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At least 739 records · Page 41
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Turbulence and E × B flow correlations across the L-H transition in DIII-D deuterium and hydrogen plasmas

The isotope dependence of the low- to high confinement-mode (L- to H-mode) transition power threshold P LH presents significant challenges for the initial (non-nuclear) hydrogen operations phase of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER). Here, we examine the isotope dependence of turbulence and E × B flow correlation properties in the L-mode edge plasma, leading up to the L-H transition. At marginal auxiliary power (near P LH ), turbulence is initially suppressed periodically during limit cycle oscillations (LCO) that precede the transition to sustained H-mode confinement. Here, we present evidence that the long-range (toroidal) correlation of the E × B edge plasma flow across the LCO phase is much weaker in hydrogen than in deuterium in the DIII-D tokamak, congruent with the higher threshold power P LH required to access LCO and H-mode in hydrogen. Concomitantly, the time required to initially quench edge turbulence via localized edge E × B flow shear is significantly longer in hydrogen (1–1.5 ms) than in deuterium (approx. 100 µs). No toroidal long-range correlation of the turbulence amplitude is observed, in agreement with expectations based on the relatively short poloidal turbulence correlation length. Radial edge turbulence and flow correlation lengths are longer in deuterium than in hydrogen plasmas as one would expect from ‘naïve’ gyro-Bohm isotope transport scaling, despite the substantially higher thermal flux across the last closed flux surface in hydrogen before the L-H transition. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'H-mode transition and pedestal studies in fusion plasmas'.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1991

Martian dust threshold measurements: Simulations under heated surface conditions

Diurnal changes in solar radiation on Mars set up a cycle of cooling and heating of the planetary boundary layer, this effect strongly influences the wind field. The stratification of the air layer is stable in early morning since the ground is cooler than the air above it. When the ground is heated and becomes warmer than the air its heat is transferred to the air above it. The heated parcels of air near the surface will, in effect, increase the near surface wind speed or increase the aeolian surface stress the wind has upon the surface when compared to an unheated or cooled surface. This means that for the same wind speed at a fixed height above the surface, ground-level shear stress will be greater for the heated surface than an unheated surface. Thus, it is possible to obtain saltation threshold conditions at lower mean wind speeds when the surface is heated. Even though the mean wind speed is less when the surface is heated, the surface shear stress required to initiate particle movement remains the same in both cases. To investigate this phenomenon, low-density surface dust aeolian threshold measurements have been made in the MARSWIT wind tunnel located at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California. The first series of tests examined threshold values of the 100 micron sand material. At 13 mb surface pressure the unheated surface had a threshold friction speed of 2.93 m/s (and approximately corresponded to a velocity of 41.4 m/s at a height of 1 meter) while the heated surface equivalent bulk Richardson number of -0.02, yielded a threshold friction speed of 2.67 m/s (and approximately corresponded to a velocity of 38.0 m/s at a height of 1 meter). This change represents an 8.8 percent decrease in threshold conditions for the heated case. The values of velocities are well within the threshold range as observed by Arvidson et al., 1983. As the surface was heated the threshold decreased. At a value of bulk Richardson number equal to -0.02 the threshold friction speed and threshold wind speed appears to level-off to a constant value. This trend also was observed in the MARSWIT experiments involving the 11 micron sized-silt material.

White, Bruce R.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle as Observed by TRMM

