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At least 739 records · Page 41

Covalent integration of polymers and porous organic frameworks

Covalent integration of polymers and porous organic frameworks (POFs), including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), represent a promising strategy for overcoming the existing limitations of traditional porous materials. This integration allows for the combination of the advantages of polymers, i.e., flexibility, processability and chemical versatility etc., and the superiority of POFs, like the structural integrity, tunable porosity and the high surface area, creating a type of hybrid materials. These resulting polymer-POF hybrid materials exhibit enhanced mechanical strength, chemical stability and functional diversity, thus opening up new opportunities for applications across a large variety of fields, such as gas separation, catalysis, biomedical applications, environmental remediation and energy storage. In this review, an overview of synthetic routes and strategies on how to covalently integrate different polymers with various POFs is discussed, especially with a particular focus on methods like polymerization within, on and among POF structures. To investigate the unique properties and functions of these resultant hybrid materials, the characterization techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas adsorption analysis (BET) and computational modeling and machine learning, are also presented. The ability of polymer-POFs to manipulate the pore environments at the molecular level affords these materials a wide range of applications, providing a versatile platform for future advancements in material science. Looking forward, to fully realize the potential of these hybrid materials, the authors highlight the scalability, green synthesis methods, and potential for stimuli-responsive polymer-POF materials as critical areas for future research.

Hossain, Md Amjad↗

Effect of aluminum phosphate additions on composition of three-component plasma-sprayed solid lubricant

Image analysis (IA) and electron microprobe X-ray analysis (EMXA) were used to characterize a plasma-sprayed, self-lubricating coating, NASA LUBE PS106, specified by weight percent as 35NiCr-35Ag-30CaF2. To minimize segregation of the powder mixture during the plasma-spraying procedure, monoaluminum phosphate was added to form agglomerate particles. Three concentrations of AlPO4 were added to the mixtures: 1.25, 2.5, and 6.25 percent by weight. Analysis showed that 1.25 wt% AlPO4 yielded a CaF2 deficiency, 2.5 wt% kept the coating closest to specification, and 6.25 wt% yielded excess CaF2 as well as more impurities and voids and a deficiency in silver. Photomicrographs and X-ray maps are presented. The methods of IA and EMXA complement each other, and the reasonable agreement in the results increases the confidence in determining the coating composition.

Jacobson, T. P.↗

Facile synthesis and characterization of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}/{alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite hollow nanospheres

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}/{alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite hollow nanospheres were successfully synthesized via a facile method. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Detailed structural, morphology and the phase composition were studied. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The incorporation of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} and {alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} gives an appropriate band gap value to utilize solar energy. -- Abstract: ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}/{alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite hollow nanospheres were successfully fabricated via a facile one-pot solvothermal method, utilizing polyethylene glycol as soft template. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the prepared nanospheres with cubic spinel and rhombohedra composite structure had a uniform diameter of about 370 nm, and the hollow structure could be further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared techniques were also applied to characterize the elemental composition and chemical bonds in the hollow nanospheres. The ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}/{alpha}-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite hollow nanospheres show attractive light absorption property for potential applications in electronics, optics, and catalysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Development of liquid cells for high resolution imaging and chemical analysis in situ with Transmission Electron Microscopy

The development of liquid cells for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have enabled breakthroughs in the study of nanoscale structural, morphological, or chemical changes during materials growth and applications [1]. The challenges of achieving high resolution imaging and chemical analysis through liquids often arise from the liquid cells being too thick. Making ultra-thin freestanding membranes and controlling the liquid thickness are some of the key attributes to the recent liquid cell developments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Electron holography of devices with epitaxial layers

Applicability of electron holography to deep submicron Si devices with epitaxial layers is limited due to lack of the mean inner potential data and effects of the sample tilt. The mean inner potential V{sub 0} = 12.75 V of the intrinsic epitaxial SiGe was measured by electron holography in devices with Ge content C{sub Ge} = 18%. Nanobeam electron diffraction analysis performed on the same device structure showed that SiGe is strain-free in [220] direction. Our results showed good correlation with simulations of the mean inner potential of the strain-free SiGe using density function theory. A new method is proposed in this paper to correct electron holography data for the overlap of potentials of Si and the epitaxial layer, which is caused by the sample tilt. The method was applied to the analysis of the dopant diffusion in p-Field-effect Transistor devices with the identical gate length L = 30 nm, which had alternative SiGe geometry in the source and drain regions and was subjected to different thermal processing. Results have helped to understand electrical data acquired from the same devices in terms of dopant diffusion.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Electronic parameters in cobalt-based perovskite-type oxides as descriptors for chemocatalytic reactions

