Image Sensor Technology
Video image data transmission using millimeter wave relay satellites - image sensor systems
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Modulator/demodulators for PSK Digital Data Systems
Video image data transmission using millimeter wave relay satellites - biphase and quadriphase modulator systems for phase shift keying
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Acquisition, Search, Track
Video image data transmission using millimeter wave relay satellites - satellite acquisition, searching, and tracking
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Instrumented aircraft measurements in the vicinity of clear air radar structures
Clear air radar structures temperature, wind components and true gust velocities combined with radar data for observed traveling wave features
Hardy, K. R.↗
GSFC support for E-24 data reduction and analysis
Reduced and analyzed data from the plasma wave detector on OGO E spacecraft are reported. The bibliography lists 74 publications in scientific books and journals which highlight the analysis program.
Scarf, F. L.↗
The velocity structure of the lunar crust.
Seismic refraction data, obtained at the Apollo 14 and 16 sites, when combined with other lunar seismic data, allow a compressional wave velocity profile of the lunar near-surface and crust to be derived. The regolith, although variable in thickness over the lunar surface, possesses surprisingly similar seismic properties. Underlying the regolith at both the Apollo 14 Fra Mauro site and the Apollo 16 Descartes site is low-velocity brecciated material or impact derived debris. Key features of the lunar seismic velocity profile are: (1) velocity increases from 100 to 300 m/sec in the upper 100 m to about 4 km/sec at 5 km depth, (2) a more gradual increase from about 4 km/sec to about 6 km/sec at 25 km depth,(3) a discontinuity at a depth of 25 km, and (4) a constant value of about 7 km/sec at depths from 25 km to about 60 km.
Kovach, R. L.↗
High-energy galactic gamma radiation from cosmic rays concentrated in spiral arms
A model for the emission of high-energy (exceeding 100 Mev) gamma-rays from the galactic disk has been developed and compared with recent SAS-2 observations. In the calculation, it is assumed that (1) the high energy galactic gamma-rays result primarily from the interaction of cosmic rays with galactic matter, (2) the cosmic-ray density is proportional to the matter density on the scale of galactic arms, and (3) the matter in the Galaxy is distributed in a spiral pattern consistent with density-wave theory and experimental data on the matter distribution that is available, including the 21-cm H I line emission, continuum emission from H II regions, and data currently being used to estimate the H2 density. The calculated galactic-longitude distribution of gamma rays is in good agreement with the SAS-2 observations in relative shape and absolute flux. As a corollary, the nonuniform cosmic-ray distribution of this model tends to support the galactic origin of the fraction of cosmic rays which is important in the production of high-energy photons. Modifications of the basic model show that the gamma-ray flux is relatively sensitive to large variations of the assumed distribution of molecular hydrogen in the Galaxy.
Bignami, G. F.↗
Data reduction and analysis for the TRW IMP-7 plasma wave experiment
Highlights from the IMP 7 plasma wave experiment are briefly outlined. The measurements in the tail revealed great complexities involving substorms and fireballs and provided insight into the overall dynamics of the magnetosphere. The low levels of magnetic turbulence may be of significance with respect to the development of tearing mode dissipation for reconnection events. The IMP wave observations in the distant magnetosphere boundary region showed that the boundaries were quite diffuse and frequently purely defined. Finally, nearly simultaneous IMP 7 and 8 comparisons were used to achieve an understanding of shock structure and propagation.
Scarf, F. L.↗
Comparisons of global ozone trends inferred from the BUV experiment on Nimbus 4 and the ground-based network
Preliminary comparisons between global ozone burdens derived from the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) experiment on Nimbus 4 and those inferred from an analysis of ground-based network data seem to indicate significant differences in the inter-annual variability of ozone. Some of the observed differences may be due to improper weighting of the ground-based network data, slowly changing planetary wave structure over the fixed station, of small inter-annual changes in meridional transport parameters. There is also some evidence which indicates that the polar stratosphere at high latitudes may represent an important ozone storage resevoir which tends to compensate for large scale changes observed in the regions outside of the polar stratosphere. Possible consequences of this are that the global trends derived from ground based ozone measurements may not be valid and furthermore that the current satellite techniques by themselves may be sufficient. An ozone monitoring system which includes observations from satellites, ground-based stations, balloons and rockets may be necessary.
Heath, D. F.↗
An experimental study of the surface elevation probability distribution and statistics of wind-generated waves
Laboratory experiments were performed to measure the surface elevation probability density function and associated statistical properties for a wind-generated wave field. The laboratory data along with some limited field data were compared. The statistical properties of the surface elevation were processed for comparison with the results derived from the Longuet-Higgins (1963) theory. It is found that, even for the highly non-Gaussian cases, the distribution function proposed by Longuet-Higgins still gives good approximations.
Huang, N. E.↗
A catalog of gamma-ray bursts with earth crossing times
A catalog of 111 confirmed gamma-ray bursts detected between 1967 July and 1979 June is presented. Both localization information and earth crossing times for the gamma-ray wave fronts are given. Data which have appeared in some previous catalogs have been revised; many previously unpublished events detected by an international network of dedicated deep space and near-earth experiments since 1976 are also presented.
