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At least 739 records · Page 41

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2023

A hybrid machine-learning approach for analysis of methane hydrate formation dynamics in porous media with synchrotron CT imaging

Fast multi-phase processes in methane hydrate bearing samples pose a challenge for quantitative micro-computed tomography study and experiment steering due to complex tomographic data analysis involving time-consuming segmentation procedures. This is because of the sample's multi-scale structure, which changes over time, low contrast between solid and fluid materials, and the large amount of data acquired during dynamic processes. Here, a hybrid approach is proposed for the automatic segmentation of tomographic data from time-resolved imaging of methane gas-hydrate formation in sandy granular media, which includes a deep-learning 3D U-Net model. To prepare a training dataset for the 3D U-Net, a technique to automate data labeling based on sample-specific information about the mineral matrix immobility and occasional fluid movement in pores is proposed. Automatic segmentation allowed for studying properties of the hydrate growth in pores, as well as dynamic processes such as incremental flow and redistribution of pore brine. Results of the quantitative analysis showed that for typical gas-hydrate stability parameters (100 bar methane pressure, 7°C temperature) the rate of formation is slow (less than 1% per hour), after which the surface area of contact between brine and gas increases, resulting in faster formation (2.5% per hour). Hydrate growth reaches the saturation point after 11 h of the experiment. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed segmentation scheme in on-the-fly automatic data analysis and experiment steering with zooming to regions of interest is demonstrated.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1981

Unsteady turbulent shear flow in shock tube discontinuities

A pressure-ruptured shock tube and an arc driven shock tube, have been used to study the evolution of turbulent fluctuations at contact surfaces with N2O4-2NO2 mixtures and at ionizing shock fronts in argon. The study has focused on point density diagnostics derived from crossed light beam correlations and electric probes. Turbulent bursts are found for which dynamical and spectral analyses suggest a particle-like evolution of fluctuation segments with a unique and characteristic frequency, independent of flow history and overall flow conditions.

Johnson, J. A., III↗

NASA NTRS1987

The behavior of surface tension on steady-state rotating fluids in the low gravity environments

The effect of surface tension on steady-state rotating fluids in a low gravity environment is studied. All the values of the physical parameters used in these calculations, except in the low gravity environments, are based on the measurements carried out by Leslie (1985) in the low gravity environment of a free-falling aircraft. The profile of the interface of two fluids is derived from Laplace's equation relating the pressure drop across an interface to the radii of curvature which has been applied to a low gravity rotating bubble that contacts the container boundary. The interface shape depends on the ratio of gravity to surface tension forces, the ratio of centrifugal to surface tension forces, the contact radius of the interface to the boundary, and the contact angle. The shape of the bubble is symmetric about its equator in a zero-gravity environment. This symmetry disappears and gradually shifts to parabolic profiles as the gravity environment becomes non-zero. The location of the maximum radius of the bubble moves upward from the center of the depth toward the top boundary of the cylinder as gravity increases. The contact radius of interface to the boundary r0 at the top side of cylinder increases and r0 at the bottom side of the cylinder decreases as the gravity environment increases from zero to 1 g.

Hung, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Process for bonding elastomers to metals

A process for bonding elastomeric material to a metal part includes coating a heat curable adhesive on the surfaces of the metal part to be bonded. The metal part is placed in a mold, a bottom plate and an upper transfer pot of a transfer molding machine is preheated to a predetermined cure temperature. A predetermined quantity of uncured elastomeric material is loaded into the transfer pot. The mold containing the adhesive coated metal part is clamped to the bottom plate, and almost contemporaneously, the uncured elastomeric material is pressed into the mold while maintaining heat and pressure in the mold for a time sufficient to vulcanize and thereby cure the elastomeric material simultaneously with the adhesive, whereby contacting surfaces of the metal part are strongly bonded to the vulcanized elastomeric material.

Dickerson, George E.↗

NASA NTRS2009

Nano-Pervaporation Membrane with Heat Exchanger Generates Medical-Grade Water

A nanoporous membrane is used for the pervaporation process in which potable water is maintained, at atmospheric pressure, on the feed side of the membrane. The water enters the non-pervaporation (NPV) membrane device where it is separated into two streams -- retentate water and permeated water. The permeated pure water is removed by applying low vapor pressure on the permeate side to create water vapor before condensation. This permeated water vapor is subsequently condensed by coming in contact with the cool surface of a heat exchanger with heat being recovered through transfer to the feed water stream.

