization to the particular sequence of tasks that have to be performed. On the other hand it has to be designed such that the human operator can influence or guide the system on different levels of control supervision, and decision. This leads to requirements for the hardware and software concept which permit a range of application of the robotic systems from telemanipulation to autonomous operation. The realization of this goal requires strong efforts in the development of new methods, software and hardware concepts, and the integration into an automation concept.

Freund, E.↗
NASA NTRS2002

The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000). Dry-Season Campaign: An Overview

The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) is an international science project investigating the southern African earth-atmosphere-human system. The experiment was conducted over a two-year period March 1999 - March 2001. The dry season field campaign (August-Steptember 2000) was the most intensive activity and involving over 200 scientists from 18 different nations. The main objectives of this campaign were to characterize and quantify the biogenic, pyrogenic and anthropogenic aerosol and trace gas emissions and their transport and transformations in the atmosphere and to validate the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite Terra within a scientific context. Five aircraft, namely two South African Weather Service aircraft, University of Washington CV-580, the UK Meteorological Office C-130 and the NASA ER-2, with different altitude capabilities, participated in the campaign. Additional airborne sampling of southern African air masses that had moved downwind of the subcontinent was conducted by the CSIRO over Australia. Multiple observations were taken in various sectors for a variety of synoptic conditions. Flight missions were designed to maximize synchronous over-flights of the NASA TERRA satellite platform, above regional ground validation and science targets. Numerous smaller-scale ground validation activities took place throughout the region during the campaign period.

Swap, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Overview of the Helios Version 2.0 Computational Platform for Rotorcraft Simulations

This article summarizes the capabilities and development of the Helios version 2.0, or Shasta, software for rotary wing simulations. Specific capabilities enabled by Shasta include off-body adaptive mesh refinement and the ability to handle multiple interacting rotorcraft components such as the fuselage, rotors, flaps and stores. In addition, a new run-mode to handle maneuvering flight has been added. Fundamental changes of the Helios interfaces have been introduced to streamline the integration of these capabilities. Various modifications have also been carried out in the underlying modules for near-body solution, off-body solution, domain connectivity, rotor fluid structure interface and comprehensive analysis to accommodate these interfaces and to enhance operational robustness and efficiency. Results are presented to demonstrate the mesh adaptation features of the software for the NACA0015 wing, TRAM rotor in hover and the UH-60A in forward flight.

Sankaran, Venkateswaran↗
NASA NTRS2011

Object-Oriented Multi-Disciplinary Design, Analysis, and Optimization Tool

An Object-Oriented Optimization (O3) tool was developed that leverages existing tools and practices, and allows the easy integration and adoption of new state-of-the-art software. At the heart of the O3 tool is the Central Executive Module (CEM), which can integrate disparate software packages in a cross platform network environment so as to quickly perform optimization and design tasks in a cohesive, streamlined manner. This object-oriented framework can integrate the analysis codes for multiple disciplines instead of relying on one code to perform the analysis for all disciplines. The CEM was written in FORTRAN and the script commands for each performance index were submitted through the use of the FORTRAN Call System command. In this CEM, the user chooses an optimization methodology, defines objective and constraint functions from performance indices, and provides starting and side constraints for continuous as well as discrete design variables. The structural analysis modules such as computations of the structural weight, stress, deflection, buckling, and flutter and divergence speeds have been developed and incorporated into the O3 tool to build an object-oriented Multidisciplinary Design, Analysis, and Optimization (MDAO) tool.