Perovskite-type transition metal (TM) oxides are effective catalysts in oxidation and decomposition reactions. Yet, the effect of compositional variation on catalytic efficacy is not well understood. The present analysis of electronic characteristics of B-site substituted LaCoO3 derivatives via in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) establishes correlations of electronic parameters with reaction rates: TM t2g and eg orbital occupancy yield volcano-type or non-linear correlations with NO oxidation, CO oxidation and N2O decomposition rates. Covalent O 2p-TM 3d interaction, in ultra-high vacuum, is a linear descriptor for reaction rates in NO oxidation and CO oxidation, and for N2O decomposition rates in O2 presence. Covalency crucially determines the ability of the catalytically active sites to interact with surface species during the kinetically relevant step of the reaction. The nature of the kinetically relevant step and of surface species involved lead to the vast effect of XAS measurement conditions on the validity of correlations.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

Application of an electronic image analyzer to dimensional measurements from neutron radiographs

Means of obtaining improved dimensional measurements from neutron radiographs of nuclear fuel elements are discussed. The use of video-electronic image analysis relative to edge definition in radiographic images is described. Based on this study, an edge definition criterion is proposed for overcoming image unsharpness effects in taking accurate diametral measurements from radiographs. An electronic density slicing method for automatic edge definition is described. Results of measurements made with video micrometry are compared with scanning microdensitometer and micrometric physical measurements. An image quality indicator for estimating photographic and geometric unsharpness is described.

Vary, A.↗

Characterization of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy RX226-T8 Plate

Aluminum-copper-magnesium-silver (Al-Cu-Mg-Ag) alloys that were developed for thermal stability also offer attractive ambient temperature strength-toughness combinations, and therefore, can be considered for a broad range of airframe structural applications. The current study evaluated Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy RX226-T8 in plate gages and compared performance with sheet gage alloys of similar composition. Uniaxial tensile properties, plane strain initiation fracture toughness, and plane stress tearing resistance of RX226-T8 were examined at ambient temperature as a function of orientation and thickness location in the plate. Properties were measured near the surface and at the mid-plane of the plate. Tensile strengths were essentially isotropic, with variations in yield and ultimate tensile strengths of less than 2% as a function of orientation and through-thickness location. However, ductility varied by more than 15% with orientation. Fracture toughness was generally higher at the mid-plane and greater for the L-T orientation, although the differences were small near the surface of the plate. Metallurgical analysis indicated that the microstructure was primarily recrystallized with weak texture and was uniform through the plate with the exception of a fine-grained layer near the surface of the plate. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed Al-Cu-Mg second phase particles which varied in composition and were primarily located on grain boundaries parallel to the rolling direction. Fractography of toughness specimens for both plate locations and orientations revealed that fracture occurred predominantly by transgranular microvoid coalescence. Introduction High-strength, low-density Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys were initially developed to replace conventional 2000 (Al-Cu-Mg) and 7000 (Al-Zn-Cu-Mg) series aluminum alloys for aircraft structural applications [1]. During the High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) program, improvements in thermal stability were demonstrated for candidate aircraft wing and fuselage skin materials through the addition of silver to Al-Cu-Mg alloys based on Al 2519 chemistry [2]. Thermal stability of the resulting Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys, C415-T8 and C416-T8, was due to co-precipitation of the thermally stable . (AlCu) and ' (Al2Cu) strengthening phases [1-4]. The strength and toughness behavior was investigated for these alloys produced as 0.090-inch thick rolled sheet in the T8 condition and after various thermal exposures. The mechanical properties were shown to be competitive with conventional aircraft alloys, 2519-T8 and 2618-T8 [2]. During the Integral Airframe Structure (IAS) program, advanced aluminum alloys were examined for use in an integrally stiffened airframe structure where the skin and stiffeners would be machined from plate and extruded frames would be mechanically attached (see Figure 1) [5]. Advantages of integrally stiffened structure include reduced part count, and reduced assembly times compared to conventional built-up airframe structure. The near-surface properties of a thick plate are of significance for a machined integrally stiffened airframe structure since this represents the skin location. Properties measured at the mid-plane of the plate are more representative of the stiffener web. RX226 was developed to exploit strength-toughness improvements and thermal stability benefits of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys in plate gages. This study evaluated the microstructure and properties of three gages of plate produced in the T8 condition.

