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NASA NTRS2011

Theoretically-Driven Infrastructure for Supporting Healthcare Teams Training at a Military Treatment Facility

The Team Resource Center (TRC) at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth (NMCP) currently hosts a tri-service healthcare teams training course three times annually . The course consists of didactic learning coupled with simulation exercises to provide an interactive educational experience for healthcare professionals. The course is also the foundation of a research program designed to explore the use of simulation technologies for enhancing team training and evaluation. The TRC has adopted theoretical frameworks for evaluating training readiness and efficacy, and is using these frameworks to guide a systematic reconfiguration of the infrastructure supporting healthcare teams training and research initiatives at NMCP.

Turner, Robert T.↗

DOE OSTI2014

Long-term soil warming and Carbon Cycle Feedbacks to the Climate System

The primary objective of the proposed research was to quantify and explain the effects of a sustained in situ 5°C soil temperature increase on net carbon (C) storage in a northeastern deciduous forest ecosystem. The research was done at an established soil warming experiment at the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts – Barre Woods site established in 2001. In the field, a series of plant and soil measurements were made to quantify changes in C storage in the ecosystem and to provide insights into the possible relationships between C-storage changes and nitrogen (N) cycling changes in the warmed plots. Field measurements included: 1) annual woody increment; 2) litterfall; 3) carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) efflux from the soil surface; 4) root biomass and respiration; 5) microbial biomass; and 6) net N mineralization and net nitrification rates. This research was designed to increase our understanding of how global warming will affect the capacity of temperate forest ecosystems to store C. The work explored how soil warming changes the interactions between the C and N cycles, and how these changes affect land-atmosphere feedbacks. This core research question framed the project – What are the effects of a sustained in situ 5°C soil temperature increase on net carbon (C) storage in a northeastern deciduous forest ecosystem? A second critical question was addressed in this research – What are the effects of a sustained in situ 5°C soil temperature increase on nitrogen (N) cycling in a northeastern deciduous forest ecosystem?

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

The importance of independent replication of treatments in plant science

Among other foci, the Journal of Experimental Botany aims to advance understanding of plant environment interactions, including abiotic stress, mineral nutrition, and the response of plants to global change. Advancing understanding in these areas often requires manipulation of the growth environment. Experiments range in scale and include: growth chambers (Yiotis et al., 2020), glasshouses (Rho et al., 2019), whole plant chambers (Sharwood et al., 2017), and open-air field experiments (Ruiz-Vera et al., 2020). The application of environmental manipulations can be constrained by available resources, operational costs, and time. In designing experiments, researchers attempt to balance logistical challenges with the desire to address scientific questions and maximize statistical power.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1988

A fine resolution multifrequency polarimetric FM radar

A fine resolution polarimetric FM SAR was developed for optimization of polarimetric SARs and interpretation of SAR data via controlled experiments with surface-base sensors. The system is designed for collecting polarimetric data at 5.3 and 10 GHz over incidence angles from 0 to 60 deg. Features of the system include broad bandwidth to obtain fine range resolution, phase stabilization and linearization loop circuitry, and digital signal processing capability. The system is used in a research program to collect polarimetric backscatter data from artificial sea ice research and design trade-offs, laboratory and field evaluation, as well as results from experiments on artificial sea ice are presented.

Bredow, J.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Pressure Effects on Combustion of Methanol and Methanol-Docecanol Droplets

The objective of this research is to improve understanding of the combustion of binary fuel mixtures in the vicinity of the critical point. Fiber-supported single droplets and two-droplet arrays of methanol and of mixtures of methanol and 1-dodecanol, initially 0.9 mm in diameter, were burned in room-temperature air at pressures from 0.1 MPa to 9.0 MPa in the NASA Lewis 2.2-second drop tower. The work is a continuation of a collaborative Japan-US research effort designed to increase knowledge of high-pressure combustion of fuel sprays, relevant to application in propulsive and power-production devices such as Diesel engines. Some previous publications from this cooperative program may be cited. All of the previous experiments concerned alkanes and alkane mixtures. The new research reported here addresses alcohols and alcohol mixtures, to ascertain the degree to which previous results for alkanes extend to alcohols. There have been many previous experimental studies of methanol droplet combustion and a few of alcohol mixtures, but not at the high pressures of interest here. There is some experimental information on methanol droplet combustion at elevated pressure but none on the alcohol mixtures extending to critical pressures, as in the present study.