Pak, Chan-gi↗
NASA NTRS2018

Earth Science Engagement Through Art and Astronaut Photography

For over five decades of manned spaceflight missions, NASA astronauts have taken extraordinary photographs of Earth's surface and dynamic processes. Humans on board the International Space Station (ISS) have a unique platform to perform Earth observations at various viewing angles, seasons, and times of day. Astronaut photos taken from the ISS comprise a true‐color (RGB) dataset taken with multiple handheld digital cameras and lens types (prior to 2004, film cameras were in use). Earth observations through astronaut photography are an important and unique remote sensing method when monitoring natural disasters, urban growth, and environmental changes. While astronaut imagery can be used for earth science research, there is also an artistic aspect to the photography that fascinates a wide global population. A broader public audience can be introduced to earth science through high resolution, Earth art photos taken from the perspective of an astronaut. The Crew Earth Observations (CEO) Facility within the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit at NASA's Johnson Space Center supports the acquisition, analysis, and curation of astronaut photography of Earth's surface and atmosphere. CEO's website, the Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth (eol.jsc.nasa.gov), provides free public access to view, search, and download over three million images taken by astronauts throughout all of NASA's crewed spaceflight history, with an emphasis on current ISS imagery. The CEO Facility actively curates a digital collection of exceptional Earth art astronaut photos used for public engagement. Our new Downloadable Earth Art page focuses on broad earth science topics including: mountains, water, clouds, agriculture, as well as an "abstract" category. This continuously‐updated collection is comprised of freely accessible and high‐quality downloadable materials, such as single‐ and dual‐screen digital wallpapers. All Earth Art materials are presented with science‐based information that complements the artistic qualities of the imagery, and facilitate connections between general audiences and earth science from the International Space Station.

Meado, Andrea L.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA GeneLab: The NASA Systems Biology Platform for Spaceomics Repository, Analysis and Visualization

At NASA Ames Research Center, the GeneLab Open Science Project is on a mission to gather all large -omics datasets relevant to space biology research. These datasets come from various organisms flown in multiple space habitats such as the International Space Station or the Space Shuttle, in addition to mimicking space-like conditions on ground. Researchers and citizen scientists all around the world have used the data and the analytical tools put together by the GeneLab team to start deciphering new biological impact of microgravity, space ionizing radiation and other space stressors.

GeneLab↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Toward High-Endurance Nonvolatile Reconfigurable Metasurfaces

The applications of adaptive optics extend across multiple sectors, encompassing areas such as LiDAR, biological and chemical sensing, and free-space optical communications. The advent of metasurfaces optics with reconfigurability has offered a versatile platform for the design of compact optical components, offering a compelling alternative to their conventional bulky counterparts. In this study, we introduce the PROWESS (Phase change Reconfigurable Optical WavEfront Synthesis System project at NASA LaRC), electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces using low-loss, high-contrast phase change material (PCM), Ge2Sb2Se4Te integrated with IR-transparent silicon microheater for various practical applications. The talk covers a reliable platform for switching large-scale PCM-based devices utilizing a microheater and an architecture for the metasurface switching within an integrated circuit configuration, which is compatible with standard foundry fabrication processes. The utilization of near- to midinfrared transparent silicon microheater in the proposed architecture opens possibilities for the development of reconfigurable transmissive optics such as filters, zoom lenses, and beam steering modules. We demonstrated switching of 140 µm × 140 µm PCM pixel, on a 200 µm × 200 µm silicon microheater for several thousand cycles. Further, we performed an in-depth investigation into the failure mechanism utilizing techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and thermal modeling. Guidelines for device performance improvement are proposed, and an improved design with larger endurance is shown in progress. With further progress, we aim to unlock the full potential of PCM-based devices and advance the field of adaptive optics with demonstrable examples including a reconfigurable beam steerer for ocean surface flash LiDAR and Navigation Doppler LiDAR for precise lunar landing missions.

metasurface optics↗
DOE OSTI2024

A holistic platform for accelerating sorbent-based carbon capture

Abstract Reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions urgently requires the large-scale deployment of carbon-capture technologies. These technologies must separate CO 2 from various sources and deliver it to different sinks 1,2 . The quest for optimal solutions for specific source–sink pairs is a complex, multi-objective challenge involving multiple stakeholders and depends on social, economic and regional contexts. Currently, research follows a sequential approach: chemists focus on materials design 3 and engineers on optimizing processes 4,5 , which are then operated at a scale that impacts the economy and the environment. Assessing these impacts, such as the greenhouse gas emissions over the plant’s lifetime, is typically one of the final steps 6 . Here we introduce the PrISMa (Process-Informed design of tailor-made Sorbent Materials) platform, which integrates materials, process design, techno-economics and life-cycle assessment. We compare more than 60 case studies capturing CO 2 from various sources in 5 global regions using different technologies. The platform simultaneously informs various stakeholders about the cost-effectiveness of technologies, process configurations and locations, reveals the molecular characteristics of the top-performing sorbents, and provides insights on environmental impacts, co-benefits and trade-offs. By uniting stakeholders at an early research stage, PrISMa accelerates carbon-capture technology development during this critical period as we aim for a net-zero world.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Genomic surveillance indicates clonal replacement of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae ST881 and ST29 lineage strains in vivo