Using infrared satellite data, previous work has shown a consistent diurnal cycle in the pattern of cold cloud tops around mature tropical cyclones. In particular, an increase in the coverage by cold cloud tops often occurs in the inner core of the storm around the time of sunset and subsequently propagates outward to several hundred kilometers over the course of the following day. This consistent cycle may have important implications for structure and intensity changes of tropical cyclones and the forecasting of such changes. Because infrared satellite measurements are primarily sensitive to cloud top, the goal of this study is to use passive and active microwave measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR), respectively, to examine and better understand the tropical cyclone diurnal cycle throughout a larger depth of the storm's clouds. The National Hurricane Center's best track dataset was used to extract all PR and TMI pixels within 1000 km of each tropical cyclone that occurred in the Atlantic basin between 1998-2011. Then the data was composited according to radius (100-km bins from 0-1000 km) and local standard time (LST; 3-hr bins). Specifically, PR composites involved finding the percentage of pixels with reflectivity greater than or equal to 20 dBZ at various heights (i.e., 2-14 km in increments of 2 km) as a function of radius and time. The 37- and 85- GHz TMI channels are especially sensitive to scattering by precipitation-sized ice in the mid to upper portions of clouds. Hence, the percentage of 37- and 85-GHz polarization corrected temperatures less than various thresholds were calculated using data from all storms as a function of radius and time. For 37 GHz, thresholds of 260 K, 265 K, 270 K, and 275 K were used, and for 85 GHz, thresholds of 200-270 K in increments of 10 K were utilized. Note that convection forced by the interactions of a tropical cyclone with land (e.g., due to frictional convergence) may disrupt the natural convective cycle of a cyclone. Hence, only data pertaining to storms whose centers were greater than 300 km from land were included in the composites. Early results suggest the presence of a diurnal cycle in the PR composites of all Atlantic basin tropical cyclones from a height of 2-12 km from approximately 0-400 km radius, but the cycle is most apparent above 6 km. At a height of 8 km, there is a peak (minimum) in the percentage of PR pixels greater than or equal to 20 dBZ near 0 (21) LST in the inner core with some indication that this signal propagates outward with time. In contrast, the 37- and 85-GHz composites show little indication of a diurnal cycle at any radii, regardless of the threshold used. Ongoing work with this project will involve sub-setting the composites according to storm intensity to see if the diurnal cycle varies with storm strength. Moderate to strong vertical wind shear often leads to asymmetries in tropical cyclone convection and may disrupt the cyclone's natural diurnal cycle. Therefore, wind shear thresholds will be applied to the composites to determine if the diurnal cycle becomes more apparent in a low shear environment. Finally, other work to be completed will involve developing composites for other tropical cyclone basins, including the East Pacific, Northwest Pacific, South Pacific, and Indian Ocean.

tropical cyclones↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dynamic gain and frequency comb formation in exceptional-point lasers

Abstract Exceptional points (EPs)—singularities in the parameter space of non-Hermitian systems where two nearby eigenmodes coalesce—feature unique properties with applications such as sensitivity enhancement and chiral emission. Existing realizations of EP lasers operate with static populations in the gain medium. By analyzing the full-wave Maxwell–Bloch equations, here we show that in a laser operating sufficiently close to an EP, the nonlinear gain will spontaneously induce a multi-spectral multi-modal instability above a pump threshold, which initiates an oscillating population inversion and generates a frequency comb. The efficiency of comb generation is enhanced by both the spectral degeneracy and the spatial coalescence of modes near an EP. Such an “EP comb” has a widely tunable repetition rate, self-starts without external modulators or a continuous-wave pump, and can be realized with an ultra-compact footprint. We develop an exact solution of the Maxwell–Bloch equations with an oscillating inversion, describing all spatiotemporal properties of the EP comb as a limit cycle. We numerically illustrate this phenomenon in a 5-μm-long gain-loss coupled AlGaAs cavity and adjust the EP comb repetition rate from 20 to 27 GHz. This work provides a rigorous spatiotemporal description of the rich laser behaviors that arise from the interplay between the non-Hermiticity, nonlinearity, and dynamics of a gain medium.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Estimation Methodology to Evaluate Hypothetical Downwind Impacts from Fusion Plants