Okai, K.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Identifying Cross-Disciplinary Interactions to Assess and Promote Functional Resilience in Flight Crews During Exploration Missions

NASA supports research to mitigate risks to health and performance on extended missions. Typically these risks are investigated independently. In reality, physiological systems are tightly coupled, and related to psychological and inter-individual factors (team cohesion, conflict). We draw on ideas from network theory to assess these interactions and better design a research framework to address them.

Shelhamer, M.↗

DOE OSTI2018

Development of LWR Fuels with Enhanced Accident Tolerance ATF Feasibility Analysis Report Deliverable for the Westinghouse Accident Tolerant Fuel Program

The Westinghouse Electric Company LLC (Westinghouse) accident tolerant fuel (ATF) program utilizes chromium (Cr) coated zirconium alloy cladding with uranium silicide (U 3 Si 2 ) high density/high thermal conductivity fuel for its lead test rod (LTR) program with irradiation beginning in 2019. The lead test assembly (LTA) program will use both SiC/SiC composites and Cr coated zirconium alloy claddings with the high density/high thermal conductivity U 3 Si 2 pellet which will begin in 2022. Over the past several years, Westinghouse has tested the Cr coated zirconium (Zr) and silicon carbide (SiC) claddings in autoclaves and in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) reactor and the U 3 Si 2 pellets have been tested in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). High temperature tests at the state-of-the-art Westinghouse facilities in Churchill, PA have been carried out to determine the time and temperature limits for the SiC and Cr coated zirconium claddings. Fuel rod and assembly design in preparation for the LTR and LTA programs is underway as well as licensing efforts with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Finally, accident analyses coupled with economic evaluations for both operating savings as well as fuel savings have been initiated. Cr coated zirconium alloy claddings showed low corrosion rates in both autoclave and in-reactor tests and will be fabricated using commercial processes for the first LTRs for insertion in 2019. Current autoclave results for SiC composite claddings indicate that a corrosion rate of fewer than 2 micrometers per year which meets corrosion requirements may be achieved under normal operating conditions. Modular Accident Analysis Program 5 (MAAP5) calculations indicate that solid fission products can be contained within SiC cladding for up to two hours longer than current Zr based cladding in a station blackout scenario. This additional time is due to the much higher temperature capability of SiC (~2000°C). These two hours can be used to implement additional response options instituted through the FLEX program by reactor operators. While the Cr coated Zr alloy option offers more modest ATF gains (~200°C higher than bare Zr) in similar situations, the coatings do delay the runaway oxidation encountered by uncoated zirconium cladding. Both ATF cladding options also reduce hydrogen production which dramatically reduces primary system and containment pressure and the risk of fission product release beyond containment in the unlikely event of an accident. The lower pressure in the system allows more time to feed cooling water to the core, resulting in the avoidance of fuel melting. The coping time is extended indefinitely as long as the water flow continues. SiC exhibits the highest accident tolerance of any cladding and significant advances in understanding the design, manufacture and accident behavior of SiC cladding have been made. Department of Energy support is needed to continue the on-going experimental work addressing the interaction between U 3 Si 2 and SiC at temperatures >1200°C, the effect of SiC manufacturing methods and manufacturing variability on physical properties, and the ability to predict the mechanical properties of SiC composites based on the composite design. Additionally, experimental work on methods to rapidly fabricate SiC composite structures with high density and reduce the fabrication price of SiC fibers while maintaining a high level of performance is needed. Minimal (<1%) swelling of U 3 Si 2 and subsequent fission gas release has been demonstrated up to 20 MWd/kgU. Irradiation experiments with U 3 Si 2 fuel in ATR to determine these properties at 40 to 50 MWd/kgU are underway. These experiments will provide the data needed to license fuel rod design codes. Research is continuing on production methods for making U 3 Si 2 from UF 6 without going through the U metal step. Oxidation tests of fuel pellets and powder in steam and synthetic air indicate that U 3 Si 2 has a lower oxidation reaction initiation temperature than UO 2 . Options to reduce the U 3 Si 2 oxidation rate are being explored. A hybrid fuel design using pellets with the weight ratio of 30%/70% U 3 Si 2 /UN is currently undergoing testing in the ATR. This approach is being explored to further increase the positive economics of the U 3 Si 2 fuel. In addition to the work supported by the USDOE, research and testing activities are being carried on in a world-wide effort funded by many countries such as Sweden, United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Japan and France. This work is being facilitated through the Westinghouse led Collaboration for Advanced Research on Accident Tolerant Fuel (CARAT) program. Annual meetings are organized by Westinghouse as a venue for presentation of this work and to provide for the cross-fertilization of ideas among the many outstanding researchers in the ATF area. Since SiC, coated cladding and high density fuel options are not currently used in the nuclear industry, support from the government and industry members is needed to further the significant effort of setting new standards. The same is true for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) which must review and approve the commercial use of these new fuels since all current regulations are oriented toward Zr/ UO 2 fuel. There are no showstoppers for accident tolerant fuel technologies when considering supply chain, fabrication, enrichment suppliers, production, and licensing. Due to the cost savings from higher density fuel and the accident tolerance of coated claddings, Exelon has identified potential commercial plants to host the LTRs and LTAs. Planning is underway to implement this schedule.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

