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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 739 records · Page 41
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Surpassing the Energy Resolution Limit with Ferromagnetic Torque Sensors

We discuss the fundamental noise limitations of a ferromagnetic torque sensor based on a levitated magnet in the tipping regime. We evaluate the optimal magnetic field resolution taking into account the thermomechanical noise and the mechanical detection noise at the standard quantum limit. We find that the energy resolution limit, pointed out in recent literature as a relevant benchmark for most classes of magnetometers, can be surpassed by many orders of magnitude. Moreover, similarly to the case of a ferromagnetic gyroscope, it is also possible to surpass the standard quantum limit for magnetometry with independent spins, arising from spin-projection noise. Our finding indicates that magnetomechanical systems optimized for magnetometry can achieve a magnetic field resolution per unit volume several orders of magnitude better than any conventional magnetometer. Here, we discuss possible implications, focusing on fundamental physics problems such as the search for exotic interactions beyond the standard model.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evidence of Two-Source King Plot Nonlinearity in Spectroscopic Search for New Boson

Optical precision spectroscopy of isotope shifts can be used to test for new forces beyond the standard model, and to determine basic properties of atomic nuclei. We measure isotope shifts on the highly forbidden 2 S 1/2 → 2 F 7/2 octupole transition of trapped 168,170, 172, 174, 176 Yb ions. When combined with previous measurements in Yb + and very recent measurements in Yb, the data reveal a King plot nonlinearity of up to 240σ. Furthermore, the trends exhibited by experimental data are explained by nuclear density functional theory calculations with the Fayans functional. We also find, with 4.3σ confidence, that there is a second distinct source of nonlinearity, and discuss its possible origin.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Impact of Clustering on the Li 8 β Decay and Recoil Form Factors

We place unprecedented constraints on recoil corrections in the β decay of 8 Li, by identifying a strong correlation between them and the 8 Li ground state quadrupole moment in large-scale ab initio calculations. The results are essential for improving the sensitivity of high-precision experiments that probe the weak interaction theory and test physics beyond the standard model. In addition, our calculations predict a 2 + state of the α + α system that is energetically accessible to β decay but has not been observed in the experimental 8 Be energy spectrum, and has an important effect on the recoil corrections and β decay for the A = 8 systems. Furthermore, this state and an associated 0 + state are notoriously difficult to model due to their cluster structure and collective correlations, but become feasible for calculations in the ab initio symmetry-adapted no-core shell-model framework.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pion-Induced Radiative Corrections to Neutron β Decay

In this work, we compute the electromagnetic corrections to neutron β decay using a low-energy hadronic effective field theory. We identify new radiative corrections arising from virtual pions that were missed in previous studies. The largest correction is a percent-level shift in the axial charge of the nucleon proportional to the electromagnetic part of the pion-mass splitting. Smaller corrections, comparable to anticipated experimental precision, impact the β-ν angular correlations and the β asymmetry. We comment on implications of our results for the comparison of the experimentally measured nucleon axial charge with first-principles computations using lattice QCD and on the potential of β decay experiments to constrain beyond-the-standard-model interactions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Amplitude Analysis of the B 0 → K * 0 μ + μ − Decay

An amplitude analysis of the B 0 → K * 0 μ + μ − decay is presented using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb − 1 of p p collision data collected with the LHCb experiment. For the first time, the coefficients associated to short-distance physics effects, sensitive to processes beyond the standard model, are extracted directly from the data through a q 2 -unbinned amplitude analysis, where q 2 is the μ + μ − invariant mass squared. Long-distance contributions, which originate from nonfactorizable QCD processes, are systematically investigated, and the most accurate assessment to date of their impact on the physical observables is obtained. The pattern of measured corrections to the short-distance couplings is found to be consistent with previous analyses of b - to s -quark transitions, with the largest discrepancy from the standard model predictions found to be at the level of 1.8 standard deviations. The global significance of the observed differences in the decay is 1.4 standard deviations. © 2024 CERN, for the LHCb Collaboration 2024 CERN