Lach, Cynthia L.↗

Analysis of Plane-Parallel Electron Beam Propagation in Different Media by Numerical Simulation Methods

Simulation by the Monte Carlo method is widely used to calculate the character of ionizing radiation interaction with substance. A wide variety of programs based on the given method allows users to choose the most suitable package for solving computational problems. In turn, it is important to know exactly restrictions of numerical systems to avoid gross errors. Results of estimation of the feasibility of application of the program PCLab (Computer Laboratory, version 9.9) for numerical simulation of the electron energy distribution absorbed in beryllium, aluminum, gold, and water for industrial, research, and clinical beams are presented. The data obtained using programs ITS and Geant4 being the most popular software packages for solving the given problems and the program PCLab are presented in the graphic form. A comparison and an analysis of the results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of application of the program PCLab for simulation of the absorbed energy distribution and dose of electrons in various materials for energies in the range 1–20 MeV.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

Electronic Structure of the Water Oxidation Catalyst cis , cis -[(bpy) 2 (H 2 O)Ru III ORu III (OH 2 )(bpy) 2 ] 4+ , The Blue Dimer

The first designed molecular catalyst for water oxidation is the “blue dimer”, cis,cis-[(bpy)2(H2O)RuIIIORuIII(OH2)(bpy)2]4+. Although there is experimental evidence for extensive electronic coupling across the μ-oxo bridge, results of earlier DFT and CASSCF calculations provide a model with magnetic interactions of weak to moderately coupled RuIII ions across the μ-oxo bridge. We present the results of a comprehensive experimental investigation, combined with DFT calculations. The experiments demonstrate both that there is strong electronic coupling in the blue dimer and that its effects are profound. Experimental evidence has been obtained from molecular structures and key bond distances by XRD, electrochemically measured comproportionation constants for mixed-valence equilibria, temperature-dependent magnetism, chemical properties (solvent exchange, redox potentials, and pKa values), XPS binding energies, analysis of excitation-dependent resonance Raman profiles, and DFT analysis of electronic absorption spectra. The spectrum can be assigned based on a singlet ground state with specific hydrogen-bonding interactions with solvent molecules included. The results are in good agreement with available experimental data. The DFT analysis provides assignments for characteristic absorption bands in the near-IR and visible regions. Bridge-based dπ → dπ* and interconfiguration transitions at RuIII appear in the near-IR and MLCT and LMCT transitions in the visible. Reasonable values are also provided by DFT analysis for experimentally observed bond distances and redox potentials. The observed temperature-dependent magnetism of the blue dimer is consistent with a delocalized, diamagnetic singlet state (dπ1*)2 with a low-lying, paramagnetic triplet state (dπ1*)1(dπ2*)1. Systematic structural–magnetic–IR correlations are observed between νsym(RuORu) and νasym(RuORu) vibrational energies and magnetic properties in a series of ruthenium-based, μ-oxo-bridged complexes. Consistent with the DFT electronic structure model, bending along the Ru–O–Ru axis arises from a Jahn–Teller distortion with $\angle$ Ru–O–Ru dictated by the distortion and electron–electron repulsion.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Effect of heat treatment variables on the formation of precipitate free zones (PFZs) in Mg-8Al-0.5Zn alloy

Highlights: • The effect of heat treatment variables on the development of PFZs in the AZ80 Mg alloy has been systematically examined. • PFZ width is found to be strongly dependant on aging temperature as compared to aging time. • The PFZ width in the AZ80 alloy is found to be weakly dependant on the solution temperature and quenching rate. • The solute depletion is found to be the dominant factor in explaining the evolution of PFZ width. - Abstract: The present study is focussed on investigating the effect of heat treatment variables on the formation of precipitate free zones (PFZs) in the AZ80 Mg alloy. The effect of solutionizing temperature, quenching media, aging temperature and time on the PFZ development has been systematically examined. Scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation were employed to characterize the PFZ regions. Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) was used to examine the role of solute depletion in the formation of these zones. Moreover, the estimation of vacancy concentration profiles near the grain boundary was used to investigate the role of vacancy depletion. The solute depletion is found to be the dominant mechanism in the development of PFZ regions as compared to vacancy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Epoxy elastomers reinforced with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes as stimuli-responsive shape memory materials

