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At least 757 records · Page 42

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2021

Demonstration of Better than Diesel Efficiency and Soot Emissions using Gasoline Compression Ignition in a Light Duty Engine with a Fuel Pressure Limitation

Increasing regulatory demand to reduce CO2 emissions has led to a focus on advanced combustion strategy development to improve overall engine efficiency. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) has been demonstrated by others to have the potential to meet future CO2 regulations and emissions while achieving comparable to better efficiency than conventional diesel compression ignition (DCI). Soot and NOx emissions are also reduced significantly by using gasoline instead of diesel in compression ignition engines due to differences in composition, fuel properties, and reactivity. In comparison with diesel fuel, gasoline has a higher volatility and more resistance to autoignition, therefore, its longer ignition delay time will allow for better mixing of the air-fuel charge before combustion. In this study, a GCI combustion system has been tested in a Hyundai 2.2L engine as part of a US Department of Energy funded project. A double-injection strategy was tested from mid-to-high loads (5-20 bar BMEP) and for engine speeds in the range of 1200-3000 rpm. Up to 43.4% brake thermal efficiency was achieved using the GCI mode versus 41% using DCI mode. The GCI mode has demonstrated two distinct strategies that work at different load ranges, partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) and mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI). Overall, this study shows that for similar engine-out NOx levels, GCI mode had higher brake thermal efficiency than DCI with lower fuel pressure and EGR required.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2024

Light Duty Engine Performance Characteristics with Dimethyl Ether and Propane

Here, this paper explores the performance characteristics of a compression ignition HYUNDAI 2.2L engine operating with Dimethyl Ether (DME). Test are carried out at three operating conditions that weigh heavily in the FTP75 certification cycle (1000rpm-12Nm, 1500rpm-50Nm, 2000rpm-100Nm). The engine features a high-pressure common rail fuel injection system designed to operate with liquified gases. The main component of the fuel system is a high-pressure pump that incorporates an electronic inlet metering valve commanded on a crank-angle base to control the rail pressure. The pump, which requires no pressure regulator, provides the flow needed to the injectors without flow returning to the inlet. This novel fueling system is leveraged in tests that are conducted to examine the impact of EGR, combustion phasing, injection pressure on efficiency and emissions. In addition, the impact of introducing 15% Propane by mass is examined. During the tests, the engine ECU is aided by an Engine Controller High Speed Oversight unit (ECHO) to provide combustion phasing control, improved cylinder-to-cylinder uniformity, and an effective optimization over the testing effort. The use of DME and Propane allowed for peak thermal efficiency of nearly 43%. These fuels enable significant carbon index (CI) reductions over the baseline Diesel fuel, with indications that 50% reduction in CO 2 over the Diesel engine are possible.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2012

Variable cooling circuit for thermoelectric generator and engine and method of control

An apparatus is provided that includes an engine, an exhaust system, and a thermoelectric generator (TEG) operatively connected to the exhaust system and configured to allow exhaust gas flow therethrough. A first radiator is operatively connected to the engine. An openable and closable engine valve is configured to open to permit coolant to circulate through the engine and the first radiator when coolant temperature is greater than a predetermined minimum coolant temperature. A first and a second valve are controllable to route cooling fluid from the TEG to the engine through coolant passages under a first set of operating conditions to establish a first cooling circuit, and from the TEG to a second radiator through at least some other coolant passages under a second set of operating conditions to establish a second cooling circuit. A method of controlling a cooling circuit is also provided.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2015

Adaptive individual-cylinder thermal state control using piston cooling for a GDCI engine

A system for a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine includes a plurality of nozzles, at least one nozzle per cylinder, with each nozzle configured to spray oil onto the bottom side of a piston of the engine to cool that piston. Independent control of the oil spray from the nozzles is provided on a cylinder-by-cylinder basis. A combustion parameter is determined for combustion in each cylinder of the engine, and control of the oil spray onto the piston in that cylinder is based on the value of the combustion parameter for combustion in that cylinder. A method for influencing combustion in a multi-cylinder engine, including determining a combustion parameter for combustion taking place in in a cylinder of the engine and controlling an oil spray targeted onto the bottom of a piston disposed in that cylinder is also presented.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines

The Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines (Co-Optima) initiative is a new DOE initiative focused on accelerating the introduction of affordable, scalable, and sustainable biofuels and high-efficiency, low-emission vehicle engines. The simultaneous fuels and vehicles research and development (R&D) are designed to deliver maximum energy savings, emissions reduction, and on-road vehicle performance. The initiative's integrated approach combines the previously independent areas of biofuels and combustion R&D, bringing together two DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy research offices, ten national laboratories, and numerous industry and academic partners to simultaneously tackle fuel and engine research and development (R&D) to maximize energy savings and on-road vehicle performance while dramatically reducing transportation-related petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This multi-year project will provide industry with the scientific underpinnings required to move new biofuels and advanced engine systems to market faster while identifying and addressing barriers to their commercialization. This project's ambitious, first-of-its-kind approach simultaneously tackles fuel and engine innovation to co-optimize performance of both elements and provide dramatic and rapid cuts in fuel use and emissions. This presentation provides an overview of the initiative and reviews recent progress focused on both advanced spark-ignition and compression-ignition approaches.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Variable-speed supercharger for highly diluted internal combustion engines

