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DOE OSTI2026

Experimental design of a W-band corrugated waveguide for wakefield acceleration studies

Radiofrequency (RF) structures in the sub-terahertz (sub-THz) regime are of interest for applications in structure wakefield acceleration due to their compact size and potential for high gradients. Here, we present the design, fabrication, and experimental setup of a metallic corrugated waveguide at 110 GHz, optimized for the 42 MeV electron beam parameters at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA). The emittance exchange (EEX) beamline at AWA was used to perform longitudinal bunch shaping for two cases: (1) a high decelerating gradient experienced by a single drive electron bunch about 250 μm long; (2) a high transformer ratio using a two-bunch train consisting of a triangularly shaped drive bunch followed by a long witness bunch to probe the wakefield. Preliminary experimental results are presented, and data analysis is ongoing.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Off-line commissioning of the St. Benedict radiofrequency quadrupole cooler-buncher

The St. Benedict ion trapping system, which aims to measure the β - v angular correlation parameter in superallowed-mixed mirror transitions, is under construction at the University of Notre Dame. These measurements will provide much-needed data to improve the accuracy of the V ud element of the CKM matrix. One of the major components of this system is the radio frequency quadrupole cooler-buncher, which is necessary to create low-emittance ion bunches for injection into the measurement Paul trap. The off-line commissioning of the cooler-buncher, using a potassium ion source, determined that the device could produce cooled ion bunches characterized by a 50-ns full-width-half-maximum time width at its exit. The commissioning results also determined the trapping efficiency to be 93(1)% and the trapping half-life to be 20.0(5) s.

Paul trap↗

DOE OSTI2023

Simulation studies for beam commissioning at FRIB Advanced Rare Isotope Separator

The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) includes a powerful superconducting driver accelerator and an Advanced Rare Isotope Separator (ARIS). The ARIS collects and purifies the rare isotope fragments of interest for experiments in nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, fundamental symmetries, etc. ARIS consists of a vertical pre-separator and downstream horizontal separator section (C-Bend). Each section can provide a high-resolution separation alternatively. The resolution reduction due to the emittance induced by momentum compression can be avoided by isotope separation in different dispersive planes. Beam commissioning of ARIS for the first experiments was completed and demonstrated particle identification of fragments. The beam tuning in ARIS largely relies on numerical simulations since the limited space for diagnostics. Here, we report the result of the beam trajectory correction, transverse matching, and beam-based misalignment studies at ARIS.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2025

Performance evaluation of the SPES FEBIAD ion source

SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is the Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility that is currently in the installation phase at the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (LNL-INFN). The main purpose of the facility is to deliver neutron-rich radioactive beams with a range of mass between 60 and 160 amu produced as fission products originated within a Uranium Carbide (UC x ) target impinged by high energy protons (40–70 MeV). In the last few years, the SPES group and their collaborators have focused on multiple aspects: development of various ISOL targets, ion sources, a high-power beam dump, versatile Front-End designs, primary proton beam and RIB diagnostics, design of beam optic components, and remote target handling. The development and optimization of ionization sources represents one of the most important R&D activities. The collaboration between SPES and ISOLDE (CERN) groups has enabled the evaluation of the performances of a novel FEBIAD ion source taking advantage of the ISOLDE off-line Front-End. In this paper, the results of efficiency and transversal emittance measurements of the new SPES FEBIAD ion source are presented and discussed. Particular attention is dedicated to the description of the experimental setup and to the comparison of experimental data with simulation to promote the reproducibility of the experimental tests with other types of sources.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2023

Production, isolation, and shipment of clinically relevant quantities of astatine-211: A simple and efficient approach to increasing supply

The alpha emitter astatine-211 ( 211 At) is a promising candidate for cancer treatment based on Targeted Alpha (α) Therapy (TAT). A small number of facilities, distributed across the United States, are capable of accelerating α-particle beams to produce 211 At. However, challenges remain regarding strategic methods for shipping 211 At in a form adaptable to advanced radiochemistry reactions and other uses of the radioisotope. Purpose: Our method allows shipment of 211 At in various quantities in a form convenient for further radiochemistry. Procedures: For this study, a 3-octanone impregnated Amberchrom® CG300M resin bed in a column cartridge was used to separate 211 At from the bismuth matrix on site at the production accelerator (Texas A&M) in preparation for shipping. Aliquots of 6 M HNO 3 containing up to ≈2.22 GBq of 211 At from the dissolved target were successfully loaded and retained on columns. Exempt packages (<370 MBq) were shipped to a destination radiochemistry facility, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, in the form of a convenient air-dried column. Type A packages have been shipped overnight to University of Alabama at Birmingham. Main findings: Air-dried column hold times of various lengths did not inhibit simple and efficient recovery of 211 At. Solution eluted from the column was sufficiently high in specific activity to successfully radiolabel a model compound, 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)aniline (1), with 211 At. The method to prepare and ship 211 At described in this manuscript has also been used to ship larger quantities of 211 At a greater distance to University of Alabama at Birmingham. Principal conclusions: The successful proof of this method paves the way for the distribution of 211 At from Texas A&M University to research institutions and clinical oncology centers in Texas and elsewhere. Finally, use of this simple method at other facilities has the potential increase the overall availability of 211 At for preclinical and clinical studies.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Time-reversed Young’s experiment: Deterministic, diffractionless second-order interference effect

