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NASA NTRS1972

The impulsive X-ray burst of October 10, 1970.

An impulsive burst of 100-400 keV solar X-rays associated with a small solar flare was observed on October 10, 1970 with a large area scintillator aboard a balloon. The X-ray burst was also observed simultaneously in 10-80 keV range by the OGO-5 satellite and in 8-20 A range by the SOLRAD-9 satellite. The event is attributed to an H-alpha subflare located approximately at S13, E88 on the solar disk. The spectral characteristics of this event are examined in the light of the earlier X-ray observations of small solar flares.

Kane, S. R.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Advances in solar and cosmic X-ray astronomy - A survey of experimental techniques and observational results.

The current status of X-ray astronomy is surveyed by reviewing observational results and theoretical conclusions gained within the past two years in areas dealing with the quiet-sun, slowly-varying, and burst components of solar X-radiation and with the features of cosmic X-ray sources. Thermal and nonthermal processes responsible for a wide variety of X-ray emission mechanisms in nature are explained, and characteristics of X radiation from specific solar structures are described. Attention is given to the effects of interstellar and intergalactic matter on cosmic X-rays; the properties of galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources; and the specifications of such instruments as gas-filled ionization detectors, proportional counters, Geiger counters, scintillation detectors, photoelectric detectors, polarimeters, collimators, spectrometers, and imaging systems.

Hoover, R. B.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Comparison of vertical profile turbulence structure with stellar observations.

Vertical profiles of microthermal turbulence structure have been obtained from balloon flights to altitudes near 25 km above mean sea level. Comparison of the observed turbulence structure with meteorological data and simultaneously acquired stellar scintillation data has been successful. For this comparison integrals over the observed turbulence structure were computed as required by theory. Turbulence and wind velocity data were also employed to successfully predict stellar irradiance spectra.

Bufton, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Spectral development of a solar X-ray burst observed on OSO-7.

The UCSD solar X-ray instrument on the OSO-7 satellite observes X-ray bursts in the 2- to 300-keV range with 10.24-sec time resolution. Spectra obtained from the proportional counter and scintillation counter are analyzed for the event of Nov. 16, 1971, at 0519 UT in terms of thermal (exponential spectrum) and nonthermal (power law) components. The energy content of the approximately 20,000,000 K thermal plasma increased with the 60-sec duration hard X-ray burst, which entirely preceded the 5-keV soft X-ray maximum. If the hard X-rays arise by thick target bremsstrahlung, the nonthermal electrons above 10 keV have sufficient energy to heat the thermally emitting plasma. In the thin target case the collisional energy transfer from nonthermal electrons suffices if the power law electron spectrum is extrapolated below 10 keV, or if the ambient plasma density exceeds 4 x 10 to the 10th power per cu cm.

Mckenzie, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1972

An integrated radiation physics computer code system.

An integrated computer code system for the semi-automatic and rapid analysis of experimental and analytic problems in gamma photon and fast neutron radiation physics is presented. Such problems as the design of optimum radiation shields and radioisotope power source configurations may be studied. The system codes allow for the unfolding of complex neutron and gamma photon experimental spectra. Monte Carlo and analytic techniques are used for the theoretical prediction of radiation transport. The system includes a multichannel pulse-height analyzer scintillation and semiconductor spectrometer coupled to an on-line digital computer with appropriate peripheral equipment. The system is geometry generalized as well as self-contained with respect to material nuclear cross sections and the determination of the spectrometer response functions. Input data may be either analytic or experimental.

Steyn, J. J.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Source altitude for experiments to simulate space-to-earth laser propagation.

The bias in scintillation measurements caused by the proximity of a spherical-wave source to the turbulence region of the atmosphere is predicted, and the laser-source altitude required for meaningful experiments simulating space-to-earth laser propagation is estimated. It is concluded that the source should be located at two or more times the maximum altitude of the tropopause to ensure that all measurements are not biased by more than 25%. Thus the vehicle used for experiments of this type should be capable of reaching a minimum altitude of 32 km.

Minott, P. O.↗

NASA NTRS1973

The cosmic gamma-ray spectrum between 0.3 and 27 MeV measured on Apollo 15.

Results of new measurements of the total cosmic gamma-ray spectrum in the 0.3- to 27-MeV range obtained on Apollo 15. These data were obtained with an isotropic scintillation counter similar to that used on Ranger 3 and ERS-18. The new high-precision data permit extension and clarification of the spectrum above 1 MeV, where recent balloon and earth-satellite observations have caused doubts as to the validity of the ERS-18 data.

Trombka, J. I.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Pulsar detections at frequencies of 8.4 and 15.1 GHz.

Eleven pulsars were observed and five were detected at 15.1 GHz. Several exhibit strong scintillations at 8.4 GHz. Estimates are made of the spectral indices of five pulsars. Average pulse shapes are presented for the stronger signals.

Downs, G. S.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Comparison of vertical profile turbulence structure with stellar observations.

Bufton, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Video instrumentation for radionuclide angiocardiography.

Two types of videoscintiscopes for performing radioisotopic angiocardiography with a scintillation camera are described, and use of these instruments in performing clinical studies is illustrated. Radionuclide angiocardiography is a simple, quick and accurate procedure recommended as a screening test for patients with a variety of congenital and acquired cardiovascular lesions. When performed in conjunction with coronary arterial catheterization, dynamic radionuclide angiography may provide useful information about regional myocardial perfusion. Quantitative capabilities greatly enhance the potential of this diagnostic tool.

Kriss, J. P.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Analysis of ground tests of a microwave, earth-occultation, pressure-reference-level system.