Tsai, Chung-Yi↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Packing and flow particle simulations

Granular material is present across natural and industrial processes on Earth and other planets. Granular particles show up in space exploration (lunar regolith), avalanches (boulders), food (coffee), construction (concrete powder) and manufacturing (additive manufacturing powder, battery slurries). Important phenomena emerge from large collections of granular particles. The size scales of the particles in granular material, 10 μm diameter or larger, makes particle-based simulations a tractable computational method. This seminar will present the packing and flow of granular matter using particle-based discrete element modeling simulations. Particles modeled with rotational friction only require as few as 2.6 contacts for mechanical stability, as opposed to 6 contacts for frictionless particles. Optimal parameters for in-space manufacturing particulate material are identified. Specifically, the maximum density and contacts occurs for a large-to-small particle volume ratio of 0.265. Stress and contact fabric fluctuations of flowing dry granular matter have power-law scaling with strain rate, and a kink. The pressure-dependent slope change kink could identify the transition between slower, quasistatic and faster, inertial flows.

granular↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Packing and flow particle simulations

granular↗

NASA NTRS2010

Interference-Fit Life Factors for Ball Bearings

The effect of hoop stresses on the rolling-element fatigue life of angular-contact and deep-groove ball bearings was determined for common inner-ring interference fits at the ABEC-5 tolerance level. The analysis was applied to over 1150 bearing configurations and load cases. Hoop stresses were superimposed on the Hertzian principal stresses created by the applied bearing load to calculate the inner-race maximum shearing stress. The resulting fatigue life of the bearing was recalculated through a series of equations. The reduction in the fatigue life is presented as life factors that are applied to the unfactored bearing life. The life factors found in this study ranged from 1.00 (no life reduction)--where there was no net interface pressure--to a worst case of 0.38 (a 62-percent life reduction). For a given interference fit, the reduction in life is different for angular-contact and deep-groove ball bearings. Interference fits also affect the maximum Hertz stress-life relation. Experimental data of Czyzewski, showing the effect of interference fit on rolling-element fatigue life, were reanalyzed to determine the shear stress-life exponent. The Czyzewski data shear stress-life exponent c equals 8.77, compared with the assumed value of 9. Results are presented as tables and charts of life factors for angular-contact and deep-groove ball bearings with light, normal, and heavy loads and interference fits ranging from extremely light to extremely heavy.

Oswald, Fred B.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Contact angle and surface tension measurements of a five-ring polyphenyl ether

Contact angle measurements were performed for a five-ring polyphenyl ether isomeric mixture on M-50 steel in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Two different techniques were used: (1) a tilting plate apparatus, and (2) a sessile drop apparatus. Measurements were made for the temperature range 25 to 190 C. Surface tension was measured by a differential maximum bubble pressure technique over the range 23 to 220 C in room air. The critical surface energy of spreading (gamma /sub c/) was determined for the polyphenyl ether by plotting the cosine of the contact angle (theta) versus the surface tension (gamma /sub LV/). The straight line intercept at cosine theta = 1 is defined as gamma (sub c). Gamma (sub c) was found to be 30.1 dyn/cm for the tilting plate technique and 31.3 dyn/cm for the sessile drop technique. These results indicate that the polyphenyl ether is inherently autophobic (i.e., it will not spread on its own surface film until its surface tension is less than gamma /sub c/). This phenomenon is discussed in light of the wettability and wear problems encountered with this fluid.

Jones, W. R., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Non-Contacting Finger Seal Developments and Design Considerations

A three dimensional Navier-Stokes based code (CFD-ACE+/FEMSTRESS) was utilized to analyze the thermofluid behavior of a modified FS. The pressure patterns, mass flows and load carrying capabilities of this structure were assessed. It was found that even at a lower linear velocity of 216mps (708 fps) the geometry proposed has good lifting capability.

Proctor, Margaret P.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Evaluation of Viking Lander barometric pressure sensor

Variable reluctance type pressure sensors were evaluated to determine their performance characteristics related to Viking Mission environment levels. Static calibrations were performed throughout the evaluation over the full range of the sensors using two point contact manometer standards. From the beginning of the evaluation to the end of the evaluation, the zero shift in the two sensors was within 0.5 percent, and the sensitivity shift was 0.05 percent. The maximum thermal zero coefficient exhibited by the sensors was 0.032 percent over the temperature range of -28.89 C to 71.11 C. The evaluation results indicated that the sensors are capable of making high accuracy pressure measurements while being exposed to the conditions mentioned.

