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At least 757 records · Page 42
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Non-Wiener Dynamics of Open Systems for Nonzero Number Density of Surrounding Photons

We propose a collective decay model for a localized ensemble of identical atoms in a vacuum broadband electromagnetic field with a nonzero photon number density considering second-order terms in the atom–field interaction constant. The model is based on the stochastic differential equation for the evolution operator for the atomic ensemble and surroundings, which is controlled by the main quantum random processes and independent classical Wiener processes. It is shown that in some cases, nonzero photon number density does not influence the suppression of collective emission of atoms, and its existence is manifested as an additional mechanism of redistribution of atoms over collective sublevels.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

The features of a quantum description of radiation in an optically dense medium

This paper is devoted to the theory of quantum electromagnetic field in an optically dense medium. Self-consistent equations describing interaction between a quantum field and a quantum dielectric medium are obtained from the first principles, i.e., outside a phenomenological description. Using these equations, we found a transformation (of the Bogoliubov transformation type) that converts the operators of the “vacuum” field into operators of collective perturbations of the field and an ensemble of atoms, that is, photons in the medium. Transformation parameter is the refractive index of the wave mode considered. It is shown that besides the energy of the collective electromagnetic field, the energy of photons in the medium includes the energy of the internal degrees of freedom of the substance and the energy of near-field dipole interaction between atoms in the polarized medium. The concept of negative energy photons is introduced on the basis of self-consistent equations. - Highlights: • Quantum equations of field–medium interaction are obtained from the first principles. • Transformation of field operators from vacuum to medium is of Bogoliubov type. • The concept of negative energy photons is introduced.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of energetic ions on edge-localized modes in tokamak plasmas

The most efficient and promising operational regime for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor tokamak is the high-confinement mode. In this regime, however, periodic relaxations of the plasma edge can occur. These edge-localized modes pose a threat to the integrity of the fusion device. Here we reveal the strong impact of energetic ions on the spatio-temporal structure of edge-localized modes in tokamaks using nonlinear hybrid kinetic–magnetohydrodynamic simulations. A resonant interaction between the fast ions at the plasma edge and the electromagnetic perturbations from the edge-localized mode leads to an energy and momentum exchange. Energetic ions modify, for example, the amplitude, frequency spectrum and crash timing of edge-localized modes. The simulations reproduce some observations that feature abrupt and large edge-localized mode crashes. The results indicate that, in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, a strong interaction between the fusion-born alpha particles and ions from neutral beam injection, a main heating and fast particle source, is expected with predicted edge-localized mode perturbations. This work advances the understanding of the physics underlying edge-localized mode crashes in the presence of energetic particles and highlights the importance of including energetic ion kinetic effects in the optimization of edge-localized mode control techniques and regimes that are free of such modes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Onset of a Pseudogap Regime in Ultracold Fermi Gases

We show, using an ab initio approach based on Quantum Monte Carlo technique, that the pseudogap regime emerges in ultracold Fermi gases close to the unitary point. We locate the onset of this regime at a value of the interaction strength corresponding to (k{sub F}a){sup -1}{approx_equal}-0.05 (a--scattering length). We determine the evolution of the gap as a function of temperature and interaction strength in the Fermi gas around the unitary limit and show that our results exhibit a remarkable agreement with the recent wave-vector resolved radio frequency spectroscopy data. Our results indicate that a finite temperature structure of the Fermi gas around unitarity is more complicated and involves the presence of the phase with preformed Cooper pairs, which, however, do not contribute to the long range order.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Impact of electron lifetime on electromagnetic shower separation : Impacto do tempo de vida médio dos elétrons na separação de chuveiros eletromagnéticos