The continuing move toward establishing fusion systems for power generation and the associated research to that end is prompting examination of the potential health and safety impacts of such plants to the environment and human health. As many fusion facilities will have tritium inventories on site as part of the fusion fuel, evaluating the potential for downwind impacts from fusion facilities or power plants resulting from accident or routine emissions is a general requirement for assessing location and impacts to workers and the public. As part of siting considerations and permitting, the fusion facilities would be evaluated for potential for downwind concentration and dose impacts. For accident assessment scenarios, the downwind impacts are usually modeled as an instantaneous (or near-instantaneous) release of material transported following the wind. A range of meteorological conditions are usually assessed to determine a bounding case which results in a dose exceeding a specified threshold (e.g., 95 th or 99 th percentile; DOE 2015). This report provides initial estimates of the downwind dose impacts from a potential tritium release at a fusion power plant-relevant facility and identifies potential distances required to limit impacts to nearby population. This effort is meant to provide a bounding analysis and theoretical understanding of impacts of tritium releases for facilities subject to various environmental and atmospheric conditions. Using a Gaussian dispersion model to simulate a brief plume, downwind concentration and dose is projected for tritium oxide. Releases are assumed to consist entirely of tritium oxide due to the increased dose impacts from the oxide form relative to the elemental form of tritium. We also briefly identify how climatological conditions could potentially be used to support risk profile determination.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1977

Current pyrheliometry for total solar irradiance observations

A Type IV active cavity radiometer (ACR IV) was developed at JPL in 1975-76 as part of the NASA Weather and Climate Program. It is capable of defining the absolute radiation scale with an uncertainty near 0.1% and a resolution of 0.02% at the nominal solar 'constant' level. The ACR IV is the first pyrheliometer capable of measurements at the 0.1% level, which is the threshold of solar 'constant' variability of significance for climatological modeling. A prototype has been tested, and a flight instrument was flown in a 1976 sounding rocket experiment which determined a solar 'constant' value of 1368 W/sq m. A three-detector version of the ACR IV is being developed to monitor the solar 'constant' during 1979-80 as part of NASA's Solar Maximum Mission. Another ACR IV will measure the solar 'constant' as part of the Spacelab I mission in 1980.

Willson, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Cygnus X-3 observed at photon energies above 500 GeV

High-energy gamma rays from Cyg X-3 have been observed with the twin 11-m mirrors of NASA JPL's solar energy facility, using the atmospheric Cerenkov technique, resulting in data from about 100,000 air shower events with an approximate threshold energy of 500 GeV for the August 29 to September 6, 1981 period. A positive signal whose amplitude is 10.9 + or - 2.5% of the background cosmic ray rate appears near phase 0.6 of the 4.8-hour cycle, where phase 0.0 corresponds to minimum X-ray emission. This, together with previous Cerenkov detections, indicates that the high energy emission from Cyg X-3 is evolving on a time scale of a few years and suggests that the present form of the system has a recent origin.

Lamb, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Early experience with a highly mobile Lageos ranging system

Two portions of the University of Texas Transportable Laser Ranging System (TLRS) are presented: the beam director and the burst mode single photon laser ranging system. The system, optimized for the Lageos target, has satellite track rates varying from approximately 1800 arcsec per sec on low targets to a few arcsec per sec on the highest. Using full aperture, approximately 3 millijoules of laser power per shot can be transmitted without exceeding the eye damage threshold, and a beam divergence of less than 30 arcsec is dictated by these parameters. Position loop response is optimized, and the instrument is capable of tracking the satellite from nearly any firm, flat position. The laser ranging system uses a multiple pulse laser, and power restrictions result in an average return of less than one photoelectron per shot. The use of a simple laser for ranging has virtually eliminated the high percentage of down time.

Silverberg, E. C.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effect of wave localization on plasma instabilities

The Anderson model of wave localization in random media is involved to study the effect of solar wind density turbulence on plasma processes associated with the solar type III radio burst. ISEE-3 satellite data indicate that a possible model for the type III process is the parametric decay of Langmuir waves excited by solar flare electron streams into daughter electromagnetic and ion acoustic waves. The threshold for this instability, however, is much higher than observed Langmuir wave levels because of rapid wave convection of the transverse electromagnetic daughter wave in the case where the solar wind is assumed homogeneous. Langmuir and transverse waves near critical density satisfy the Ioffe-Reigel criteria for wave localization in the solar wind with observed density fluctuations -1 percent. Numerical simulations of wave propagation in random media confirm the localization length predictions of Escande and Souillard for stationary density fluctations. For mobile density fluctuations localized wave packets spread at the propagation velocity of the density fluctuations rather than the group velocity of the waves. Computer simulations using a linearized hybrid code show that an electron beam will excite localized Langmuir waves in a plasma with density turbulence. An action principle approach is used to develop a theory of non-linear wave processes when waves are localized. A theory of resonant particles diffusion by localized waves is developed to explain the saturation of the beam-plasma instability. It is argued that localization of electromagnetic waves will allow the instability threshold to be exceeded for the parametric decay discussed above.