Klebesadel, R.↗
Solar wind flow about the terrestrial planets. II - Comparison with gas dynamic theory and implications for solar-planetary interactions
Bow shock models are employed to determine and compare the solar wind flows about Venus, Mars, and the earth. Initially, gas dynamic theory predictions are compared with the large data base available for the near-earth environment. The observed shape and location of the magnetopause proved sufficient for predicting the average dayside bow shock position to within 2% error. Use of the same gas dynamics theory produced highly disparate results for the flows past Venus and Mars. A variation of 510-1000 km altitude (high) for the solar wind-obstacle interface was found for Mars, thus requiring the presence of an effective magnetic moment of within 0.6 of 1.4 x 10 to the 22nd G/cu cm in the Martian magnetosphere, consistent with Viking data. The Venus bow wave was calculated to be closer to the planet than possible with a purely ionospheric interaction, indicating that solar wind-neutral atmosphere interactions in the lower ionosheath must necessarily be included in a gas dynamic modeling of the Venus obstacle to the solar wind.
Slavin, J. A.↗
Plasma rest frame frequencies and polarizations of the low-frequency upstream waves - ISEE 1 and 2 observations
The plasma rest frame frequencies and polarizations of the large amplitude low frequency (0.03 Hz) upstream waves are investigated using magnetic field data from the dual ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft. The monochromatic sinusoidal waves associated with intermediate ion fluxes are propagating in both the Alfven and magnetosonic modes, in both cases with typical frequencies approximately 0.1 times the local proton gyrofrequency and wavelengths of approximately 1 R(E). It is shown that the generation of the magnetosonic mode can be explained by the cyclotron resonance mechanism driven by narrow reflected ion beams, but the concurrent observation of Alfven mode waves appears to require wave generation by the more isotropic diffuse ion distributions as well.
Hoppe, M. M.↗
Satellite altimetry
Progress in satellite altimetry accuracy, together with geoid surface measurements, is reviewed, and future programs are outlined. The Skylab, Geos-3, and Seasat spacecraft all carried altimeters for observing ocean topography, wind speed, and wave height from space. Data were gathered on the geoid and gravity anomalies over ocean areas, leading to determinations of the mesoscale variability of the oceans and a preliminary data base on ocean circulation. Satellite altimeters are currently accurate to 2 cm over a period of several years, and radial errors have been reduced to 50 cm with Seasat. Mean sea surfaces are measured with decimeter accuracy, a level of precision expected for altimetry when improved Doppler tracking, laser tracking, and the introduction of a GPS-based tracking system are implemented. The Shuttle is regarded as a prime vehicle for testing new altimetry techniques.
Marsh, J. G.↗
Experiment versus theory
High speed compressibility noise and vortex interaction noise, which are aerodynamically generated noise sources, were investigated. Noise generating mechanisms were identified. Linear and nonlinear theory were compared and are in agreement with data on amplitude and wave forms. The interaction area between the acoustic planform and blade/vortex interaction lines are examined.
Schmitz, F. H.↗
Titan's magnetospheric interaction
Voyager 1 encounter data are used to theoretically examine the interaction of Titan with the solar wind, the Saturn magnetosheath and the Saturn magnetosphere. The spacecraft data comprised magnetometer, plasma wave, radio signal and charged particle measurements. Attention is given to the Alfven (1.9) and Mach (0.57) numbers detected in the Saturn magnetosheath, along with a fast hydrodynamic Mach number of 0.55. Incident plasma interacted with the Titan atmosphere and produced a magnetosphere through mass capture and field-line draping. The tail region was loaded with N(+) and N2(+)/H2CN(+) ions instead of the strong H(+) signals typical of other regions. The magnetotail featured four lobes, and the Titan atmosphere was calculated to lose 10 to the 24th ions/sec. Finally, the Titan internal rotationally aligned magnetic field has an estimated strength of 7 x 10 to the 20th gauss/cu cm.
Neubauer, F. M.↗
Equilibrium shapes of acoustically levitated drops
The quantitative determination of the shape of liquid drops levitated in an ultrasonic standing wave has provided experimental data on the radiation pressure-induced deformations of freely suspended liquids. Within the limits of small deviations from the spherical shape and small drop diameter relative to the acoustic wavelength, an existing approximate theory yields a good agreement with experimental evidence. The data were obtained for millimeter and submillimeter drops levitated in air under 1 g, where g is the sea level gravitational acceleration.
Trinh, E. H.↗
The laboratory millimeter-wave spectrum of methyl formate in its ground torsional E state
Over 250 rotational transitions of the internal rotor methyl formate (HCOOCH3) in its ground v(t) = 0 degenerate (E) torsional substate have been measured in the millimeter-wave spectral region. These data and a number of E-state lines identified by several other workers have been analyzed using an extension of the classical principal-axis method in the high barrier limit. The resulting rotational constants allow accurate prediction of the v(t) = 0 E substate methyl formate spectrum below 300 GHz between states with angular momentum J not greater than 30 and rotational energy of not more than 350/cm. The calculated transition frequencies for the E state, when combined with the results of the previous analysis of the ground-symmetric, nondegenerate state, account for over 200 of the emission lines observed toward Orion in a recent survey of the 215-265 GHz band.
Plummer, G. M.↗