NASA NTRS2004

Advanced Optical Diagnostic Methods for Describing Fuel Injection and Combustion Flowfield Phenomena

Over the past decade advanced optical diagnostic techniques have evolved and matured to a point where they are now widely applied in the interrogation of high pressure combusting flows. At NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), imaging techniques have been used successfully in on-going work to develop the next generation of commercial aircraft gas turbine combustors. This work has centered on providing a means by which researchers and designers can obtain direct visual observation and measurements of the fuel injection/mixing/combustion processes and combustor flowfield in two- and three-dimensional views at actual operational conditions. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the chemical and physical processes at the extreme operating conditions of the next generation of combustors is critical to reducing emissions and increasing fuel efficiency. To accomplish this and other tasks, the diagnostic team at GRC has designed and constructed optically accessible, high pressurer high temperature flame tubes and sectar rigs capable of optically probing the 20-60 atm flowfields of these aero-combustors. Among the techniques employed at GRC are planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) for imaging molecular species as well as liquid and gaseous fuel; planar light scattering (PLS) for imaging fuel sprays and droplets; and spontaneous Raman scattering for species and temperature measurement. Using these techniques, optical measurements never before possible have been made in the actual environments of liquid fueled gas turbines. 2-D mapping of such parameters as species (e.g. OH-, NO and kerosene-based jet fuel) distribution, injector spray angle, and fuel/air distribution are just some of the measurements that are now routinely made. Optical imaging has also provided prompt feedback to researchers regarding the effects of changes in the fuel injector configuration on both combustor performance and flowfield character. Several injector design modifications and improvements have resulted from this feedback. Alternate diagnostic methods are constantly being evaluated as to their suitability as a diagnostic tool in these environments. A new method currently under examination is background oriented Schlieren (BOS) for examining the fuel/air mixing processes. While ratioing the Stokes and anti-Stokes nitrogen lines obtained from spontaneous Raman is being refined for temperature measurement. While the primary focus of the GRC diagnostic work remains optical species measurement and flow stream characterization, an increased emphasis has been placed on our involvement in flame code validation efforts. A functional combustor code should shorten and streamline future combustor design. Quantitative measurements of flow parameters such as temperature, species concentration, drop size and velocity using such methods as Raman and phase Doppler anemometry will provide data necessary in this effort.