Aaij, R. (ORCID:0000000305331952)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Overcoming photobleaching in imaging of single barium atoms in a solid xenon matrix

Neutrinoless double beta decay is one of the most sensitive probes for new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. One of the isotopes under investigation is 136 Xe, which would double beta decay into 136 Ba. Detecting the single 136 Ba daughter provides a sort of ultimate tool in the discrimination against backgrounds. Previous work demonstrated the ability to perform single atom imaging of Ba atoms in a single-vacancy site of a solid xenon matrix. In this paper, the effort to identify signal from individual barium atoms is extended to Ba atoms in a hexa-vacancy site in the matrix and is achieved despite increased photobleaching in this site. Abrupt fluorescence turn-off of a single Ba atom is also observed. Significant recovery of fluorescence signal lost through photobleaching is demonstrated upon annealing of Ba deposits in the Xe ice. Following annealing, it is observed that Ba atoms in the hexa-vacancy site exhibit antibleaching while Ba atoms in the tetra-vacancy site exhibit bleaching. This may be evidence for a matrix site transfer upon laser excitation. Our findings offer a path of continued research toward tagging of Ba daughters in all significant sites in solid xenon.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Raman Sideband Cooling of Molecules in an Optical Tweezer Array to the 3D Motional Ground State

Ultracold polar molecules are promising for quantum information processing and searches for physics beyond the standard model. Laser cooling to ultracold temperatures is an established technique for trapped diatomic and triatomic molecules. Further cooling of the molecules to near the motional ground state is crucial for reducing various dephasings in quantum and precision applications. In this work, we demonstrate Raman sideband cooling (RSC) of CaF molecules in optical tweezers to near their motional ground state, with average motional occupation quantum numbers of n ¯ x = 0.16 ( 12 ) , n ¯ y = 0.17 ( 17 ) (radial directions), and n ¯ z = 0.22 ( 16 ) (axial direction), and a 3-D motional-ground-state probability of 54 ± 18 % of the molecules that survive the RSC. This process paves the way to increase molecular coherence times in optical tweezers for robust quantum computation and simulation applications. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Neutrino Masses from Generalized Symmetry Breaking

We explore generalized global symmetries in theories of physics beyond the standard model. Theories of Z ′ bosons generically contain “noninvertible” chiral symmetries, whose presence indicates a natural paradigm to break this symmetry by an exponentially small amount in an ultraviolet completion. For example, in models of gauged lepton family difference such as the phenomenologically well motivated U ( 1 ) L μ − L τ , there is a noninvertible lepton number symmetry which protects neutrino masses. We embed these theories in gauged non-Abelian horizontal lepton symmetries, e.g., U ( 1 ) L μ − L τ ⊂ SU ( 3 ) H , where the generalized symmetries are broken nonperturbatively by the existence of lepton family magnetic monopoles. In such theories, either Majorana or Dirac neutrino masses may be generated through quantum gauge theory effects from the charged lepton Yukawas, e.g., y ν ∼ y τ exp ( − S inst ) . These theories require no bevy of new fields nor additional global symmetries but are instead simple, natural, and predictive: The discovery of a lepton family Z ′ at low energies will reveal the scale at which L μ − L τ emerges from a larger gauge symmetry. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Córdova, Clay (ORCID:0000000205793295)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Enhanced active-sterile neutrino polarizability at the intensity frontier

Electromagnetic probes of neutrinos can provide insights into physics beyond the Standard Model. Among the possible electromagnetic interactions of neutrinos is neutrino polarizability, a dimension-7 effective operator that couples two neutrinos to two photons. In this manuscript, we study a realization of the neutrino polarizability operator in which one of the active neutrinos is replaced by a sterile neutrino. We derive new constraints on this active-sterile neutrino polarizability from its contribution to neutrino-nucleus scattering with a single photon in the final state at neutrino experiments. We show that a realization of this operator via a light mediator can explain the MiniBooNE low-energy excess while remaining consistent with other experimental constraints. Finally, we comment on additional model realizations of this higher-dimensional operator.