An engine control system includes an internal combustion engine including a plurality of cylinders. An intake manifold is connected to the internal combustion engine. An exhaust manifold is connected to the internal combustion engine. A supercharger is connected to an air intake passage and the intake manifold and includes a variable speed drive. A throttle valve is disposed in the air intake passage. An exhaust passage is in connection with the exhaust manifold. A passive selective catalytic reduction catalyst system is in communication with the exhaust passage. An exhaust gas recirculation passage is in communication with the exhaust passage and the air intake passage and includes an exhaust gas recirculation valve. A controller controls the variable speed drive of the supercharger and the throttle valve and the exhaust gas recirculation valve based upon engine conditions.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2017

A Practical Application of Integrated Systems Engineering and Project Management on a Complex EPC Project - 17207

This paper introduces how an integrated set of Systems Engineering (SE) and Project Management (PM) processes were applied in a practical way, to address the challenges on a complex, highly technical, Engineering Procurement Construction project within the nuclear field. This approach was inspired by: - the principles contained in a Community of Practice on Lean in Program Management jointly established in May 2012 by MIT, PMI and INCOSE; - an opportunity to apply international standard ISO/IEC 15288:2008(E) Systems and software engineering - System life cycle processes on a real-life situation; - and the belief that there is great value in applying Systems Engineering and Project Management in an integrated manner on a project. The project offering this opportunity was the Detail Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Cold Commissioning (EPC) of the Silo Direct-encapsulation Plant (SDP). This project was undertaken by the Joint Venture (JV) formed by Areva, Mace and Atkins (a.m.a. Nuclear Ltd). Unfortunately, early termination of the project, at a stage when only a part of the processes and tools were being implemented, did not allow this integrated approach to be demonstrated in full. However, the benefits achieved in the early stages in aligning and forming an integrated project execution team, showed potential for great benefits. This paper covers an introductory analysis of the situation, the successes and benefits achieved from implementing an integrated SE - PM approach up to the stage when the project was terminated, and possible path forward had the project continued. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2018

Challenging Engineering Demographics and the READY Program - 18528

The mission of the Liquid Waste Organization at the Savannah River Site involves the safe storage of nuclear waste, closure of waste tanks, and immobilization of the waste into grout (low-level waste) or glass (high-level waste). With much of the mission left to complete and a significant percentage of the engineering organization eligible for retirement within the next 5 years, focus has been on recruiting and retaining new hires and early career engineers. Over the past two years, enhancements have been made to current programs and new programs have been created with the goal of improving the retention rate for engineering. These programs include the Reaching Engineers at the Development Years, the Early Career Professional Technology Exchange, the Shift Technical Engineer Pipeline, and Technical Staff Training. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Panel Session 35: Panel: Graduating Students and New Scientists and Engineers - Wants and Needs - Are Companies Even Listening?

This panel focuses on new hires, graduating scientists and engineers having open lines of communication with employers. Considering the projected shortfalls in the workforce, effective communication of wants and needs of both the employer and employee must exist. Do these needs differ between industries and/or generations? Currently, it seems that both sides must work harder to achieve this level of communication. With this new approach, both sides can express their wants and needs for a more satisfied workforce and a better work environment. Presentations proposed include: 1 - Graduating Students and New Engineers - Wants and Needs - Are 'National Labs' Even Listening? (Michelle Bingham, Idaho National Laboratory (USA)); 2 - Graduating Students and New Engineers - Wants and Needs - Are Companies Even Listening? (Alexander Pappas, Washington River Protection Solutions (USA)); 3 - Graduating Students and New Engineers - Wants and Needs - Are the Government Agencies Even Listening? (Lisa Phillips, US DOE (USA)); 4 - Graduating Students and New Engineers - Wants and Needs - Are Companies Even Listening? (Silvina Di Pietro, Applied Research Center - FIU (USA), Ximena Lugo, Applied Research Center - FIU (USA))

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2017

The overview in safety review of human factors engineering and control room design in chinese AP1000 nuclear power plant - 174