The classic Young’s double-slit experiment exhibits first-order interference, producing alternating bright and dark fringes shaped by the diffraction effect of the slits. In contrast, here we demonstrate that its time-reversed configuration generates an ideal, deterministic second-order ‘ghost’ interference pattern free from diffraction and first-order effects with the use of only a position-fixed detector. The pattern’s size is governed by the dimensions of the ‘effectively extended light source’ formed by point emitter(s). Beyond highlighting the nonreciprocal physics between the two configurations, this system unlocks a range of novel phenomena inaccessible in traditional double-slit experiments. These include fully programmable, digitized interference fringe formations and the ability to align the pattern plane with the source plane on the same side of the setup. Remarkably, our proposed experiment achieves these outcomes without relying on nonclassical correlations or quantum entanglement. Here, by restoring time-reversal symmetry and eliminating diffraction, our theoretical analysis reveals that this approach offers exciting potential for advancing optical imaging and sensing technologies with improved transverse and longitudinal phase-shift sensitivity and resolution limit beyond current limitations.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Leaf isoprene and monoterpene emission distribution across hyperdominant tree genera in the Amazon basin

Tropical forests are acknowledged to be the largest global source of isoprene (C 5 H 8 ) and monoterpenes (C 10 H 16 ) emissions, with current synthesis studies suggesting few tropical species emit isoprenoids (20-38%) and do so with highly variable emission capacities, including within the same genera. This apparent lack of a clear phylogenetic thread has created difficulties both in linking isoprenoid function with evolution and for the development of accurate biosphere-atmosphere models. In this work, we present a systematic emission study of "hyperdominant" tree species in the Amazon Basin. Across 162 individuals, distributed among 25 botanical families and 113 species, isoprenoid emissions were widespread among both early and late successional species (isoprene: 61.9% of the species; monoterpenes: 15.0%; both isoprene and monoterpenes: 9.7%). The hyperdominant species (69) across the top five most abundant genera, which make up about 50% of all individuals in the Basin, had a similar abundance of isoprenoid emitters (isoprene: 63.8%; monoterpenes: 17.4%; both 11.6%). Among the abundant genera, only Pouteria had a low frequency of isoprene emitting species (15.8% of 19 species). In contrast, Protium, Licania, Inga, and Eschweilera were rich in isoprene emitting species (83.3% of 12 species, 61.1% of 18 species, 100% of 8 species, and 100% of 12 species, respectively). Light response curves of individuals in each of the five genera showed light-dependent, photosynthesis-linked emission rates of isoprene and monoterpenes. Importantly, in every genus, we observed species with light-dependent isoprene emissions together with monoterpenes including β-ocimene. These observations support the emerging view of the evolution of isoprene synthases from β-ocimene synthases. Our results have important implications for understanding isoprenoid function-evolution relationships and the development of more accurate Earth System Models.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Large scale energy analysis and renovation strategies for social housing in the historic city of Venice

Social houses built after the Second World War to accommodate workers and low-income families represent one of the major energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitters in the residential sector. Plans for their renovation are underway in all European countries, and the process is more complicated for Italian cities due to the lack of space and the large number of historical buildings. This study addresses this challenge by proposing a methodology to renovate a low-income district in the city of Venice using CityBES to model and evaluate energy conservation measures. CityBES is a web-based tool that allows users to employ urban building energy modeling for large-scale energy and retrofit analyses of building stocks. In the case study conducted for Venice's Santa Marta district, due to the particular context, four common energy conservation measures covering both the building envelope and heat generation boilers have been applied. The evaluation of energy-saving performances at the district level showed that the four measures together achieved 67% energy savings, an abatement in energy cost equal to 67%, and annual carbon dioxide emissions reduction of 1.1 MtCO 2 . Furthermore, the case study demonstrates a method and workflow replicable for energy retrofit analysis of building stocks in other historical districts.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2024

Development of Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase tubular structures for solar receiver applications

