Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Advanced Diagnostics”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Advances in imaging instrumentation for nuclear cardiology

Advances in imaging instrumentation and technology have greatly contributed to nuclear cardiology. Dedicated cardiac SPECT cameras incorporating novel, highly efficient detector, collimator, and system designs have emerged with the expansion of nuclear cardiology. Solid-state radiation detectors incorporating cadmium zinc telluride, which directly convert radiation to electrical signals and yield improved energy resolution and spatial resolution and enhanced count sensitivity geometries, are increasingly gaining favor as the detector of choice for application in dedicated cardiac SPECT systems. Additionally, hybrid imaging systems in which SPECT and PET are combined with X-ray CT are currently widely used, with PET/MRI hybrid systems having also been recently introduced. The improved quantitative SPECT/CT has the potential to measure the absolute quantification of myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Rapid development of silicon photomultipliers leads to enhancement in PET image quality and count rates. In addition, the reduction of emission–transmission mismatch artifacts via application of accurate time-of-flight information, and cardiac motion de-blurring aided by anatomical images, are emerging techniques for further improvement of cardiac PET. This article reviews recent advances such as these in nuclear cardiology imaging instrumentation and technology, and the corresponding diagnostic benefits.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Shock compression of additively manufactured high solids loaded polymer composites with aligned porosity

The effects of aligned porosity on the shock-compression response of additively manufactured (AM) composite structures with collinear and log-cabin geometries are investigated. The composites contain two inorganic and two organic particle populations and a UV-curable polymer binder. X-ray phase contrast imaging (X-PCI) is used as an in-material diagnostic in plate-impact experiments performed at the Dynamic Compression Sector of the Advanced Photon Source at the Argonne National Laboratory. Macroscale shock and particle velocities and microscale pore collapse velocities are measured from X-PCI images obtained from samples impacted in various orientations relative to the AM build directions. The linear shock and particle velocity relation for the structures with collinear build geometry shows directional differences, with the build direction exhibiting the highest slope and the filament print direction having the shallowest slope. Composites with log-cabin geometry, due to their slightly lower porosity and smaller sized pores, show higher shock velocities than the collinear structures at the same particle velocity. Microscale directionality effects are also observed, with the pore collapse velocity dependent on the pore configuration. Specifically, the pore collapse velocity is highest for pores elongated along the impact direction which is the case for the colinear structures impacted in the filament print direction, which is consistent with the directionality trend observed in the data for the shock and particle velocity equation of state. The pore collapse velocity approaches ∼80 % of the shock velocity and is several times the average bulk particle velocity, suggesting a highly hydrodynamic mechanism of pore collapse. Overall, both the macroscale response as measured by the shock and particle velocity relationship, and the microscale response as measured by the pore collapse velocity, are found to be anisotropic and dependent on the AM composite structure.

Wagner, K. B. [Georgia Institute of Technology, At↗
DOE OSTI2020

In-situ monitoring for liquid metal jetting using a millimeter-wave impedance diagnostic

Abstract This article presents a millimeter-wave diagnostic for the in-situ monitoring of liquid metal jetting additive manufacturing systems. The diagnostic leverages a T-junction waveguide device to monitor impedance changes due to jetted metal droplets in real time. An analytical formulation for the time-domain T-junction operation is presented and supported with a quasi-static full-wave electromagnetic simulation model. The approach is evaluated experimentally with metallic spheres of known diameters ranging from 0.79 to 3.18 mm. It is then demonstrated in a custom drop-on-demand liquid metal jetting system where effective droplet diameters ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 mm are detected. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach can provide information about droplet size, timing, and motion by monitoring a single parameter, the reflection coefficient amplitude at the input port. These results show the promise of the impedance diagnostic as a reliable in-situ characterization method for metal droplets in an advanced manufacturing system.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Improved design of proton source and low energy beam transport line for European Spallation Source