A two-satellite, microwave, earth-occultation system can supplement an infrared sensor by providing an accurate altitude reference that will serve to fix, as a function of height, the derived temperature profile of the infrared sounder. The results of ground tests made in Hawaii to estimate the likely effects of scintillation and fading on an occultation system are described. It was found that the microwave signal suffered periods of intense fading; extensive computer analyses of the data were performed in which aircraft-generated refractivity profiles were subjected to ray tracing. Results of these analyses indicate that the probable cause of the observed fading was multipath, a low-altitude phenomenon usually attributed to water vapor inhomogeneities. It is maintained that multipath will therefore have minimal effect on the pressure-reference microwave occultation system, which would operate at a relatively high closest-approach altitude (about 8 km).

Ungar, S. G.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Kinesonde observations of ionosphere modification by intense electromagnetic fields from Platteville, Colorado.

Observations by the Kinesonde (a multifrequency, spaced antenna, digitized complex-amplitude radio sounding system) of ionospheric responses to excitation by the high-power transmitter at Platteville, Colo., are described. Increases of echo scintillation rate and intensity at frequencies reflected near and far from the excitation level are shown. Significant onset delays of these responses suggest disturbance propagation velocities of a few kilometers per second. Calculated echolocations show a time-dependent development toward the excitation region, again with a delayed response. Comments are offered regarding the relative utility of ionogram and Kinesonde observations for study of these phenomena.

Wright, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Expected gamma ray emission spectra from the lunar surface as a function of chemical composition.

The gamma rays emitted from the moon or any similar body carry information on the chemical composition of the surface layer. The elements most easily measured are K, U, Th, and major elements such as O, Si, Mg, and Fe. The expected fluxes of gamma ray lines are calculated for four lunar compositions and one chondritic chemistry from a consideration of the important emission mechanisms: natural radioactivity, inelastic scatter, neutron capture, and induced radioactivity. The models used for cosmic ray interactions are those of Reedy and Arnold (1972) and Lingenfelter et al. (1972). The areal resolution of the experiment is calculated to be around 70-140 km under the conditions of the Apollo 15 and 16 experiments. Finally, a method is described for recovering the chemical information from the observed scintillation spectra obtained in these experiments.

Reedy, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Transport analysis of measured neutron leakage spectra from spheres as tests of evaluated high energy cross sections

Integral tests of evaluated ENDF/B high-energy cross sections have been made by comparing measured and calculated neutron leakage flux spectra from spheres of various materials. An Am-Be (alpha,n) source was used to provide fast neutrons at the center of the test spheres of Be, CH2, Pb, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W. The absolute leakage flux spectra were measured in the energy range 0.5 to 12 MeV using a calibrated NE213 liquid scintillator neutron spectrometer. Absolute calculations of the spectra were made using version 3 ENDF/B cross sections and an S sub n discrete ordinates multigroup transport code. Generally excellent agreement was obtained for Be, CH2, Pb, and Mo, and good agreement was observed for Nb although discrepancies were observed for some energy ranges. Poor comparative results, obtained for Ta and W, are attributed to unsatisfactory nonelastic cross sections. The experimental sphere leakage flux spectra are tabulated and serve as possible benchmarks for these elements against which reevaluated cross sections may be tested.

Bogart, D. D.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Differential energy spectra of low energy (less than 8.5 MeV per nucleon) heavy cosmic rays during solar quiet times

Explorer 47 satellite observations of carbon, oxygen, and heavier nuclei differential energy spectra below 8.5 MeV/nucleon are presented for solar quiet time periods. A dE/dx vs E method for particle identification and energy determination was used. The instrumentation telescope included an isobutane proportional counter, a surface barrier Si detector, and a cylindrical plastic scintillator anticoincidence shield. The observations were performed outside the bow-shock and in the ecliptic plane. Results show an anisotropy of about 25% at 22 degrees west of the sun with a C/O ratio of 0.5 supporting a solar origin. The low energy portions of the C and O spectra have steep negative slopes, and the corresponding power law is given. Peculiarities in the O spectrum are discussed.

Hovestadt, D.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Computer-aided communication satellite system analysis and optimization

The capabilities and limitations of the various published computer programs for fixed/broadcast communication satellite system synthesis and optimization are discussed. A satellite Telecommunication analysis and Modeling Program (STAMP) for costing and sensitivity analysis work in application of communication satellites to educational development is given. The modifications made to STAMP include: extension of the six beam capability to eight; addition of generation of multiple beams from a single reflector system with an array of feeds; an improved system costing to reflect the time value of money, growth in earth terminal population with time, and to account for various measures of system reliability; inclusion of a model for scintillation at microwave frequencies in the communication link loss model; and, an updated technological environment.

Stagl, T. W.↗

NASA NTRS1973

HEAO gamma-ray astronomy experiments

Two gamma ray experiments designed to measure and map the cosmic gamma ray spectrum in the 0.1 to 10 MeV region are outlined. The sensitivity and capability of the instruments- a high resolution gamma ray spectrometer that uses solid state detectors and a combined UCSD-MIT scintillation system are also given. These experiment were designed for the HEAO program.

Metzger, A. E.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Channel simulation for direct detection optical communication systems

A technique is described for simulating the random modulation imposed by atmospheric scintillation and transmitter pointing jitter on a direct detection optical communication system. The system is capable of providing signal fading statistics which obey log normal, beta, Rayleigh, Ricean or chi-squared density functions. Experimental tests of the performance of the Channel Simulator are presented.

Tycz, M.↗