Locke, Randy J.↗

NASA NTRS2016

Advanced EVA Suit Camera System Development Project

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) is developing a new extra-vehicular activity (EVA) suit known as the Advanced EVA Z2 Suit. All of the improvements to the EVA Suit provide the opportunity to update the technology of the video imagery. My summer internship project involved improving the video streaming capabilities of the cameras that will be used on the Z2 Suit for data acquisition. To accomplish this, I familiarized myself with the architecture of the camera that is currently being tested to be able to make improvements on the design. Because there is a lot of benefit to saving space, power, and weight on the EVA suit, my job was to use Altium Design to start designing a much smaller and simplified interface board for the camera's microprocessor and external components. This involved checking datasheets of various components and checking signal connections to ensure that this architecture could be used for both the Z2 suit and potentially other future projects. The Orion spacecraft is a specific project that may benefit from this condensed camera interface design. The camera's physical placement on the suit also needed to be determined and tested so that image resolution can be maximized. Many of the options of the camera placement may be tested along with other future suit testing. There are multiple teams that work on different parts of the suit, so the camera's placement could directly affect their research or design. For this reason, a big part of my project was initiating contact with other branches and setting up multiple meetings to learn more about the pros and cons of the potential camera placements we are analyzing. Collaboration with the multiple teams working on the Advanced EVA Z2 Suit is absolutely necessary and these comparisons will be used as further progress is made for the overall suit design. This prototype will not be finished in time for the scheduled Z2 Suit testing, so my time was also spent creating a case for the original interface board that is already being used. This design is being done by use of Creo 2. Due to time constraints, I may not be able to complete the 3-D printing portion of this design, but I was able to use my knowledge of the interface board and Altium Design to help in the task. As a side project, I assisted another intern in selecting and programming a microprocessor to control linear actuators. These linear actuators will be used to move various increments of polyethylene for controlled radiation testing. For this, we began the software portion of the project using the Arduino's coding environment to control an Arduino Due and H-Bridge components. Along with the obvious learning of computer programs such as Altium Design and Creo 2, I also acquired more skills with networking and collaborating with others, being able to multi-task because of responsibilities to work on various projects, and how to set realistic goals in the work place. Like many internship projects, this project will be continued and improved, so I also had the chance to improve my organization and communication skills as I documented all of my meetings and research. As a result of my internship at JSC, I desire to continue a career with NASA, whether that be through another internship or possibly a co-op. I am excited to return to my university and continue my education in electrical engineering because of all of my experiences at JSC.

Mock, Kyla↗

DOE OSTI2015

Accelerating Science Driven System Design With RAMP

Researchers from UC Berkeley, in collaboration with the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, are engaged in developing an Infrastructure for Synthesis with Integrated Simulation (ISIS). The ISIS Project was a cooperative effort for “application-driven hardware design” that engages application scientists in the early parts of the hardware design process for future generation supercomputing systems. This project served to foster development of computing systems that are better tuned to the application requirements of demanding scientific applications and result in more cost-effective and efficient HPC system designs. In order to overcome long conventional design-cycle times, we leveraged reconfigurable devices to aid in the design of high-efficiency systems, including conventional multi- and many-core systems. The resulting system emulation/prototyping environment, in conjunction with the appropriate intermediate abstractions, provided both a convenient user programming experience and retained flexibility, and thus efficiency, of a reconfigurable platform. We initially targeted the Berkeley RAMP system (Research Accelerator for Multiple Processors) as that hardware emulation environment to facilitate and ultimately accelerate the iterative process of science-driven system design. Our goal was to develop and demonstrate a design methodology for domain-optimized computer system architectures. The tangible outcome is a methodology and tools for rapid prototyping and design-space exploration, leading to highly optimized and efficient HPC systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2019

California Energy Systems for the 21st Century (CES-21) Annual Report - 2018

The California Energy Systems for the 21st Century (CES-21) Program is a public-private collaborative research and development (R&D) program between the California Joint Utilities1 and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The purpose of this annual report is to provide the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC or Commission) with a summary of the 2018 progress of the CES-21 Program2. The CES-21 Program is designed to research solutions for the medium- and far-term challenges of a fastevolving energy marketplace. The program is comprised of two projects: Cybersecurity Project and Grid Integration - Flexibility Metrics Project. This report provides information on the operations of the CES-21 program, including projects funded, results of research, efforts made to involve third parties, and intellectual property that results from the research.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS1999

The Second Joint NASA/FAA/DoD Conference on Aging Aircraft

The purpose of the Conference was to bring together world leaders in aviation safety research, aircraft design and manufacturing, fleet operation and aviation maintenance to disseminate information on current practices and advanced technologies that will assure the continued airworthiness of the aging aircraft in the military and commercial fleets. The Conference included reviews of current industry practices, assessments of future technology requirements, and status of aviation safety research. The Conference provided an opportunity for interactions among the key personnel in the research and technology development community, the original equipment manufacturers, commercial airline operators, military fleet operators, aviation maintenance, and aircraft certification and regulatory authorities. Conference participation was unrestricted and open to the international aviation community. Appendix B contains the name and addresses of the 623 participants in the Conference.