The design update of the European Spallation Source (ESS) accelerator is almost complete and the construction of the prototype of the microwave discharge ion source able to provide a proton beam current larger than 70 mA to the 3.6 MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) started. The source named PS-ESS (Proton Source for ESS) was designed with a flexible magnetic system and an extraction system able to merge conservative solutions with significant advances. The ESS injector has taken advantage of recent theoretical updates and new plasma diagnostics tools developed at INFN-LNS (Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare). The design strategy considers the PS-ESS and the low energy beam transport line as a whole, where the proton beam behaves like an almost neutralized non-thermalized plasma. Innovative solutions have been used as hereinafter described. Thermo-mechanical optimization has been performed to withstand the chopped beam and the misaligned focused beam over the RFQ input collimator; the results are reported here.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Cherenkov neutron detector for fusion reaction and runaway electron diagnostics

A Cherenkov-type neutron detector was newly developed and neutron measurement experiments were performed at Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research. It was shown that the Cherenkov neutron detector can monitor the time-resolved neutron flux from deuterium-fueled fusion plasmas. Owing to the high temporal resolution of the detector, fast behaviors of runaway electrons, such as the neutron spikes, could be observed clearly. It is expected that the Cherenkov neutron detector could be utilized to provide useful information on runaway electrons as well as fusion reaction rate in fusion plasmas.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Implementation of rapid diagnostics assays for detection of histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis in central american people living with HIV

Abstract Objectives Histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis are important public health problems in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Central America. Conventional laboratory assays, based on microscopy and culture, are not optimal for the diagnosis of either disease. However, antigen (Ag) assays are rapid and highly accurate for the diagnosis of these infections. Methods Laboratory surveillance of PLHIV was carried out in four hospitals in Panama, Honduras and Nicaragua, between 2015 and 2019. Detection of Histoplasma antigens in urine was performed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and Cryptococcus antigen detection in sera and cerebrospinal fluid specimens was performed by lateral flow assay (LFA). Results A total of 4,453 PLHIV with clinical suspicion of histoplasmosis ( n = 1,343) or cryptococcosis ( n = 3,110; 2,721 sera and 389 CSF) were tested. Of 1,343 patients suspected of having histoplasmosis, 269 (20%) were Histoplasma Ag positive. Of 3,110 patients tested using the Cryptococcus Ag assay, 329 (11%) were positive. Honduras reported the highest positivity rates (32% for Histoplasma Ag, and 16% for Cryptococcus Ag); Panama reported the largest number of patients testing positive using the Histoplasma Ag assay ( n = 201); and Nicaragua reported the largest number of patients testing positive using the Cryptococcus Ag assay ( n = 170). Conclusion Here, we show how the implementation of rapid diagnostics assays impacted case detection and was useful for the care of people with advanced HIV. Rapid and accurate diagnosis could reduce mortality associated with histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis in PLHIV.

Caceres, Diego H.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quantifying Stern layer water alignment before and during the oxygen evolution reaction

While water’s oxygen is the electron source in the industrially important oxygen evolution reaction, the strong absorber problem clouds our view of how the Stern layer water molecules orient themselves in response to applied potentials. Here, we report nonlinear optical measurements on nickel electrodes held at pH 13 indicating a disorder-to-order transition in the Stern layer water molecules before the onset of Faradaic current. A full water monolayer (1.1 × 10 15 centimeter −2 ) aligns with oxygen atoms pointing toward the electrode at +0.8 volt and the associated work is 80 kilojoule per mole. Our experiments identify water flipping energetics as a target for understanding overpotentials, advance molecular electrochemistry, provide benchmarks for electrical double layer models, and serve as a diagnostic tool for understanding electrocatalysis.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2015