Neutrinos are superabundant particles in the universe but rarely interact with matter. Previous experiments noticed an excess of neutrinos in the low energy range that could be connected to the existence of a fourth type of neutrino: the sterile neutrino. This excess could be because of the new neutrino or just because of the incapacity of previous experiments on distinguishing electromagnetic showers initiated by electrons and photons. So, new experiments using liquid argon are being developed and bet on the liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) to find answers for these and other still open questions about these mysterious particles. LArTPCs represent today the future for neutrinos research. They have high spatial resolution and great calorimetric capacity. Many experiments are being planned using this technique; consequently, it is necessary to understand the particle’s interactions in liquid argon completely. The LArIAT experiment was created to help in the char acterization of this kind of detector’s response to charged particles that are expected to come out of neutrino interactions. The detector is exposed to a charged particle beam and receives a high number of electrons, making this a perfect experiment to help in the study of electromagnetic shower separation. To correctly identify the interactions and to collect the maximum information about them, the liquid argon that is utilized has to be ultra-pure. In this thesis, the process used on LArIAT to monitor the argon’s purity using cosmic muons is described, as well as the impact of this measurement on the separation of electromagnetic showers.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Relativistic approach to manipulating angular distribution of charged particles via kinetic equations

Deflection angles of charged particles interacting with materials play a critical role in various plasma applications. The development of a mathematically well-posed kinetic collision operator that accounts for deflection angles of strong Coulomb interactions remains a fundamental open problem. This paper presents a relativistic method for modifying the electromagnetic field in an anisotropic and adjustable manner to manipulate a system of charged particles, specifically by the transfer of angular momentum from a superluminal wave source to particles at specific times and locations. The method provides a mechanism to influence the scattering outcomes of strong interactions by manipulating the angular distribution of particles, and thus the deflection angles of their interactions with a solid surface, without requiring detailed knowledge of the kinetic collision operator. To this end, we demonstrate how a specific type of singularity, generated by Maxwell's equations for a superluminal wave source at the boundary of the plasma, can modify the electromagnetic field in a highly directional manner. The proposed method can lead to the development of novel approaches for controlling interactions of charged particles with a material in plasma systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Moini, Nima (ORCID:0009000929568824)↗
DOE OSTI2013

GYROSURFING ACCELERATION OF IONS IN FRONT OF EARTH's QUASI-PARALLEL BOW SHOCK

It is well known that shocks in space plasmas can accelerate particles to high energies. However, many details of the shock acceleration mechanism are still unknown. A critical element of shock acceleration is the injection problem; i.e., the presence of the so called seed particle population that is needed for the acceleration to work efficiently. In our case study, we present for the first time observational evidence of gyroresonant surfing acceleration in front of Earth's quasi-parallel bow shock resulting in the appearance of the long-suspected seed particle population. For our analysis, we use simultaneous multi-spacecraft measurements provided by the Cluster spacecraft ion (CIS), magnetic (FGM), and electric field and wave instrument (EFW) during a time period of large inter-spacecraft separation distance. The spacecraft were moving toward the bow shock and were situated in the foreshock region. The results show that the gyroresonance surfing acceleration takes place as a consequence of interaction between circularly polarized monochromatic (or quasi-monochromatic) transversal electromagnetic plasma waves and short large amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMSs). The magnetic mirror force of the SLAMS provides the resonant conditions for the ions trapped by the waves and results in the acceleration of ions. Since wave packets with circular polarization and different kinds of magnetic structures are very commonly observed in front of Earth's quasi-parallel bow shock, the gyroresonant surfing acceleration proves to be an important particle injection mechanism. We also show that seed ions are accelerated directly from the solar wind ion population.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Charmonium properties in a renormalization scheme

Constituent quark models, while successful, require a great deal of fine tunning of the short distance interactions by introducing phenomenological gluonic form factors which are ultimately designed to accurately reproduce the spectrum. We apply renormalization ideas to reduce the short distance sensitivity and show that, as naively expected, but not explicitly implemented in the models, the physics of binding is entirely linked to the string tension whereas leptonic decays depend more on the gluon exchange potential.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Proton-proton bremsstrahlung: Consequences of different on-shell-point conditions