Levedahl, William Kirk↗
DOE OSTI2020

High-speed volumetric imaging of formaldehyde in a lifted turbulent jet flame using an acousto-optic deflector

The development of high-speed volumetric laser-induced fluorescence measurements of formaldehyde (CH 2 O-LIF) using a pulse-burst laser operated at a repetition rate of 100 kHz is presented here. A novel laser scanning system employing an acousto-optic deflector (AOD) enables quasi-4D CH 2 O-LIF imaging at a scan frequency of 10 kHz. The diagnostic capability of time-resolved volumetric imaging is demonstrated in a partially premixed DME/air lifted turbulent jet flame near the flame base. Simultaneous imaging of laser beam profiles is performed to account for the laser pulse energy fluctuation and laser sheet inhomogeneity. With the accurate registration of laser sheet positions, the volumetric reconstruction of CH 2 O-LIF signals is performed within a detection volume of 17.3 × 11.9 × 2.3 mm 3 with an average out-of-plane spatial resolution of 250μm. A surface detection algorithm with adaptive thresholding is used to determine the global maximum intensity gradient by calculating gradient percentiles. The flame topology characteristics are investigated by evaluating the 3D curvatures of CH 2 O surfaces. Curvatures calculated using 2D data systematically underestimate the full 3D curvature due to the lack of out-of-plane information. The inner surfaces near the turbulent fuel jet exhibit higher probabilities of large mean curvature than the outer surfaces. The saddle and cylindrical structures are dominant on both the inner and outer surfaces and the elliptic structures occur with lower probability. The results suggest that the damping of turbulent fluctuations by the temperature increase through the CH 2 O region reduces the curvature, but the local structure topology remains self-similar.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Not so HOT Triangulations

Here, we propose primal–dual mesh optimization algorithms that overcome shortcomings of the standard algorithm while retaining some of its desirable features. “Hodge-Optimized Triangulations” defines the “HOT energy” as a bound on the discretization error of the diagonalized Delaunay Hodge star operator. HOT energy is a natural choice for an objective function, but unstable for both mathematical and algorithmic reasons: it has minima for collapsed edges, and its extrapolation to non-regular triangulations is inaccurate and has unbounded minima. We propose a different extrapolation with a stronger theoretical foundation, and avoid extrapolation by recalculating the objective just beyond the flip threshold. We propose new objectives, based on normalizations of the HOT energy, with barriers to edge collapses and other undesirable configurations. We propose mesh improvement algorithms coupling these. When HOT optimization nearly collapses an edge, we actually collapse the edge. Otherwise, we use the barrier objective to update positions and weights and remove vertices. By combining discrete connectivity changes with continuous optimization, we more fully explore the space of possible meshes and obtain higher quality solutions.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1983

The effect of a non-Maxwellian electron distribution on oxygen and iron ionization balances in the solar corona

Analytic expressions are derived for ionization and recombination rates in a parameterized non-Maxwellian electron velocity distribution with an enhanced high-energy tail. These expressions are then used in investigating the effect of such an enhancement in the high-energy tail of the coronal electron velocity distribution on the oxygen and iron ionization balances, O(+6) - O(+7) and Fe(+11) - Fe(+12). Relative to a Maxwellian of the same mean electron energy, the degree of ionization allowed by such a distribution is found to be either unchanged or slightly decreased for iron but often substantially increased for oxygen. The greater sensitivity of oxygen ionization balance to the high-energy distribution tail derives from the higher oxygen ionization threshold energy. It is noted that the electron temperature inferred from a measurement of the oxygen ionization ratio, O(+6)/O(+7), could indeed overestimate the actual coronal electron temperature by nearly 10 to the 6th K if the coronal electron distribution is incorrectly assumed to be Maxwellian.