Neutrinos↗
DOE OSTI2025

Monophotons at neutrino experiments from neutrino polarizability

Nontrivial electromagnetic properties of neutrinos are an avenue to physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). To this end, we investigate the power of monophoton signals at neutrino experiments to probe a higher-dimensional operator connecting neutrinos to SM photons dubbed, neutrino polarizability. A simplified scenario giving rise to this operator involves a new pseudoscalar that couples to both neutrinos and photons, with clear implications for axionlike particle (ALP) and Majoron physics. By analyzing the photon energy spectrum and angular distributions, we find that NOMAD and MiniBooNE currently set the most stringent limits, while short baseline near detector and the DUNE near detector will soon provide significantly improved constraints.

Particle detection signatures↗
DOE OSTI2020

Design of a High Toughness Epoxy for Superconducting Magnets and Its Key Properties

Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets are poised to enable the luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, improving its potential for exploring physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. The prototype Nb 3 Sn magnets consistently need 10–25 quenches to achieve their best performance. A hypothesis is that the long training of these magnets may at least be partially induced by epoxy cracking and bonding failures. In 2018, we showed that several existing epoxies have a higher toughness and less tendency to crack at low temperatures than CTD-101K, the epoxy resin with which almost all Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets have been impregnated. Here we explore a new high toughness formulation for reducing quench training of Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets, through combining two amine curing agents to achieve a good glass transition temperature (T g ), adding a viscosity reducer to achieve low viscosity, and experimenting a coupling agent for improved bonding strengths. In this work, we report results of comprehensive materials tests, including thermal shock, tensile, compressive, shear tests, viscosity and T g tests.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Integration of Silica in G4CMP for Phonon Simulations: Framework and Tools for Material Integration

Superconducting detectors with sub-eV energy resolution have demonstrated success setting limits on Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics due to their unique sensitivity to low-energy events. G4CMP, a Geant4-based extension for condensed matter physics, provides a comprehensive toolkit for modeling phonon and charge dynamics in cryogenic materials. This paper introduces a technical formalism to support the superconducting qubit and low-threshold detector community in implementing phonon simulations in custom materials into the G4CMP. As a case study, we present the results of a detailed analysis of silica phonon transport properties relevant for simulating substrate backgrounds in Beryllium Electron capture in Superconducting Tunnel junctions (BeEST)-style experiments using G4CMP. Additionally, Python-based tools were developed to aid users in implementing their own materials and are available on the G4CMP repository.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Next Generation Ta-STJ Sensor Arrays for BSM Physics Searches

The Beryllium Electron capture in Superconducting Tunnel junctions (BeEST) experiment uses superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) sensors to search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM) with recoil spectroscopy of the 7 Be EC decay into 7 Li. A pulsed UV laser is used to calibrate the STJs throughout the experiment with ∼20 meV precision. Phase-III of the BeEST experiment revealed a systematic calibration discrepancy between STJs. We found these artifacts to be caused by resistive crosstalk and by intensity variations of the calibration laser. For phase-IV of the BeEST experiment, we have removed the crosstalk by designing the STJ array so that each pixel has its own ground wire. We now also use a more stable UV laser for calibration. The new STJ arrays were fabricated at STAR Cryoelectronics and tested at LLNL and FRIB. They have the same high energy resolution of ∼1-2~eV in the energy range of interest below 100~eV as before, and they no longer exhibit the earlier calibration artifacts. We discuss the design changes and the STJ array performance for the next phase of the BeEST experiment.