Background: Proton-proton bremsstrahlung (pp{gamma}) is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The pp{gamma} amplitudes can be classified according to the number and location of on-shell points at which they are evaluated. Quantitative understanding of the effect on the pp{gamma} cross section of using different on-shell-point conditions is lacking, but it is essential to identifying the photon emission mechanism governing the pp{gamma} process. Method: Four different pp{gamma} amplitudes, which include four-on-shell-point amplitudes and one-on-shell-point amplitude, are generated from a realistic one-boson-exchange (ROBE) model for pp scattering. These ROBE amplitudes are used to investigate the consequence of using different on-shell-point conditions in calculating the pp{gamma} cross sections. Purpose: We verify the validity of the ROBE pp{gamma} amplitudes. We explore similarities between the four-on-shell-point ROBE and two-u-two-t special (TuTts) soft-photon pp{gamma} amplitudes and important differences with the one-on-shell-point ROBE and Low pp{gamma} amplitudes. We demonstrate that the precision Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI) data can only be described by the four-on-shell-point (ROBE or TuTts) amplitude. We use the ROBE four-on-shell-point amplitude and one-on-shell-point amplitude to investigate systematically the effect of using different on-shell-point conditions to calculate the pp{gamma} cross section. Furthermore, we identify a general principle that governs the process. This general principle is also applicable to other bremsstrahlung processes involving the scattering of two identical nucleons. Results: (i) The four-on-shell-point ROBE (or TuTts) amplitude describes the high-precision KVI data much better than does the one-on-shell-point ROBE (or Low) amplitude. Although the contribution from the anomalous magnetic moment of the proton is very significant, it does not completely dominate the KVI pp{gamma} cross sections. (ii) The four-on-shell-point ROBE (or TuTts) amplitude describes the TRIUMF data better than does the one-on-shell-point ROBE (or Low) amplitude. (iii) The effect on the pp{gamma} cross section of using different on-shell-point conditions is significant in the hard-photon region, i.e., for small proton scattering angles {theta} (={theta}{sub 3}={theta}{sub 4}, symmetric scattering angles) far from the elastic limit ({theta}{yields}45 deg.); in contrast, the effect becomes insignificant in the vicinity of the elastic limit. Near the limit as {theta} tends to 45 deg. (or as the photon energy K approaches zero), the four-on-shell-point and one-on-shell-point amplitudes approach one another, a general principle applicable to all bremsstrahlung processes because only kinematics is involved. Conclusion: The four-on-shell-point ROBE amplitude provides a quantitative description of pp{gamma} cross sections. The anomalous magnetic moment is an important component of the photon emission mechanism. The four-on-shell-point property of the full ROBE amplitude is essential to properly describing the complete range of the precision KVI data and the TRIUMF data, although the one-on-shell-point ROBE amplitude is adequate in the region near the elastic limit.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electromagnetic and two-photon transition form factors of the pseudoscalar mesons: An algebraic model computation

We compute electromagnetic and two-photon transition form factors of ground-state pseudoscalar mesons: π , K , η c , η b . To this end, we employ an algebraic model based upon the coupled formalism of Schwinger-Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter equations. Within this approach, the dressed quark propagator and the relevant Bethe-Salpeter amplitude encode the internal structure of the corresponding meson. Electromagnetic properties of the meson are probed via the quark-photon interaction. The algebraic model employed by us unifies the treatment of all ground-state pseudoscalar mesons. Its parameters are carefully fitted performing a global analysis of existing experimental data including the knowledge of the charge radii of the mesons studied. We then compute and predict electromagnetic and two-photon transition form factors for a wide range of probing photon momentum-squared which is of direct relevance to the experimental observations carried out thus far or planned at different hadron physics facilities such as the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) and the forthcoming Electron-Ion Collider. We also present comparisons with other theoretical models and approaches and lattice quantum chromodynamics. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Higuera-Angulo, I. M. (ORCID:0000000256008875)↗
DOE OSTI2017

Berry Fermi liquid theory

We develop an extension of the Landau Fermi liquid theory to systems of interacting fermions with non-trivial Berry curvature. We propose a kinetic equation and a constitutive relation for the electromagnetic current that together encode the linear response of such systems to external electromagnetic perturbations, to leading and next-to-leading orders in the expansion over the frequency and wave number of the perturbations. We analyze the Feynman diagrams in a large class of interacting quantum field theories and show that, after summing up all orders in perturbation theory, the current–current correlator exactly matches with the result obtained from the kinetic theory. - Highlights: • We extend Landau’s kinetic theory of Fermi liquid to incorporate Berry phase. • Berry phase effects in Fermi liquid take exactly the same form as in Fermi gas. • There is a new “emergent electric dipole” contribution to the anomalous Hall effect. • Our kinetic theory is matched to field theory to all orders in Feynman diagrams.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