The first AP1000 nuclear power plant is constructed in Sanmen county in Zhejiang Province in China, which has creative and distinctive design characteristics. Human factors engineering disciplines are applied to the design of the AP1000. In addition to the elements of the program review model(including human factors engineering program management, operating experience review, functional requirements analysis and allocation, task analysis, staffing, integration of human reliability analysis with human factors engineering, human system interface design, procedure development, training program development, human system interface verification and validation, design implementation, human performance monitoring),the minimum inventory of controls, displays, and alarms present in the main control room and at the remote shutdown workstation. These contents mentioned above are reviewed according to standards, rules and regulations. This article introduces review process, and several important issues during the reviewing are described in detail. These issues include many elements, such as operating experience review, task analysis, human system interface design, verification and validation,and so on. This paper emphasizes on the main control room design(including environment and layout). Background noise in the actual main control room may exceed too much to design value. Another important issue is about main control room habitability systems(VES) changes to satisfy post-actuation performance requirements in AP1000 design change proposal. All the wall panel displays will be closed in this design change proposal. Review process and proposal are described in the paper. Since the AP1000 unit in China is the first constructed all over the world, verification and validation are especially important and necessary. The plan of verification and validation, the results summary report of verification and validation, the report of human engineering discrepancies are focus attention. Verification and validation in human factors engineering include HSI task support verification, HFE design verification and integrated system validation. This paper introduces the review process of verification and validation, the issues found in verification and validation. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Feasibility of observing small differences in friction mean effective pressure between different lubricating oil formations using small, single-cylinder motored engine rig

Here, the feasibility of using a motored single-cylinder 517 cc diesel engine to observe small frictional differences between oil formulations is investigated. Friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) is measured and compared for an SAE 10W-30 and an SAE 5W-20 oil in three stages of production: base oil, commercial oil without a friction and wear reducing additive, and fully formulated commercial oil. In addition, a commercial SAE 5W-30 engine oil is investigated. Friction mean effective pressure is plotted versus oil dynamic viscosity to compare the lubricant FMEP at a given viscosity. Linear regressions and average friction mean effective pressure are used as a secondary means of comparing FMEP for the various oil formulations. Differences between the oils are observed with the base oil having higher friction at a given viscosity but a lower average FMEP due to the temperature distribution of the test and lower viscosities reached by the base oil. The commercial oil is shown to have both a higher FMEP at a given viscosity and a higher average FMEP than the commercial oil without a friction and wear reducing additive. The increase in friction for the oil without a friction and wear reduction additive indicates that the operational regime of the engine may be out of the bounds of the optimal regime for the additive or that the additive is more optimized for wear reduction. Results show that it is feasible to observe small differences in FMEP between lubricating oil formulations using a small, single-cylinder motored engine.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2025

CIE Analysis Process for Engineered Systems

"CIE Analysis Process for Engineered Systems" outlines a comprehensive methodology for integrating Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) principles into both new and existing engineered systems. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (DOE CESER), the process aims to achieve cyber-informed decisions by producing functional security requirements for new systems and retrofitting existing systems to mitigate digital risks. The document details a step-by-step approach, including mission and function definition, digital asset awareness, consequence analysis, and mitigation analysis. It emphasizes the importance of documenting mechanical, electrical, programmable, and network components to protect system functions and provides examples and considerations for each step. The ultimate goal is to ensure that engineered systems remain resilient against cyber threats, maintaining safety, performance, and reliability.

42 - ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2025

Cyber-Informed Engineering Briefing for ABET

Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) is an emerging method to integrate cybersecurity considerations into the conception, design, development, and operation of any physical system, energy or otherwise, to mitigate or even eliminate avenues for cyber-enabled attacks.?CIE concepts use design decisions and engineering controls to prioritize defense against the worst possible consequences of cyberattacks facing critical infrastructure systems and asset owners. These slides offer a deep dive into Cyber-Informed Engineering for engineering educators.

42 - ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2016

Co‐culture engineering for microbial biosynthesis of 3‐amino‐benzoic acid in Escherichia coli

Abstract 3‐amino‐benzoic acid (3AB) is an important building block molecule for production of a wide range of important compounds such as natural products with various biological activities. In the present study, we established a microbial biosynthetic system for de novo 3AB production from the simple substrate glucose. First, the active 3AB biosynthetic pathway was reconstituted in the bacterium Escherichia coli , which resulted in the production of 1.5 mg/L 3AB. In an effort to improve the production, an E. coli ‐ E. coli co‐culture system was engineered to modularize the biosynthetic pathway between an upstream strain and an downstream strain. Specifically, the upstream biosynthetic module was contained in a fixed E. coli strain, whereas a series of E. coli strains were engineered to accommodate the downstream biosynthetic module and screened for optimal production performance. The best co‐culture system was found to improve 3AB production by 15 fold, compared to the mono‐culture approach. Further engineering of the co‐culture system resulted in biosynthesis of 48 mg/L 3AB. Our results demonstrate co‐culture engineering can be a powerful new approach in the broad field of metabolic engineering.