In this work, the incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into epoxy-based elastomers was carried out in order to obtain nanocomposite systems with shape memory effect. For the preparation of elastomeric matrices, p-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-α-methylstilbene (DOMS) was cured with sebacic acid. DOMS was synthesized in our laboratory and it is characterized by a rigid-rod, potentially liquid crystalline structure. A lightly cross-linked liquid crystalline elastomer was obtained. As for nanocomposites, variable amounts (0.75, 1.50, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0 wt.%) of COOH-MWCNTs were employed. In order to improve the nanotubes dispersibility and the interfacial adhesion with the epoxy matrix, an optimized two-step procedure was developed, which consisted in grafting the epoxy monomer onto the nanotube surface and then curing it in presence of crosslinking agent. DOMS-functionalized MWCNT were characterized through solvent dispersion experiments, FTIR spectroscopy and TGA analysis, which demonstrated the occurred covalent functionalization of the nanotubes with the epoxy monomers. The morphological analysis through electron microscopy demonstrated that this was an efficient strategy to improve the dispersion of nanotubes within the matrix. The second part of the work was devoted to the structural, thermal, mechanical and electric characterization of elastomeric nanocomposites. The results indicated a general improvement of properties of nanocomposites. Also, independently of the nanotube content, a smectic phase formed. Shape memory features of LC systems were also evaluated. It was demonstrated the shape could be recovered through heating, solvent immersion, as well as upon the application of an electrical field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Formation, structure, and thermal stability evolution of ternesite based on a single-stage sintering process

Highlights: • The synthesis of high-purity ternesite based on a single-stage sintering process was firstly studied. • The formation mechanism and crystallization behaviour of ternesite during sintering were investigated. • The structure perfection and symmetry of ternesite crystals were increased with its growth. • The growth and structural development of ternesite crystals during sintering resulted in a higher thermal stability of itself. Ternesite was prepared via a single-stage solid-state reaction from stoichiometric quantities of the CaCO{sub 3}, SiO{sub 2} and CaSO{sub 4}·2H{sub 2}O precursors. In this paper, the formation, structure, and thermal stability evolution of ternesite during sintering were investigated ex situ after quenching. The optimal sintering temperature for the formation of high-purity ternesite was approximately 1200 °C for 12 h, of which the purity level can reach as high as 96.3%. The results from scanning electron microscopy analysis suggest that the formation of ternesite benefited from the preformation of the intermediate silicate phase. Increasing the sintering temperature from 1100 °C to approximately 1250 °C was favourable for the growth of ternesite crystals, and a prolonged duration can also promote this behaviour. The structural perfection and symmetry of ternesite crystals increased with its growth, which was demonstrated by a multimethod approach. By means of thermal analysis, the growth and structural development of ternesite crystals during sintering eventually resulted in a higher thermal stability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Single-particle imaging without symmetry constraints at an X-ray free-electron laser

The analysis of a single-particle imaging (SPI) experiment performed at the AMO beamline at LCLS as part of the SPI initiative is presented here. A workflow for the three-dimensional virus reconstruction of the PR772 bacteriophage from measured single-particle data is developed. It consists of several well defined steps including single-hit diffraction data classification, refined filtering of the classified data, reconstruction of three-dimensional scattered intensity from the experimental diffraction patterns by orientation determination and a final three-dimensional reconstruction of the virus electron density without symmetry constraints. The analysis developed here revealed and quantified nanoscale features of the PR772 virus measured in this experiment, with the obtained resolution better than 10 nm, with a clear indication that the structure was compressed in one direction and, as such, deviates from ideal icosahedral symmetry.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Evidence for two different structuring and scattering mechanisms and the associated role of aerosols in the polar summer mesosphere

A Super Arcas rocket, MISTI B, was launched as part of the Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) salvo to measure electron density irregularities using rf and dc probes. Large and small scale structures in the electron density were measured on rocket ascent and descent at the altitudes of 86.5 and 88.5 +/- .5 km. Since the rocket apogee was 89 km, the rocket was in the height range 88.5 +/- .5 km for 30 seconds giving us an unusual measurement of horizontal structure over a distance of 5.5 km. A power spectrum of the fluctuations for the upper layer gives further evidence that turbulent mixing is an important process in PMSE. The power spectrum of the lower layer, however, gives evidence that this layer is characterized by a form of partial or Fresnel scattering. Both spectra are in excellent agreement with similar analysis of electron fluctuation spectra measured in the same layers on the TURBO-B rocket flown 12 minutes later and the analysis of Cornell University Portable Radar Interferometer (CUPRI) data by Cho et al., 1993A. Thus two different structuring and scattering mechanisms exist at altitudes only 1 km apart. Using the simultaneous dc and rf probe measurements of electron depletions and sharp gradients in the lower layer, we speculate on the role of aerosols in creating these depletions and gradients.