The mass spectrum of the first stars

We perform cosmological hydrodynamics simulations with non-equilibrium primordial chemistry to obtain 59 minihalos that host first stars. The obtained minihalos are used as the initial conditions of local three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations to investigate the formation of the first stars. We find that two-thirds of the minihalos host multiple stars, while the other third has single stars. The mass of the stars found in our simulations are in the range of 1 M {sub ☉} ≲ M ≲ 300 M {sub ☉}, peaking at several× 10 M {sub ☉}. Most of the very massive stars of ≳ 140 M {sub ☉} are born as single stars, although not all of the single stars are very massive. We also find a few stars of ≲ 1 M {sub ☉} that are kicked by the gravitational three body interactions to the position distant from the center of mass. The frequency that a star forming minihalo contains a binary system is ∼50%. We also investigate the abundance pattern of the stellar remnants by summing up the contributions from the first stars in the simulations. Consequently, the pattern is compatible with that of the low metallicity damped Lyα systems or the extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars, if the mass spectrum obtained in our experiment is shifted to the low mass side by 0.2 dex. If we consider the case that an EMP star is born in the remnant of the individual minihalo without mixing with others, the chemical signature of the pair instability supernova is more prominent, because most of them are born as single stars.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN AN EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET IMAGING TELESCOPE WAVE AND A CORONAL UPFLOW REGION

We report a spectroscopic analysis of an EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) wave event that occurred in active region 11081 on 2010 June 12 and was associated with an M2.0 class flare. The wave propagated nearly circularly. The southeastern part of the wave front passed over an upflow region near a magnetic bipole. Using EUV Imaging Spectrometer raster observations for this region, we studied the properties of plasma dynamics in the wave front, as well as the interaction between the wave and the upflow region. We found a weak blueshift for the Fe XII {lambda}195.12 and Fe XIII {lambda}202.04 lines in the wave front. The local velocity along the solar surface, which is deduced from the line-of-sight velocity in the wave front and the projection effect, is much lower than the typical propagation speed of the wave. A more interesting finding is that the upflow and non-thermal velocities in the upflow region are suddenly diminished after the transit of the wave front. This implies a significant change of magnetic field orientation when the wave passed. As the lines in the upflow region are redirected, the velocity along the line of sight is diminished as a result. We suggest that this scenario is more in accordance with what was proposed in the field-line stretching model of EIT waves.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Low-mode nonuniformity in direct-drive ICF implosions due to laser smoothing techniques employed on OMEGA

For successful laser-direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions, the laser irradiation must be highly uniform over the target surface. On OMEGA, multiple laser beams are used to illuminate targets quasi-uniformly. High-mode-number nonuniformities due to laser speckle on each individual beam are reduced by splitting each beam into two orthogonal polarizations (i.e., polarization smoothing, or PS) and a range of wavelengths (i.e., smoothing by spectral dispersion) that are dispersed at the target plane. However, cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) is sensitive to both the polarizations and wavelengths of the interacting beams, so the interplay between CBET and the laser-smoothing schemes results in unique intensity variation across each beam profile, which is a systematic source of low-mode drive nonuniformity on OMEGA. Here, we model these effects and find that the predicted ℓ = 1 mode in the laser-absorption distribution is consistent with the systematic core-flow direction that has been determined from the OMEGA implosion database. We also observe good agreement with the measured core-flow directions for two specific sets of implosions (one with PS, the other without PS) when we also account for the measured beam mispointing and the beam power imbalance.