Solar receiver tubes are key components of concentrating solar-thermal power (CSP) systems that harvest solar energy. For better efficiency, the Gen3 CSP receivers, which collect heat into a heat transfer fluid, require a temperature exceeding 700 °C during operation and need to perform under extreme conditions of high temperature and high thermal stress. Operators are seeking CSP designs using new high-temperature structural materials with high thermal conductivity and high creep resistance to achieve a design life of 30 years and thus help recover the plant capital cost sooner. MAX phase materials, which consist of an early transition metal element, an A-group element, and carbon or nitrogen, are expected to exhibit high creep resistance as well as high fracture toughness. Here, in this paper, we describe fabricating both (1) dense Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase disks and (2) short-length tubes using field-assisted sintering technology (FAST). First, the disk samples that we fabricated are fully dense and contain ≈90 % Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase materials and ≈10 % TiC phase materials. We determined a flexure strength of 519 ± 32 MPa by conducting a four-point bending test at room temperature with rectangular bar samples of ≈100 % density. The thermal conductivity of the Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase samples, measured by light flashing analysis, decreases linearly from a value of 41 W . m -1 . K -1 at room temperature to a value of 36 W . m -1 . K -1 at 650 °C. A solar reflectance measurement of the Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase revealed that, temperature increases from 400 to 1400 °C, thermal emittance increases from 0.39 to 0.49, while selectivity decreases from 1.8 to 1.4, respectively. Whereas the surface oxidized MAX phase samples after 100 h exposure to air at 1000 °C exhibit that of SiC. Next, we discuss fabrication of the crack-free Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase tubular structures accomplished by using FAST processing in graphite bedding. A Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase content of > 95 % with traceable ≈3% remaining TiC phase and ≈15 % porosity were demonstrated after high-temperature annealing. An average fracture strength of ≈250 MPa was determined with Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase tubes of ≈85 % density by diametral compression testing at room temperature. Our work demonstrated that using FAST processing to produce Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase tubular structures for CSP receiver applications is a viable approach.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Large area transparent refractory aerogels with high solar thermal performance

Application of transparent silica aerogels in low-temperature solar thermal systems has led to major improvements in performance. In high temperature concentrating solar thermal (CST) systems, aerogels have yet to demonstrate the necessary scalability, durability, and performance to support their widespread deployment. Here, large-area transparent refractory aerogel tiles are synthesized and shown to achieve a record-high receiver figure-of-merit (FOM) at high temperatures. The work leverages a scaled-up process for sol–gel synthesis to control the density of the aerogels for improved solar transmittance and adapts a previous atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique with the aid of predictive reaction-transport modeling. After aging for 10 days at 700 °C, the large-area tiles exhibit a solar-weighted transmittance of 95.6 % and a thermal emittance of 0.31, corresponding to a FOM of 80 % at 100 suns and 700 °C. The observed sintering rates at 700 °C are comparably low to earlier one-inch aerogels, suggesting long-term stability under relevant operating conditions. Furthermore, the study indicates that refractory aerogels are scalable materials for efficient photothermal conversion at high temperatures.

Aerogels↗

DOE OSTI2021

Development of arsenic doped Cd(Se,Te) absorbers by MOCVD for thin film solar cells

Recent developments in CdTe solar cell technology have included the incorporation of ternary alloy Cd(Se,Te) in the devices. CdTe absorber band gap grading due to Se alloying contributes to current density enhancement and can result in device performance improvement. Here we report Cd(Se,Te) polycrystalline thin films grown by a chamberless inline atmospheric pressure metal organic chemical vapour deposition technique, with subsequent incorporation in CdTe solar cells. The compositional dependence of the crystal structure and optical properties of Cd(Se,Te) are examined. Selenium graded Cd(Se,Te)/CdTe absorber structure in devices are demonstrated using either a single CdSe layer or CdSe/Cd(Se,Te) bilayer (with or without As doping in the Cd(Se,Te) layer). Cross-sectional TEM/EDS, photoluminescence spectra and secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of a graded Se profile toward the back contact with a diffusion length of ~1.5 um and revealed back-diffusion of Group V (As) dopants from the CdTe layer into Cd(Se,Te) grains. Due to the strong Se/Te interdiffusion, CdSe in the Se bilayer configuration was unable to form an n-type emitter layer in processed devices. In situ As doping of the Cd(Se,Te) layer benefited the device junction quality with current density reaching 28.3 mA/cm 2 . The results provide useful insights for the optimisation of Cd(Se,Te)/CdTe solar cells.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

GaAs Thermophotovoltaic Patterned Dielectric Back Contact Devices with Improved Sub-Bandgap Reflectance