Mitchell, M.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Friction and wear behavior of single-crystal silicon carbide in contact with titanium

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with single crystal silicon carbide in sliding contact with titanium. Results indicate that the friction coefficient is greater in vacuum than in argon and that this is due to the greater adhesion or adhesive transfer in vacuum. Thin films of silicon carbide transferred to titanium also adhered to silicon carbide both in argon at atmospheric pressure and in high vacuum. Cohesive bonds fractured on both the silicon carbide and titanium surfaces. The wear debris of silicon carbide created by fracture plowed the silicon carbide surface in a plastic manner. The friction characteristics of titanium in contact with silicon carbide were sensitive to the surface roughness of silicon carbide, and the friction coefficients were higher for a rough surface of silicon carbide than for a smooth one. The difference in friction results was due to plastic deformation (plowing of titanium).

Miyoshi, K.↗

NASA NTRS2013

Contact Thermocouple Methodology and Evaluation for Temperature Measurement in the Laboratory

Laboratory testing of advanced aerospace components very often requires highly accurate temperature measurement and control devices, as well as methods to precisely analyze and predict the performance of such components. Analysis of test articles depends on accurate measurements of temperature across the specimen. Where possible, this task is accomplished using many thermocouples welded directly to the test specimen, which can produce results with great precision. However, it is known that thermocouple spot welds can initiate deleterious cracks in some materials, prohibiting the use of welded thermocouples. Such is the case for the nickel-based superalloy MarM-247, which is used in the high temperature, high pressure heater heads for the Advanced Stirling Converter component of the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator space power system. To overcome this limitation, a method was developed that uses small diameter contact thermocouples to measure the temperature of heater head test articles with the same level of accuracy as welded thermocouples. This paper includes a brief introduction and a background describing the circumstances that compelled the development of the contact thermocouple measurement method. Next, the paper describes studies performed on contact thermocouple readings to determine the accuracy of results. It continues on to describe in detail the developed measurement method and the evaluation of results produced. A further study that evaluates the performance of different measurement output devices is also described. Finally, a brief conclusion and summary of results is provided.

thermocouple↗

DOE OSTI2020

Mirostructure Characterization of Friction Consolidated Copper-Nickel using a Machine Learning Approach: Developing Process to Microstructure Associations

Friction consolidation (FC) is a solid phase processing approach where discrete material forms such as powders, chips, nuggets, etc. are densified via shear deformation. The precursors are placed in a billet container and brought in contact with a rotating tool that applying the desirable amount of normal force. Under the combined action of the rotation and normal pressure, the discrete precursor is consolidated through porosity reduction and shear deformation. FC is increasingly being studied as an attractive approach to manufacturing fully dense parts from powder forms owing to its ability to mix, alloy and consolidate difficult-to-process precursors in minimal number of process steps. Material consolidation and deformation in shear consolidation processes have been studied extensively previously for different material combinations previously. However, despite the extensive research in this area, understanding of the mechanistic processes in pore consolidation, deformation-induced mixing and material solubility during FC is still evolving. Material development using solid phase processing approaches such as FC is often performed based on research experience/education, which can be biased. Conventional analysis and simulation tools in this area tend to be successful only when material thermodynamic pathways and microstructural evolution sequences resulting from processing are clearly defined or known. They are not as effective for emerging advanced manufacturing technologies where material evolution pathways are not well established. The ability to predict optimal process parameters based on material chemistry and bulk properties is essential to accelerate materials design and processing, as are an understanding of the relevant structure-processing-property relationships. These structure-processing-property-performance relationships are at the core of materials science research. Microstructure characterization provides the link to these four core areas, often through visualizing material microstructure using imaging techniques. However, linking microstructure image data (i.e., micrographs) to variables of interest (e.g., processing parameters, material chemistry) in a reproducible, generalizable, and quantitative manner is a significant challenge. Typically, quantitatively linking image data to processing history relies on significant domain knowledge and manual or subject matter expert (SME)-heuristic based image analysis. Such an approach to image analysis has the potential to be biased, inefficient, and difficult to replicate.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

An Innovative Zero-Liquid Discharge Intermediate-Cold-Liquid Eutectic-Freeze Desalination System