Owocki, S. P.↗
NASA NTRS2020

An Obscured, Seyfert 2-like State of the Stellar-mass Black Hole GRS 1915+105 Caused by Failed Disk Winds

We report on Chandra grating spectra of the stellar-mass black hole GRS 1915+105 obtained during a novel, highly obscured state. As the source entered this state, a dense, massive accretion disk wind was detected through strong absorption lines. Photoionization modeling indicates that it must originate close to the central engine, orders of magnitude from the outer accretion disk. Strong, nearly sinusoidal flux variability in this phase yielded a key insight: the wind is blueshifted when its column density is relatively low, but redshifted as it approaches the Compton-thick threshold. At no point does the wind appear to achieve the local escape velocity; in this sense, it is a “failed wind.” Later observations suggest that the disk ultimately fails to keep even the central engine clear of gas, leading to heavily obscured and Compton-thick states characterized by very strong Fe K emission lines. Indeed, these later spectra are successfully described using models developed for obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We discuss our results in terms of the remarkable similarity of GRS 1915+105 deep in its “obscured state” to Seyfert 2 and Compton-thick AGNs, and we explore how our understanding of accretion and obscuration in massive black holes is impacted by our observations.

Black holes↗
NASA NTRS2014

Flood Extent Mapping for Namibia Using Change Detection and Thresholding with SAR

A new method for flood detection change detection and thresholding (CDAT) was used with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to delineate the extent of flooding for the Chobe floodplain in the Caprivi region of Namibia. This region experiences annual seasonal flooding and has seen a recent renewal of severe flooding after a long dry period in the 1990s. Flooding in this area has caused loss of life and livelihoods for the surrounding communities and has caught the attention of disaster relief agencies. There is a need for flood extent mapping techniques that can be used to process images quickly, providing near real-time flooding information to relief agencies. ENVISAT/ASAR and Radarsat-2 images were acquired for several flooding seasons from February 2008 to March 2013. The CDAT method was used to determine flooding from these images and includes the use of image subtraction, decision based classification with threshold values, and segmentation of SAR images. The total extent of flooding determined for 2009, 2011 and 2012 was about 542 km2, 720 km2, and 673 km2 respectively. Pixels determined to be flooded in vegetation were typically <0.5 % of the entire scene, with the exception of 2009 where the detection of flooding in vegetation was much greater (almost one third of the total flooded area). The time to maximum flooding for the 2013 flood season was determined to be about 27 days. Landsat water classification was used to compare the results from the new CDAT with SAR method; the results show good spatial agreement with Landsat scenes.

Flood↗
NASA NTRS1994

Observations of lower-stratospheric ClONO2, HNO3, and aerosol by the UARS CLAES experiment between January 1992 and April 1993

This paper discusses simultaneous measurements of stratospheric ClONO2, HNO3, temperature, and aerosol extinction coefficient by the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) on the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), obtained over the period 9 January 1992 through 23 April 1993. The discussion concentrates on the stratosphere region near 21 km of particular interest to heterogeneously driven ozone depletion. For periods between 12 June and 1 September 1992 at latitudes poleward of about 60 deg S, when temperatures were below type I polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation thresholds throughout the lower stratosphere, CLAES observed high levels of PSCs coincident with highly depleted fields of both HNO3 and ClONO2. By 17 September, the incidence of PSCs had greatly diminished in the lower stratosphere, but both CLONO2 and HNO3 remained highly depleted. These observations are consistent with the removal of gaseous HNO3 through the formation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles and the removal of ClONO2 through heterogeneous reactions on the particle surfaces. They also suggest substantial denitrification of the lower Antarctic vortex through sedimentation of PSC particles. In the Northern Hemisphere winter of 1992/93 far fewer PSCs were observed in the Arctic lower-stratosphere vortex, which had shorter periods and more localized regions of cold temperatures. Both HNO3 and ClONO2 maintained much higher levels inside the Arctic vortex than seen in the Antarctic throughout the winter/spring period. Following 28 February 1993 when Arctic vortex temperatures rose above 195 K, ClONO2 was observed in large quantities (greater than 2.1 ppbv near 21 km) inside the vortex. The persistence of relatively high levels of HNO3 inside the Arctic spring vortex compared with the low levels seen in the Antarctic spring vortex suggest a much lower level of denitrification in the Arctic.