Tularosa Basin Play Fairway Analysis: Hydrothermal Alteration Map

This is a hydrothermal alteration map of the Tularosa Basin area, New Mexico and Texas that was created using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) multispectral data band ratios based upon diagnostic features of clay, calcite, silica, gypsum, ferric iron, and ferrous iron. Mesoproterozoic granite in the San Andreas Range often appeared altered, but this may be from clays produced by weathering or, locally, by hydrothermal alteration. However, no field checking was done. This work was done under U.S. D.O.E. Contract #DE-EE0006730

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

X-ray thomson scattering measurements of warm dense matter

Warm dense matter exists at the boundary between traditional condensed matter and plasma physics and poses significant challenges to theoretical understanding. It is also critical for applications, including z-pinch and inertial fusion laboratory experiments and in astrophysical objects such as white dwarfs and giant planet interiors. The modern generation of high energy density facilities has made it possible to create warm dense conditions in the laboratory. Creating warm dense matter is challenging, but thorough understanding also requires accurate detailed diagnostics. This report describes research aimed at combining x-ray Thomson scattering, a powerful diagnostic for warm dense matter, with extreme environments created at the Z facility. Significant advances in in-house Sandia capability have been achieved, including x-ray scattering theory, instrumentation, and experiment design, execution, and interpretation. This work has set the stage for novel x-ray scattering investigations of warm dense matter at the Z facility in the near future.

Bailey, James E.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Module-Integrated Power Converters Based on Universal Dock

Solar power installations using alternating current photovoltaic (ACPV) modules have significant cost and performance advantages over systems using conventional solar modules and string inverters. ACPV modules have improved energy harvest due to module-level power point tracking and redundancy. More importantly, ACPV modules are easier and cheaper to install, lowering the total installed cost, indirect costs, and barriers to market entry. Furthermore, ACPV modules have communications and data logging capability, yielding module-level telemetry data that is useful in site diagnostics and other data applications. The products of these efforts were threefold. First, an advanced microinverter power topology was developed, modeled, simulated, and tested. Second, new microinverter enclosure concepts were developed and tested. Third, a new ACPV module prototype was constructed, combining the power topology and the enclosure concepts. SolarBridge filed for patents in each of these areas and is transitioning the project from a concept phase to full development.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Status of GTA Gear Inspection after Testing in Sodium

The Mechanisms Engineering Test Loop (METL) is an intermediate-scale liquid metal experimental facility that provides purified reactor-grade (R-grade) sodium to various experimental test vessels. In these test vessels, components that are required to operate in an advanced fast reactor can be tested in a prototypical sodium environment. Experiments conducted in METL significantly assist in the development and maturation of systems and components for advanced reactors. The METL facility consists of multiple test segments including: a purification and diagnostic loop (cold trap was designed after EBR-II), two 18” diameter test vessels with 150 L capacities capable of operating in static or dynamic flow at 538°C, two 28” diameter test vessels with 644 L capacities capable of operating in static or dynamic flow at 650°C, a 3,180 L dump tank with 21 instrumentation ports, and the infrastructure to expand capacity in the future.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Model-based reasoning in SSF ECLSS

The interacting processes and reconfigurable subsystems of the Space Station Freedom Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) present a tremendous technical challenge to Freedom's crew and ground support. ECLSS operation and problem analysis is time-consuming for crew members and difficult for current computerized control, monitoring, and diagnostic software. These challenges can be at least partially mitigated by the use of advanced techniques such as Model-Based Reasoning (MBR). This paper will provide an overview of MBR as it is being applied to Space Station Freedom ECLSS. It will report on work being done to produce intelligent systems to help design, control, monitor, and diagnose Freedom's ECLSS. Specifically, work on predictive monitoring, diagnosability, and diagnosis, with emphasis on the automated diagnosis of the regenerative water recovery and air revitalization processes will be discussed.