The emergence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) poses a significant public health threat, particularly regarding its carriage in the healthy population. However, the genomic epidemiological characteristics and population dynamics of hvKp within a single patient across distinct infection episodes remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the clonal replacement of hvKp K2-ST881 and K54-ST29 lineage strains in a single patient experiencing multiple-site infections during two independent episodes. Two strains, designated EDhvKp-1 and EDhvKp-2, were obtained from blood and cerebrospinal fluid during the first admission, and the strain isolated from blood on the second admission was named EDhvKp-3. Whole-genome sequencing, utilizing both short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore platforms, was conducted. In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST), identification of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and the phylogenetic relationship between our strains and other K. pneumoniae ST881 and ST29 genomes retrieved from the public database were performed. Virulence potentials were assessed through a mouse lethality assay. Our study indicated that the strains were highly susceptible to multiple antimicrobial agents. Plasmid sequence analysis confirmed that both virulence plasmids, pEDhvKp-1 (166,008 bp) and pEDhvKp-3 (210,948 bp), belonged to IncFIB type. Multiple virulence genes, including rmpA , rmpA2 , rmpC , rmpD , iroBCDN , iucABCD , and iutA , were identified. EDhvKp-1 and EDhvKp-2 showed the closest relationship to strain 502 (differing by 51 SNPs), while EDhvKp-3 exhibited 69 SNPs differences compared to strain TAKPN-1, which all recovered from Chinese patients in 2020. In the mouse infection experiment, both ST881 EDhvKp-1 and ST29 EDhvKp-3 displayed similar virulence traits, causing 90 and 100% of the mice to die within 72 h after intraperitoneal infection, respectively. Our study expands the spectrum of hvKp lineages and highlights genomic alterations associated with clonal switching between two distinct lineages of hvKP that successively replaced each other in vivo . The development of novel strategies for the surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of high-risk hvKp is urgently needed.

Liu, Ning↗
NASA NTRS2002

Science Planning for Multi-Spacecraft Coordinated Observations

Fulfilling the promise of an era of great observatories, NASA now has more than three space-based astronomical telescopes operating in different wavebands. This situation provides astronomers with a unique opportunity to simultaneously observe with multiple observatories. Yet scheduling multiple observatories simultaneously is highly inefficient when compared to single observatory observations. Thus, programs using multiple observatories are limited not due to scientific restrictions, but due to operational inefficiencies. Each year, a number of proposals are accepted by a space-based observatory for conduction of astronomical observations and gathering of science data for the study of galactic events. Since each space-based observatory uses a set of instruments designed to operate in specific energy regions, most such studies are conducted by submitting observation proposals to multiple observatories, with requests to coordinate among themselves. To assure that the proposed observations can be scheduled, each observatory's staff has to check that the observations are valid and meet all the constraints for their own observatory; in addition, they have to verify that the observations satisfy the constraints of the other observatories. Thus, coordinated observations require painstaking manual collaboration among the observatory staff at each observatory. In order to exploit new paradigms for observatory operation, the Goddard Space Flight Center's Advanced Architectures and Automation Branch has developed a prototype tool called the Visual Observation Layout Tool (VOLT). The main objective of VOLT is to provide a visual tool to automate the science planning of coordinated observations for multiple spacecraft, as well as to increase the scheduling probability of observations. However, VOLT is also useful for single observatory planning to optimize observatory control. Three space-based missions are interested in using VOLT (the Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, and the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer). The VOLT team members have collaborated with these missions to gather requirements and obtain feedback on their mission planning processes. VOLT has been developed as a cross-platform Java client application for use by scientists and observatory science planning staff to visualize scheduling options and constraints. It also supports a lightweight graphical user interface for remote viewing via a Web front end. Additionally, it uniquely supports the ability to interact with multiple, diverse scheduling packages in order to determine windows of opportunity for observations and visually portray the constraints of each observation request. VOLT enables science data capture scenarios which are currently either impossible, or which require extensive time and manpower to coordinate amongst multiple observatories. it supports early detection of planning conflicts by generating coordinated solutions based on observatory schedulability and constraints. The project development approach has included frequent prototype demonstrations to our interested missions to obtain feedback after each release of the software. We will present an overview of our lessons learned in infusing the VOLT tool into the operations of the missions we have collaborated with and a brief demonstration of the software.