Zhang, Haoran↗

DOE OSTI2018

Engineered U7 snRNA mediates sustained splicing correction in erythroid cells from β-thalassemia/HbE patients

Highlights: • Defect of β{sup E}-globin pre-mRNA splicing was repaired by engineered splice-switching U7 snRNA. • Splice-switching oligonucleotide sequence was identified by a two-step tiling approach. • The engineered U7 snRNA improve pathology of erythroid cells from thalassemia patients. Repair of a splicing defect of β-globin pre-mRNA harboring hemoglobin E (HbE) mutation was successfully accomplished in erythroid cells from patients with β-thalassemia/HbE disorder by a synthetic splice-switching oligonucleotide (SSO). However, its application is limited by short-term effectiveness and requirement of lifelong periodic administration of SSO, especially for chronic diseases like thalassemias. Here, we engineered lentiviral vectors that stably express U7 small nuclear RNA (U7 snRNA) carrying the splice-switching sequence of the SSO that restores correct splicing of β{sup E}-globin pre-mRNA and achieves a long-term therapeutic effect. Using a two-step tiling approach, we systematically screened U7 snRNAs carrying splice-switching SSO sequences targeted to the cryptic 5′ splice site created by HbE mutation. We tested this approach and identified the most responsive element for mediating splicing correction in engineered U7 snRNAs in HeLa-β{sup E} cell model cell line. Remarkably, the U7 snRNA lentiviral vector (U7 βE4+1) targeted to this region effectively restored the correctly-spliced β{sup E}-globin mRNA for at least 5 months. Moreover, the effects of the U7 βE4+1 snRNA lentiviral vector were also evident as upregulation of the correctly-spliced β{sup E}-globin mRNA in erythroid progenitor cells from β-thalassemia/HbE patients treated with the vector, which led to improvements of pathologies in erythroid progenitor cells from thalassemia patients. These results suggest that the splicing correction of β{sup E}-globin pre-mRNA by the engineered U7 snRNA lentiviral vector provides a promising, long-term treatment for β-thalassemia/HbE.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Autoignition behavior of gasoline/ethanol blends at engine-relevant conditions

Ethanol is an attractive oxygenate increasingly used for blending with petroleum-derived gasoline yielding beneficial combustion and emissions behavior for a range of internal combustion engine schemes, including stoichiometric spark-ignition and low temperature combustion (LTC). As such, it is important to fundamentally understand the autoignition behavior of gasoline/ethanol blends. This work utilizes a rapid compression machine (RCM) and a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine to experimentally quantify changes in fuel reactivity, through ignition delay times and preliminary heat release, for blends of 0 to 30% vol./vol. into a full boiling range research gasoline (FACE-F). Diluted/stoichiometric and undiluted/fuel-lean conditions are explored covering a wide range of compressed temperatures and pressures relevant to conventional and advanced, gasoline combustion engines. Detailed chemical kinetic modeling is undertaken using a recently updated gasoline surrogate model in conjunction with a five-component surrogate to model the RCM experiments and provide chemical insight into the perturbative effects of ethanol on the autoignition process. The diluted/stoichiometric RCM measurements reveal that within the low-temperature regime ethanol retards first-stage and main ignition delay times, and suppresses both the rates and extents of low-temperature heat release (LTHR), while within the intermediate-temperature regime ethanol only causes slight changes. Good agreement of ignition delay time and preliminary heat release prediction is found between model and experimental results. Sensitivity and flux analyses further show that ethanol blending effects are dominated by the competition between the H-atom abstraction from ethanol and other fuel components by OH radical at low temperatures and by HO 2 radical at intermediate temperatures. These findings are consistent across both fuel loading conditions explored in this study. In addition, when HCCI engine experiments are mapped onto undiluted/lean RCM measurements under a constant combustion phasing scenario, good correspondence between the two apparatuses is observed for LTHR and start of high-temperature heat release. Finally, the current study highlights the importance of characterizing LTHR in predicting fuel behaviors in high-boost/low-temperature engines, and demonstrates that RCM experiments can provide an alternative, and more-efficient avenue for such characterization.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2022

Advances in engineering algae for biofuel production

While algae demonstrate potential as a sustainable fuel source, low productivities limit the economic realization of algal biofuels. High-throughput strain engineering, omics-informed genome-scale modeling, and microbiome engineering are key technologies for enabling algal biofuels. High-throughput strain engineering efforts generate improved traits, including high biomass productivity and lipid content, in diverse algal species. Genome-scale models, constructed with the aid of omics data, provide insight into metabolic limitations and guide rational algal strain engineering efforts. As outdoor cultivation systems introduce exogenous organisms, microbiome engineering seeks to eliminate harmful organisms and introduce beneficial species. In conclusion, optimizing algal biomass production and lipid content using these technologies may overcome the productivity barrier for the commercialization of algal biofuels.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