We demonstrate GaAs thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices with a patterned dielectric back contact (PDBC) architecture, featuring a dielectric spacer between the semiconductor and back metal contact over most of the back surface for high reflectance, and metal point contacts over a smaller area for electrical conduction. In the TPV application, high sub-bandgap reflectance is needed to reflect unused sub-bandgap photons to the thermal emitter to minimize energy losses in this portion of the thermal spectrum. We explore different PDBC fabrication processes with SU-8 and SiO2 dielectric spacer layers to maximize sub-bandgap reflectance while minimizing series resistance to increase TPV conversion efficiency. We successfully demonstrate GaAs SU-8 PDBC TPV devices with 2200 degrees C blackbody-weighted sub-bandgap reflectance of 94.9% and 96.5% with and without a front metal grid, respectively. This is 0.7% and 2.3% (absolute) higher than the mean sub-bandgap reflectance of 94.2% for GaAs baseline TPV devices with 100% Au back contact with front metal grid. Lower sub-bandgap reflectance in TPV devices with front grids indicates the front grid induces light scattering leading to additional parasitic absorption in the TPV device. We also show that for higher contact coverage fractions, the PDBC reflectance cannot in general be treated by a linear interpolation using simple 1D transfer matrix method modeling and should be treated instead as a diffraction grating by solving Maxwell's equations in 3D.

energy storage↗

DOE OSTI2022

Investigating the Role of Copper in Arsenic Doped Cd(Se,Te) Photovoltaics

The open circuit voltage (VOC) deficit in Cd(Se,Te)-based photovoltaics remains a critical obstacle for pushing the technology closer to theoretical performance limits. Arsenic doping has become a dominant and promising route to achieve the higher p-type carrier concentrations necessary for higher VOC, but challenges associated with this alternate defect chemistry and higher doping density have hindered progress. Here we show that while arsenic doping enables high carrier concentrations (>1016 cm-3), co-doping with copper can provide a boost to VOC without a significant change to carrier concentration. A large data set is initially used to explore current-voltage and capacitance-voltage trends associated with arsenic doped devices with and without copper. A smaller subset is then used to probe these trends using a wide variety of characterization techniques. Copper is found to facilitate reduced interface recombination and potentially improved bulk absorber characteristics, though the mechanisms for these improvements are not yet clear. Despite the improved performance of co-doped devices, VOC is still far below its potential especially for highly doped devices. Low emitter doping in conjunction with high absorber doping seems to be a plausible cause for this significant deficit, though other device properties may exacerbate this problem.

CdSeTe↗

DOE OSTI2022

Impact of acetic acid exposure on metal contact degradation of different crystalline silicon solar cell technologies

Degradation due to acetic acid in photovoltaic (PV) modules has been a commonly observed phenomenon for both damp-heat exposure and outdoor operations. Acetic acid is a degradation byproduct of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), a common module encapsulant. To address this issue, robust metallization pastes and cell technologies are being developed. However, it is important to assess how these technologies perform in an acetic acid environment and withstand degradation before they are implemented in the solar market. In this work, we investigate the impact of acetic acid exposure on four different cell groups: monofacial passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) cells with advanced telluride-based front contact pastes, bifacial PERC cells with novel aluminum rear contact pastes, bifacial tunnel oxide passivated contacts (TOPCon) cells, and silicon heterojunction (SHJ) cells. These cells were exposed to acetic acid for different time increments. The recombination losses were characterized by Suns-VOC, and multi-variate regression analysis of intensity-dependent photoluminescence (PL) images with Griddler AI. Resistive losses were tracked with the transmission line method (TLM). Samples showing severe performance degradation were selected for further materials characterization to understand the root cause. Top-down and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed to investigate the change in materials properties. Our study shows that the front contacts of the bifacial TOPCon cells and monofacial PERC cells were significantly affected by acetic acid exposure. Here, the SHJ cells were found to be the most stable.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

>24% screen printed Cu contacted n-TOPCon solar cells with successful implementation of LECO process

In this paper, we report the successful fabrication of >24.0 % efficiency n-TOPCon Si solar cells with screen-printed, fire-through Cu contact to n-TOPCon on the rear side and Ag contacted boron emitter on the front side by implementing optimized firing and LECO conditions. The highest efficiency (24.3%) Cu contacted n-TOPCon cell in this study showed excellent cell performance parameters with V oc >730 mV, J sc of 41.1 mA/cm 2 and FF of 80.8%, resulting in an absolute efficiency gap of 0.2% between Cu-contacted and fully Ag contacted n-TOPCon cells (24.5%). The mini-module fabricated with the Cu contacted n-TOPCon cell showed excellent reliability and durability of open-circuit voltage (V oc ), pseudo fill factor (pFF) and efficiency after prolonged damp-heat tests. Such high efficiency screen printed Cu contacted n-TOPCon cells provide unique opportunity to replace very expensive Ag contact on n-TOPCon with cheaper screen printable Cu metal pastes.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Vacuum system design, construction, and operation for the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source upgrade