Roche, A. E.↗
DOE OSTI2026

An Automated Probabilistic Asteroid Prediscovery Pipeline

We present an automated and probabilistic method to make prediscovery detections of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) in archival survey images, with the goal of reducing orbital uncertainty immediately after discovery. We refit the Minor Planet Center's astrometry and propagate the full six-parameter covariance to survey epochs to define search regions. We build low-threshold source catalogs for viable images and evaluate every detected source in a search region as a candidate prediscovery. We eliminate false positives by refitting a new orbit to each candidate and probabilistically linking detections across images using a likelihood ratio. Applied to the Zwicky Transient Facility's (ZTF) imaging, we identify approximately 3000 recently discovered NEAs with prediscovery potential, including a doubling of the observational arc for about 500. We use archival ZTF imaging to make prediscovery detections of the potentially hazardous asteroid 2021 DG1, extending its arc by 2.5 yr and reducing future apparition sky plane uncertainty from many degrees to arcseconds. We also recover 2025 FU24 nearly 7 yr before its first known observation, when its sky plane uncertainty covers hundreds of square degrees across thousands of ZTF images. The method is survey agnostic and scalable, enabling rapid orbit refinement for new discoveries from Rubin, NEO Surveyor, and NEOMIR.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Terahertz‐Nanoscale Visualization of the Microscopic Spin‐Charge Architecture of Colossal Magnetoresistive Switching

Resolving sub-10 nm spin switching and the associated terahertz (THz) electrodynamics during the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) transition is a definitive frontier in reaching the fundamental spatial, temporal, and energy-dissipation limits of spin-electronics. Yet, simultaneous control of high magnetic field, cryogenic environment, and nanometer resolution has remained an elusive benchmark for THz nanoscopy, leaving the local THz dynamics of these transitions largely unexplored. Here, we overcome these limitations by utilizing a custom-built cryogenic magneto-THz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (cm-THz-sSNOM) to resolve the near-field THz spectroscopic evolution of the magnetic field-driven CMR transition in a manganite single crystal. Our measurements provide a nanoscale visualization of the THz conductivity, capturing the moment that magnetic-field-induced spin switching triggers the transition from an antiferromagnetic insulator to a ferromagnetic metal. An ellipsoidal near-field model reveals a multi-scale transition initiated by 1–2 nm isolated spin-flip sites at low magnetic fields, which coalesce into ∼15 nm conducting regions as the threshold field is approached. These results provide an nano-THz view of CMR switching, establishing an analysis framework for mapping spin–charge–lattice–orbit–coupled dynamics at spatial scales that transcend the nominal sSNOM resolution.

Haeuser, Samuel [Iowa State University, Ames, IA (↗
DOE OSTI2022

Variational approach to quantum state tomography based on maximal entropy formalism

Quantum state tomography is an integral part of quantum computation and offers the starting point for the validation of various quantum devices. One of the central tasks in the field of state tomography is to reconstruct, with high fidelity, the quantum states of a quantum system. From an experiment on a real quantum device, one can obtain the mean measurement values of different operators. With such data as input, in this report we employ the maximal entropy formalism to construct the least biased mixed quantum state that is consistent with the given set of expectation values. Even though, in principle, the reported formalism is quite general and should work for an arbitrary set of observables, in practice we shall demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm on an informationally complete (IC) set of Hermitian operators. Such a set possesses the advantage of uniquely specifying a single quantum state from which the experimental measurements have been sampled and hence renders the rare opportunity not only to construct a least-biased quantum state but even replicate the exact state prepared experimentally within a preset tolerance. Here, the primary workhorse of the algorithm is reconstructing an energy function which we designate as the effective Hamiltonian of the system, and parameterizing it with Lagrange multipliers, according to the formalism of maximal entropy. These parameters are thereafter optimized variationally so that the reconstructed quantum state of the system converges to the true quantum state within an error threshold. To this end, we employ a parameterized quantum circuit and a hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithm to obtain such a target state, making our recipe easily implementable on a near-term quantum device.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