Miller, J. K.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Fluid Physics and Macromolecular Crystal Growth in Microgravity

The first protein crystallization experiment in microgravity was launched in April, 1981 and used Germany's Technologische Experimente unter Schwerelosigkeit (TEXUS 3) sounding rocket. The protein P-galactosidase (molecular weight 465Kda) was chosen as the sample with a liquid-liquid diffusion growth method. A sliding device brought the protein, buffer and salt solution into contact when microgravity was reached. The sounding rocket gave six minutes of microgravity time with a cine camera and schlieren optics used to monitor the experiment, a single growth cell. In microgravity a strictly laminar diffusion process was observed in contrast to the turbulent convection seen on the ground. Several single crystals, approx 100micron in length, were formed in the flight which were of inferior but of comparable visual quality to those grown on the ground over several days. A second experiment using the same protocol but with solutions cooled to -8C (kept liquid with glycerol antifreeze) again showed laminar diffusion. The science of macromolecular structural crystallography involves crystallization of the macromolecule followed by use of the crystal for X-ray diffraction experiments to determine the three dimensional structure of the macromolecule. Neutron protein crystallography is employed for elucidation of H/D exchange and for improved definition of the bound solvent (D20). The structural information enables an understanding of how the molecule functions with important potential for rational drug design, improved efficiency of industrial enzymes and agricultural chemical development. The removal of turbulent convection and sedimentation in microgravity, and the assumption that higher quality crystals will be produced, has given rise to the growing number of crystallization experiments now flown. Many experiments can be flown in a small volume with simple, largely automated, equipment - an ideal combination for a microgravity experiment. The term "protein crystal growth" is often historically used to describe these microgravity experiments. This is somewhat inaccurate as the field involves the study of many varied biological molecules including viruses, proteins, DNA, RNA and complexes of those structures. For this reason we use the term macromolecular crystal growth. In this chapter we review a series of diagnostic microgravity crystal growth experiments carried out principally using the European Space Agency (ESA) Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF). We also review related research, both experimental and theoretical, on the aspects of microgravity fluid physics that affect microgravity protein crystal growth. Our experiments have revealed some surprises that were not initially expected. We discuss them here in the context of practical lessons learnt and how to maximize the limited microgravity opportunities available.

Helliwell, John R.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Landsat Legacy

The Landsat resources survey system spawned a number of companies engaged in commercial applications of remote sensing, among them International Imaging Systems (I2S). With initial NASA assistance, I2S has provided remote sensing hardware and software to several foreign countries, developed meteorological analysis systems, medical diagnostic software and scanning equipment for government and commercial use. Latest product is an advanced image-based photogrammetric system employing digital technology - not optical or mechanical systems - to generate terrain elevation data and other processing functions. Called PRI2SM, it compensates automatically for topographic relief displacement, is cheaper, faster, and easier to use and maintain. Company product line includes four major areas: image processing equipment for Earth Resources Management; meteorological analysis systems; satellite ground processing systems; and digital photogrammetric mapping systems.

Source record↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

GeneLab: The NASA Systems Biology Platform for Space Omics Repository, Analysis and Visualization

The NASA GeneLab project capitalizes on multi-omic technologies to maximize the return on spaceflight experiments. To do this, GeneLab maintains a publicly accessible database (GLDS) that houses spaceflight and spaceflight relevant multi-omics dataand collaborates with NASA principal investigators and projects to generate additional omics data. GeneLab houses more than 220 transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and epigenomic datasets from plant, animal and microbial experiments, with a growing number of these having been produced by the GeneLab sample processing lab. The GLDS contains rich metadata about each experiment and has recently integrated radiation dosimetery data from experiments flown on the Space Shuttle. GeneLab has also recently implemented an effort to present processed data in the GLDS in addition to the raw omics data. The processed data will enable interpretationof the data by a larger group of students, scientists and the general public. Standard pipelines for the transformation of raw data into visualizations were developed by four GeneLab Analysis Working Groups (animals, plants, microbes, multi-omics) comprised of over 120 scientists from NASA, industry, and academia. To explore the data, the GLDS provides users various tools for data analysis, collaborative workspace for file storage and sharing, and a visualization portal. The analysis platform built using the Galaxy toolshed provides access to a broad variety of users including those with limited bioinformatics experience and students to learn how to analyze spaceflight omics data. The visualization portal takes GeneLab one step closer to data democratization by removing all bioinformatics requisites to interpret transcriptomics data hosted in the repository. Discoveries made using GeneLabhave begunand will continue to deepen our understanding of biology, advance the field of genomics, and help to discover cures for diseases, create better diagnostic tools, and ultimately allow astronauts to better withstand the rigors of long-duration spaceflight.

