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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 757 records · Page 42
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Sodium Ion Transport Mechanisms in Antiperovskite Electrolytes Na 3 OBr and Na 4 OI 2 : An in Situ Neutron Diffraction Study

Na-rich antiperovskites are recently developed solid electrolytes with enhanced sodium ionic conductivity and show promising functionality as a novel solid electrolyte in an all solid-state battery. In this work, the sodium ionic transport pathways of the parent compound Na3OBr, as well as the modified layered antiperovskite Na4OI2, were studied and compared through temperature dependent neutron diffraction combined with the maximum entropy method. In the cubic Na3OBr antiperovskite, the nuclear density distribution maps at 500 K indicate that sodium ions hop within and among oxygen octahedra, and Br- ions are not involved. In the tetragonal Na4OI2 antiperovskite, Na ions, which connect octahedra in the ab plane, have the lowest activation energy barrier. The transport of sodium ions along the c axis is assisted by I- ions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Amidine-Mediated Zwitterionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of N -Alkyl N -Carboxyanhydride: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Architecture Elucidation

Zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization (ZROP) of N-butyl N-carboxyanhydrides (Bu-NCAs) has been investigated using 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU), a bicyclic amidine initiator. It was found that poly(N-butylglycine)s (PNBGs) with molecular weight (M n ) in the 3.5–32.4 kg mol –1 range and polydispersity index (PDI) in the 1.02–1.12 range can be readily obtained by systematically varying the initial monomer to initiator feed ratio. The polymerization exhibits characteristics of a controlled polymerization, as evidenced by the linear increase of polymer molecular weight with conversion and the successful enchainment experiments. Kinetic studies revealed that the reaction is first-order dependent on the monomer and the DBU concentration. The rate of initiation is comparable to that of the propagation. Random copolypeptoids of poly[(N-propargylglycine)-r-(N-butylglycine)]s [P(NPgG-r-NBG)s] were also synthesized by DBU-mediated copolymerization of Bu-NCA and N-propargyl N-carboxyanhydride (Pg-NCA). Subsequent grafting with azido-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) produces bottlebrush copolymers. Analysis of bottlebrush copolymer samples using atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a surface morphology of toroid-shaped nanostructures, consistent with the polypeptoid backbone having cyclic architecture. Here, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) characterization of the bottlebrush polymer ensemble in solution also confirms the cyclic architecture of the polypeptoid backbones.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effects of Phosphonic Acid Monolayers on the Dehydration Mechanism of Aliphatic Alcohols on TiO 2

The kinetics for surface-catalyzed alcohol dehydration reactions often depend on the structure of the alcohol. Studies of structure–activity relations across primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols can provide fundamental information on the nature of active sites on the surface. Here in this paper, we investigated the dehydration of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butanol over TiO 2 anatase catalysts modified with various phosphonic acid (PA) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). As a response to the presence of PAs, the three C4 alcohol isomers showed different dehydration rates, with 1-butanol dehydration being enhanced to the greatest extent by PA modification. Furthermore, the fluorinated, more polar 4-fluorobenzylphosphonic acid outperformed alkyl PAs across all alcohols. Steady-state kinetic measurements and temperature-programmed desorption studies indicated that PA SAMs significantly lowered the dehydration activation barrier; the extent of reduction in the barrier was sensitive to both the substitution of the alcohol and the charge distribution on the PA in a way that was consistent with stabilization of a carbenium-like transition state. Overall, the effect of PA modifiers on alcohol dehydration rates was found to be determined from a balance between transition state stabilization and active site blocking effects, with the potential to tune activity and selectivity based on the structure and coverage of the SAM.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