Crossed beam scattering↗
DOE OSTI2021

Chiral Anomaly in Interacting Condensed Matter Systems

The chiral anomaly is a fundamental quantum mechanical phenomenon which is of great importance to both particle physics and condensed matter physics alike. In the context of QED, it manifests as the breaking of chiral symmetry in the presence of electromagnetic fields. It is also known that anomalous chiral symmetry breaking can occur through interactions alone, as is the case for interacting one-dimensional systems. In this Letter, we investigate the interplay between these two modes of anomalous chiral symmetry breaking in the context of interacting Weyl semimetals. Using Fujikawa’s path integral method, we show that the chiral charge continuity equation is modified by the presence of interactions which can be viewed as including the effect of the electric and magnetic fields generated by the interacting quantum matter. This can be understood further using dimensional reduction and a Luttinger liquid description of the lowest Landau level. These effects manifest themselves in the nonlinear response of the system. In particular, we find an interaction-dependent density response due to a change in the magnetic field as well as a contribution to the nonequilibrium and inhomogeneous anomalous Hall response while preserving its equilibrium value.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Plasma-beam traps and radiofrequency quadrupole beam coolers

Two linear trap devices for particle beam manipulation (including emittance reduction, cooling, control of instabilities, dust dynamics, and non-neutral plasmas) are here presented, namely, a radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) beam cooler and a compact Penning trap with a dust injector. Both beam dynamics studies by means of dedicated codes including the interaction of the ions with a buffer gas (up to 3 Pa pressure), and the electromagnetic design of the RFQ beam cooler are reported. The compact multipurpose Penning trap is aimed to the study of multispecies charged particle samples, primarily electron beams interacting with a background gas and/or a micrometric dust contaminant. Using a 0.9 T solenoid and an electrode stack where both static and RF electric fields can be applied, both beam transport and confinement operations will be available. The design of the apparatus is presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Local ordering and magnetism in Ga{sub 0.9}Fe{sub 3.1}N

Prior investigations of the ternary nitride series Ga{sub 1-x}Fe{sub 3+x}N (0{<=}x{<=}1) have indicated a transition from ferromagnetic {gamma}'-Fe{sub 4}N to antiferromagnetic 'GaFe{sub 3}N'. The ternary nitride 'GaFe{sub 3}N' has been magnetically and spectroscopically reinvestigated in order to explore the weakening of the ferromagnetic interactions through the gradual incorporation of gallium into {gamma}'-Fe{sub 4}N. A hysteretic loop at RT reveals the presence of a minority phase of only 0.1-0.2 at%, in accord with the sound two-step synthesis. The composition of the gallium-richest phase 'GaFe{sub 3}N' was clarified by Prompt Gamma-ray Activation Analysis and leads to the berthollide formula Ga{sub 0.91(1)}Fe{sub 3.09(10)}N{sub 1.05(7)}. Magnetic measurements indicate a transition around 8 K, further supported by Moessbauer spectral data. The weakening of the ferromagnetic coupling through an increasing gallium concentration is explained by a simple Stoner argument. In Ga{sub 0.9}Fe{sub 3.1}N, the presence of iron on the gallium site affects the magnetism by the formation of 13-atom iron clusters. - Graphical Abstract: The crystal structure of GaFe{sub 3}N with green nitrogen atoms in the very center, red iron atoms at the face centers, and gray gallium atoms at the corner positions. Highlights: > Almost phase-pure synthesis of Ga{sub 0.9}Fe{sub 3.1}N. > Prompt gamma-ray activation analysis yields precise composition. > Magnetic ordering of the facial Fe atoms at the lowest temperatures. > Moessbauer spectroscopy suggests percolation or RKKY-type interaction. > Fe{sub 13} clusters due to berthollide character.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Minimal model for spoof acoustoelastic surface states

Similar to textured perfect electric conductors for electromagnetic waves sustaining artificial or spoof surface plasmons we present an equivalent phenomena for the case of sound. Aided by a minimal model that is able to capture the complex wave interaction of elastic cavity modes and airborne sound radiation in perfect rigid panels, we construct designer acoustoelastic surface waves that are entirely controlled by the geometrical environment. Comparisons to results obtained by full-wave simulations confirm the feasibility of the model and we demonstrate illustrative examples such as resonant transmissions and waveguiding to show a few examples of many where spoof elastic surface waves are useful.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