Samrawit Getachew Gebre↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

GeneLab: The NASA Systems Biology Platform for Space Omics Repository, Analysis and Visualization

The NASA GeneLab project capitalizes on multi-omic technologies to maximize the return on spaceflight experiments. To do this, GeneLab maintains a publicly accessible database (GLDS) that houses spaceflight and spaceflight relevant multi-omics data, and collaborates with NASA principal investigators and projects to generate additional omics data. GeneLab houses more than 220 transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and epigenomic datasets from plant, animal and microbial experiments, with a growing number of these having been produced by the GeneLab sample processing lab. The GLDS contains rich metadata about each experiment and has recently integrated radiation dosimetery data from experiments flown on the Space Shuttle. GeneLab has also recently implemented an effort to present processed data in the GLDS in addition to the raw omics data. The processed data will enable interpretation of the data by a larger group of students, scientists and the general public. Standard pipelines for the transformation of raw data into visualizations were developed by four GeneLab Analysis Working Groups (animals, plants, microbes, multi-omics) comprised of over 120 scientists from NASA, industry, and academia. To explore the data, the GLDS provides users various tools for data analysis, collaborative workspace for file storage and sharing, and a visualization portal. The analysis platform built using the Galaxy toolshed provides access to a broad variety of users including those with limited bioinformatics experience and students to learn how to analyze spaceflight omics data. The visualization portal takes GeneLab one step closer to data democratization by removing all bioinformatics requisites to interpret transcriptomics data hosted in the repository. Discoveries made using GeneLab have begun and will continue to deepen our understanding of biology, advance the field of genomics, and help to discover cures for diseases, create better diagnostic tools, and ultimately allow astronauts to better withstand the rigors of long-duration spaceflight.

Samrawit Gebre↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

WEBINAR, May 6: New Discoveries Using GeneLab

The NASA GeneLab project capitalizes on multi-omic technologies to maximize the return on spaceflight experiments. To do this, GeneLab maintains a publicly accessible database (GLDS) that houses spaceflight and spaceflight relevant multi-omics data and collaborates with NASA principal investigators and projects to generate additional omics data. GeneLab houses more than 220 transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and epigenomic datasets from plant, animal and microbial experiments, with a growing number of these having been produced by the GeneLab sample processing lab. The GLDS contains rich metadata about each experiment and has recently integrated radiation dosimetry data from experiments flown on the Space Shuttle. GeneLab has also recently implemented an effort to present processed data in the GLDS in addition to the raw omics data. The processed data will enable interpretation of the data by a larger group of students, scientists and the general public. Standard pipelines for the transformation of raw data into visualizations were developed by four GeneLab Analysis Working Groups (animals, plants, microbes, multi-omics) comprised of over 120 scientists from NASA, industry, and academia. To explore the data, the GLDS provides users various tools for data analysis, collaborative workspace for file storage and sharing, and a visualization portal. The analysis platform built using the Galaxy toolshed provides access to a broad variety of users including those with limited bioinformatics experience and students to learn how to analyze spaceflight omics data. The visualization portal takes GeneLab one step closer to data democratization by removing all bioinformatics requisites to interpret transcriptomics data hosted in the repository. Discoveries made using GeneLab have begun and will continue to deepen our understanding of biology, advance the field of genomics, and help to discover cures for diseases, create better diagnostic tools, and ultimately allow astronauts to better withstand the rigors of long-duration spaceflight.

Sylvain V. Costes↗