Maks, Lori↗
DOE OSTI2020

ECP Software Technology Capability Assessment Report

The Exascale Computing Project Software Technology (ECP ST) focus area represents the key bridge between Exascale systems and the scientists developing applications that will run on those platforms. ECP offers a unique opportunity to build a coherent set of software (often referred to as the "software stack") that will allow application developers to maximize their ability to write highly parallel applications, targeting multiple Exascale architectures with runtime environments that will provide high performance and resilience. But applications are only useful if they can provide scientific insight, and the unprecedented data produced by these applications require a complete analysis work ow that includes new technology to scalably collect, reduce, organize, curate, and analyze the data into actionable decisions. This requires approaching scientific computing in a holistic manner, encompassing the entire user workflow - from conception of a problem, setting up the problem with validated inputs, performing high-fidelity simulations, to the application of uncertainty quantification to the final analysis. The software stack plan defined here aims to address all of these needs by extending current technologies to Exascale where possible, by performing the research required to conceive of new approaches necessary to address unique problems where current approaches will not suffice, and by deploying high-quality and robust software products on the platforms developed in the Exascale systems project. The ECP ST portfolio has established a set of interdependent projects that will allow for the research, development, and delivery of a comprehensive software stack,

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Measurements of multiple heat flux components at the divertor target by using surface eroding thermocouples (invited)

The Surface Eroding Thermocouple (SETC) is a robust diagnostic utilized in DIII-D to provide fast, edge-localized modes (ELMs) resolved heat flux measurements, in particular in geometric regions that are too shadowed for traditional infrared thermography. In order to further investigate the power dissipation in the divertor region, a combination of flush-mounted and recessed SETCs was developed to assess the effect on surface heating from non-charged particles at the divertor target. Utilizing the Divertor Materials Evaluation System sample exposure platform, the first demonstration of the feasibility of using this new method to distinguish between the heat flux from charged particles and that from neutrals and radiative heating was achieved. This paper details the process of using the combination of flush SETCs and recessed SETCs to measure the multiple heat flux components at the divertor target and further discusses how to determine two important ratios, α (ratio of heat flux from charged particles deposit on recessed SETC to that deposit on flush SETC) and β (ratio of heat flux from non-charged particles deposit on recessed SETC to that deposit on flush SETC), in the estimation of the heat flux from non-charged particle sources. Using a time dependent ratio α, it was found that ~50% of the total incident heat flux is attributable to the non-charged particles in the fully detached open divertor in DIII-D. Finally, the new application of similar SETC diagnostics in the Small Angle Slot divertor with a V-like configuration and partial tungsten coated surface (SAS-VW) is also introduced.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Chemical-free production of multiple high-value bioproducts from metabolically engineered transgenic sugarcane ‘oilcane’ bagasse and their recovery using nanofiltration

Bioenergy crops have potential for being a sustainable and renewable feedstock for biofuels and various value- added bioproducts. The study utilizes recently developed transgenic sugarcane (‘oilcane’) bagasse for chemical- free coproduction of high-value bioproducts, i.e., furfurals, HMF, acetic acid, cellulosic sugars, and vegetative lipids. Hydrothermal pretreatment was optimized at 210°C for 5 min to coproduce 6.91%, 2.67%, 5.07%, 2.42% and 37.82% (w/w) furfurals, HMF, acetic acid, vegetative lipids, and cellulosic sugars, respectively from lignocellulosic biomass. Additionally, nanofiltration system in-series was successfully established to recover sugars, furfurals, HMF, and acetic acid from the pretreatment liquor. 1st nanofiltration with Duracid NF mem- brane rejected ~99% sugars. Concentrated sugars with significantly reduced inhibitory products were obtained in retentate for fermentation. 2nd nanofiltration with NF90 membrane used permeate of 1st nanofiltration as feed and rejected ~ 86% furfurals. Furthermore, the work demonstrates the feasibility of coproducing and recovering multiple biochemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