During the summer and fall 2018, the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), underwent an upgrade that recast the facility as primarily a low emittance X-ray source. The upgrade replaced one sixth of the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) with six double-bend achromats, featuring four novel CHESS Compact Undulator (CCU) insertion devices, and switched CESR to single particle beam operation. At the time of this writing, the upgraded storage ring has achieved the CHESS-U design goal of operating with 200 mA of positron current at 6.0 GeV beam energy. Additionally, seven out of eleven CHESS-U beamlines are currently in X-ray user operation. The construction and the commissioning of the new section of the CESR accelerator required novel solutions to design, fabrication, and vacuum system operations. Significant design considerations and efforts were made to minimize X-ray ‘dark-time’, returning to operation less than 1 year. This paper describes the important milestones of the process, the solutions implemented, and the present status of CHESS-U.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2021

The Surface Chemistry and Structure of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Since the initial discovery of colloidal lead halide perovskite nanocrystals, there has been significant interest placed on these semiconductors because of their remarkable optoelectronic properties, including very high photoluminescence quantum yields, narrow size- and composition-tunable emission over a wide color gamut, defect tolerance, and suppressed blinking. These material attributes have made them attractive components for next-generation solar cells, light emitting diodes, low-threshold lasers, single photon emitters, and X-ray scintillators. While a great deal of research has gone into the various applications of colloidal lead halide perovskite nanocrystals, comparatively little work has focused on the fundamental surface chemistry of these materials. While the surface chemistry of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals is generally affected by their particle morphology, surface stoichiometry, and organic ligands that contribute to the first coordination sphere of their surface atoms, these attributes are markedly different in lead halide perovskite nanocrystals because of their ionicity. Herein, emerging work on the surface chemistry of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals is highlighted, with a particular focus placed on the most-studied composition of CsPbBr 3 . We begin with an in-depth exploration of the native surface chemistry of as-prepared, 0-D cuboidal CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals, including an atomistic description of their surface termini, vacancies, and ionic bonding with ligands. We then proceed to discuss various post-synthetic surface treatments that have been developed to increase the photoluminescence quantum yields and stability of CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals, including the use of tetraalkylammonium bromides, metal bromides, zwitterions, and phosphonic acids, and how these various ligands are known to bind to the nanocrystal surface. To underscore the effect of post-synthetic surface treatments on the application of these materials, we focus on lead halide perovskite nanocrystal-based light emitting diodes, and the positive effect of various surface treatments on external quantum efficiencies. We also discuss the current state-of-the-art in the surface chemistry of 1-D nanowires and 2-D nanoplatelets of CsPbBr 3 , which are more quantum confined than the corresponding cuboidal nanocrystals but also generally possess a higher defect density because of their increased surface area-to-volume ratios.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Improved Single-Cell Proteome Coverage Using Narrow-Bore Packed NanoLC Columns and Ultrasensitive Mass Spectrometry

Single-cell proteomics can provide unique insights into biological processes by resolving heterogeneity that is obscured by bulk measurements. Gains in the overall sensitivity and proteome coverage through improvements in sample processing and analysis increase the information content obtained from each cell, particularly for less abundant proteins. Here we report on improved single-cell proteome coverage through the combination of the previously developed Nanodroplet Processing in One Pot for Trace Samples (nanoPOTS) platform with further miniaturization of liquid chromatography (LC) separations and implementation of an ultrasensitive latest-generation mass spectrometry (MS) instrument. Following nanoPOTS sample preparation, protein digest from single cells were separated using a 20-µm-i.d. in-house-packed nanoLC column. Separated peptides were ionized using an etched fused silica emitter capable of stable ionization at the ~20 nL/min flow rate provided by the LC separation. Ultrasensitive LC-MS analysis was achieved using the Orbitrap Eclipse Tribrid mass spectrometer. An average of 362 protein groups were identified by MS/MS from single HeLa cells, and 874 protein groups were identified using the Match Between Runs (MBR) feature of MaxQuant. This represents a >70% increase in label-free proteome coverage for single cells relative to previous efforts using larger-bore (30-µm-i.d.) LC columns coupled to a previous-generation MS (Orbitrap Fusion Lumos).

Cong, Yongzheng↗