Ulwick, J. C.↗

Effect of nanographene platelets on adsorption and sonophotocatalytic performances of TiO2/CuO composite for removal of organic pollutants

Highlights: • TiO{sub 2}/CuO composite incorporated with nanographene platelets (NGP). • Catalytic ability of TiO{sub 2}/CuO/NGP composite for removal of MB investigated. • Better adsorption ability for MB compared to TiO{sub 2}/CuO composite without NGP. • Adsorption ability increases with increasing NGP content up to optimal level. • TiO{sub 2}/CuO/NGP with 10 wt% NGP exhibits best photo- and sonophoto-catalysis. - Abstract: TiO{sub 2}/CuO composites incorporated with different amounts of nanographene platelets (NGP) were synthesized by hydrothermal processing. The TiO{sub 2}/CuO/NGP composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamical light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV)-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Brunauer—Emmett—Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and electron spin resonance. The catalytic ability of the composite for the removal of methylene blue from an aqueous solution was examined by adsorption, photocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic experiments. The composite was found to exhibit better adsorption ability for methylene blue compared to the TiO{sub 2}/CuO composite without NGP. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was examined by UV and visible (Vis) light irradiation, while the sonophotocatalytic activity was examined by a combination of UV and Ultrasound (UV + US) and Vis + US. Both examinations showed that the light and ultrasonic responses were enhanced by compositing with NGP.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Charge correlations and magnetoelastic coupling in intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides

The large van der Waals gap in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offers an avenue to tune the ground state of 2D materials through the intercalation of magnetic atoms. Here, we investigate the charge correlations in Fe 1/3 ⁢TaS 2 , Co 1/3 ⁢TaS 2 , and Fe 0.35 ⁢NbS 2 by combining angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), x-ray scattering, magnetometry, and density functional theory (DFT). We find that, while short-range charge fluctuations develop in Ta-based compounds, Fe 0.35 ⁢NbS 2 exhibits long-range charge order which is strongly coupled with magnetic order and tunable by external magnetic field. Our electronic structure analysis reveals that intercalation reconstructs the Fermi surface via charge transfer and band renormalization, yet does not generate the nesting conditions compatible with the observed ordering vectors. Complementary phonon calculations further exclude a conventional electron-phonon origin of charge order. Together, these results establish magnetoelastic coupling as the dominant mechanism behind charge ordering in Fe 0.35 ⁢NbS 2 and highlight the contrasting role of Nb and Ta hosts in stabilizing correlated ground states in intercalated TMDs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Synthesis and Characterization of Pyridine Dipyrrolide Uranyl Complexes

The first actinide complexes of the pyridine dipyrrolide (PDP) ligand class, ( Mes PDP Ph )UO 2 (THF) and ( Cl2Ph PDP Ph )UO 2 (THF), are reported as the U VI uranyl adducts of the bulky aryl substituted pincers ( Mes PDP Ph ) 2– and ( Cl2Ph PDP Ph ) 2– (derived from 2,6-bis(5-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridine (H 2 Mes PDP Ph , Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl), and 2,6-bis(5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridine (H 2 Cl2Ph PDP Ph , Cl 2 Ph = 2,6-dichlorophenyl), respectively). Following the in situ deprotonation of the proligand with lithium hexamethyldisilazide to generate the corresponding dilithium salts (e.g., Li 2 Ar PDP Ph , Ar = Mes of Cl 2 Ph), salt metathesis with [UO 2 Cl 2 (THF) 2 ] 2 afforded both compounds in moderate yields. The characterization of each species has been undertaken by a combination of solid- and solution-state methods, including combustion analysis, infrared, electronic absorption, and NMR spectroscopies. In both complexes, single-crystal X-ray diffraction has revealed a distorted octahedral geometry in the solid state, enforced by the bite angle of the rigid meridional ( Ar PDP Ph ) 2– pincer ligand. The electrochemical analysis of both compounds by cyclic voltammetry in tetrahydrofuran (THF) reveals rich redox profiles, including events assigned as U VI /U V redox couples. Here, a time-dependent density functional theory study has been performed on ( Mes PDP Ph )UO 2 (THF) and provides insight into the nature of the transitions that comprise its electronic absorption spectrum.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