A novel freeze desalination technology is presented for purification of water produced from various industrial processes, including oil and gas extraction. The main innovative idea is introducing a water-immiscible intermediate-cold-liquid (ICL) medium which absorbs the cold from a refrigeration cycle and transfers it to a freezing chamber where it is mixed with brine. The cold ICL enters the freezing chamber at temperatures between -10°C to -30°C. Precooled brine in injected into the freezing chamber and pure water freezes out of the brine upon mixing with the ICL. The rate of freezing inside the chamber is controlled by adjusting the flow rate of the cold ICL relative to the inlet brine. Both eutectic freeze and non-eutectic freezing are possible by controlling the temperature of the freezing chamber. The solid-liquid slurry created in the freezing chamber flows to a filter separation unit after passing through a separation column. The ice crystals are separated from the liquid by a rotary filter device. The collected ice is rinsed by a centrifugal unit. The rinsed ice is melted to produce fresh water. The developed technology resolves the issues common to current freeze-desalination systems while offering superior heat transfer performance ascribed to direct-contact between the cooling medium and the brine in addition to producing solid salt and pure water. The system operates under atmospheric pressure. The low operation temperature minimizes the corrosion issues common in systems exposed to brine. Also, due to the low operating temperature, there are no concerns about evaporation of volatile organics from the produced water during the treatment. The developed technology effectively eliminates the use of chemicals for pretreatment of brine. The system can be constructed from commercially available components. Extensive testing using a lab-scale prototype by using synthetic brine and actual produced water with TDS values from 50,000 ppm to 300,000 ppm showed that freshwater could be achieved with relatively small dependency on the quality of the input brine. The quality of the treated water was found to be mainly a function of the duration of the centrifugal process. Treated water with TDS as low as 200 ppm could be achieved in the tests. Thermo-economic modeling coupled with system level thermochemical process model were developed for prediction of the LCOW. The LCOW was predicted to be $\$$0.50 to $\$$0.90 per barrel of produced water. The potential markets for deployment of the technology are the oil and gas, in-land thermoelectric powerplants, RO desalination plants, and mining industry.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS1971

Theoretical constraints on the microscale fluctuations in the interplanetary medium.

Theoretical constraints on the character of microscale fluctuations in the solar wind are examined. The microfluctuations could be either ?discontinuities' or more smoothly varying structures. If the fluctuations are waves, they are probably mostly Alfv]en waves (or rotational discontinuities), and if they are stationary structures, they are tangential pressure balances (or tangential discontinuities). It is formally proved that a true analog of the small-amplitude MHD ?entropy wave' (or contact discontinuity) does not exist for collisionless plasmas.

Barnes, A.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Effects of load, speed, and surface roughness on sliding EHD contact temperatures

An infrared technique has been used to determine the effects of load, speed and surface roughness on temperature in a sliding elastohydrodynamic (EHD) point contact. Ball surface temperatures are reported for sliding speeds of 0.35 to 5.08 m/s at 0.52 to 2.03 GN/per sq m maximum pressure with surface roughness in the range 0.01 to 0.38 micron c.l.a. The relationship between asperity interaction, as measured by relocation surface profilimetry and high frequency temperature measurements, and the ratio of film thickness to surface roughness has also been studied.

Nagaraj, H. S.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Changes in surface chemistry of silicon carbide (0001) surface with temperature and their effect on friction

Friction studies were conducted with a silicon carbide (0001) surface contacting polycrystalline iron. The surface of silicon carbide was pretreated: (1) by bombarding it with argon ions for 30 minutes at a pressure of 1.3 pascals; (2) by heating it at 800 C for 3 hours in vacuum at a pressure of 10 to the minus eighth power pascal; or (3) by heating it at 1500 C for 3 hours in a vacuum of 10 to the minus eighth power pascal. Auger emission spectroscopy was used to determine the presence of silicon and carbon and the form of the carbon. The surfaces of silicon carbide bombarded with argon ions or preheated to 800 C revealed the main Si peak and a carbide type of C peak in the Auger spectra. The surfaces preheated to 1500 C revealed only a graphite type of C peak in the Auger spectra, and the Si peak had diminished to a barely perceptible amount. The surfaces of silicon carbide preheated to 800 C gave a 1.5 to 3 times higher coefficient of friction than did the surfaces of silicon carbide preheated to 1500 C. The coefficient of friction was lower in the 11(-2)0 direction than in the 10(-1)0 direction; that is, it was lower in the preferred crystallographic slip direction.

Miyoshi, K.↗