Laser Calibration↗
DOE OSTI2026

Aluminum-Based Superconducting Tunnel Junction Sensors for Nuclear Recoil Spectroscopy

The BeEST experiment is searching for sub-MeV sterile neutrinos by measuring nuclear recoil energies from the decay of 7 Be implanted into superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) sensors. The recoil spectra are affected by interactions between the radioactive implants and the sensor materials. We are therefore developing aluminum-based STJs (Al-STJs) as an alternative to existing tantalum devices (Ta-STJs) to investigate how to separate material effects in the recoil spectrum from potential signatures of physics beyond the Standard Model. Three iterations of Al-STJs were fabricated. The first had electrode thicknesses similar to existing Ta-STJs. They had low responsivity and reduced resolution, but were used successfully to measure 7 Be nuclear recoil spectra. The second iteration had STJs suspended on thin SiN membranes by backside etching. These devices had low leakage current, but also low yield. The final iteration was not backside etched, and the Al-STJs had thinner electrodes and thinner tunnel barriers to increase signal amplitudes. These devices achieved 2.96 eV FWHM energy resolution at 50 eV using a pulsed 355 nm (~3.5 eV) laser. These results establish Al-STJs as viable detectors for systematic material studies in the BeEST experiment.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Direct neutrino-mass measurement based on 259 days of KATRIN data

That neutrinos carry a nonvanishing rest mass is evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles. Their absolute mass holds relevance in fields from particle physics to cosmology. We report on the search for the effective electron antineutrino mass with the KATRIN experiment. KATRIN performs precision spectroscopy of the tritium β-decay close to the kinematic endpoint. On the basis of the first five measurement campaigns, we derived a best-fit value of $m^{2}_{v} = -0.14^{+0.13}_{-0.15}$ eV 2 , resulting in an upper limit of m ν < 0.45 eV at 90% confidence level. Stemming from 36 million electrons collected in 259 measurement days, a substantial reduction of the background level, and improved systematic uncertainties, this result tightens KATRIN’s previous bound by a factor of almost two.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Neutrino oscillations

Neutrino oscillation measurements provide an important window on what lies beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. These measurements may unlock the mechanism by which the universe came to become matter-dominated, and may offer hints of another mechanism to generate particles with mass. Measurements of oscillations from muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos (and their antineutrino counterpart) as a function of time provide critical inputs to understanding both mechanisms. These are challenging measurements and a variety of techniques and strategies are required to get the complete picture. This article describes the current status of our understanding of neutrino masses and how neutrinos oscillate between one flavour and another as they propagate through space and time, and what remains to be understood. Taking the next steps in this field requires a variety of approaches and a better understanding of how neutrinos interact with nuclei. This article describes two of those next steps, highlighting where Canadian groups are active, and concludes with a discussion of the broad range of additional physics that becomes accessible by having two very different large sensitive neutrino detectors making these measurements.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

FLAG Review 2019: Flavour Lattice Averaging Group (FLAG)

Abstract We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D -meson, B -meson, and nucleon physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the nuclear and particle physics communities. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor $$f_+(0)$$ f + ( 0 ) arising in the semileptonic $$K \rightarrow \pi $$ K → π transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio $$f_K/f_\pi $$ f K / f π and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements $$V_{us}$$ V us and $$V_{ud}$$ V ud . Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of $$SU(2)_L\times SU(2)_R$$ S U ( 2 ) L × S U ( 2 ) R and $$SU(3)_L\times SU(3)_R$$ S U ( 3 ) L × S U ( 3 ) R Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the $$B_K$$ B K parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four B parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for $$m_c$$ m c and $$m_b$$ m b as well as those for D - and B -meson decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. We review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant $$\alpha _s$$ α s . Finally, in this review we have added a new section reviewing results for nucleon matrix elements of the axial, scalar and tensor bilinears, both isovector and flavor diagonal.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Characterization of high-purity germanium detectors with amorphous germanium contacts in cryogenic liquids

For the first time, planar high-purity germanium detectors with thin amorphous germanium contacts were successfully operated directly in liquid nitrogen and liquid argon in a cryostat at the Max-Planck-Institut für Physics in Munich. The detectors were fabricated at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of South Dakota, using crystals grown at the University of South Dakota. They survived long-distance transportation and multiple thermal cycles in both cryogenic liquids and showed reasonable leakage currents and spectroscopic performance. Also discussed are the pros and cons of using thin amorphous semiconductor materials as an alternative contact technology in large-scale germanium experiments searching for physics beyond the Standard Model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