Harris, Charles E.↗

NASA NTRS1999

The Second Joint NASA/FAA/DOD Conference on Aging Aircraft

Harris, Charles E.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Hot Structure Control Surface Progress for X-37 Technology Development Program

The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has been leading the development of technologies that will enable the development, fabrication, and flight of the automated X-37 Orbital Vehicle (OV). With the Administration s recent announcement of the Vision for Space Exploration, NASA placed the X-37 OV design on hold while developing detailed requirements for a Crew Exploration Vehicle, but has continued funding the development of high-risk, critical technologies for potential future space exploration vehicle applications. Hot Structure Control Surfaces (HSCS) technology development is one of the high-priority areas being funded at this time. The goal of HSCS research is to mitigate risk by qualifying the lightest possible components that meet the stringent X-37 OV weight and performance requirements, including Shuttle-type reen- try environments with peak temperatures of 2800 OF. The small size of the X-37 OV (25.7-feet long and 14.9-foot wingspan) drives the need for advanced HSCS because the vehicle's two primary aerodynamic surfaces, the flaperons and ruddervators, have thicknesses ranging from approximately 5 in. down to 1 in. Traditional metallic or polymer-matrix composites covered with tile or blanket thermal protection system (TPS) materials cannot be used as there is insufficient volume to fabricate such multi-component structures. Therefore, carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbodsilicon-carbide (C-SiC) composite HSCS structures are being developed in parallel by two teams supporting the X-37 prime contractor (The Boeing Company). The Science Applications International Coy. (SAIC) and Carbon-Carbon Advanced Technologies, Inc. (C-CAT) team is developing the C-C HSCS, while the General Electric Energy Power Systems Composites (GE-PSC) and Materials Research and Design (MRD) team is developing the C-SiC HSCS. These two teams were selected to reduce the high level of risk associated with developing advanced control surface components. They have continued HSCS development work as part of the X-37 critical technology development contract. The SAIC/C-CAT team is using Advanced Carbon-Carbon (ACC) because its fabrication is very similar to the process used for Space Shuttle Reinforced Carbon-Carbon fabrication, including the Sic-based pack cementation conversion coating systems using with both materials. ACC was selected over RCC because it has much higher tension and compressions strengths, and because T-300 fiber is readily available, whereas RCC rayon fiber is no longer manufactured. The GE-PSC/MRD team is using a T-300 fiber-reinforced Sic matrix composite material densified by chemical vapor infiltration. The C-Sic material has an Sic-based environmental barrier coating. Major accomplishments have been made over the past year by both HSCS teams. C-C and C- SiC flaperon subcomponents, which are truncated full-scale versions of flight hardware, have been fabricated and are undergoing testing at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, NASA Langley Research Center, and U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. By the end of 2004, ruddervator subcomponents also will be delivered and tested. As NASA moves forward in realizing the Vision for Space Exploration, it will continue to invest in advanced research and development aimed at making new generations of spacecraft safer, more reliable, and more affordable. The X-37 HSCS effort ultimately will benefit the Agency's vision and mission.

Valentine, P. G.↗

DOE OSTI2018

Liquid-Phase Diffusion Bonding and the Development of a Cu-Ni/Sn Composite Solder Paste for High Temperature Lead-Free Electrical Connections

The work performed in this project has generally consisted of research to design and experimentally prototype a Pb–free composite solder paste that is capable of use at high temperatures (150°C and up to 400 °C) while maintaining the acceptable electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of a typical soldering material (particularly Pb–5wt.%Sn), even over long–term aging and thermal cycling. The research experiments completed have thoroughly investigated the requirements needed to transform the concept of using liquid–phase diffusion–bonding (LPDB) on a Cu–Ni/Sn–based alloy composite solder paste for use in die attach joining as a real and tangible product for use in industry.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1996

Solid Surface Combustion Experiment Completes a Series of Eight Successful Flights

The Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE) was the first combustion experiment to fly in the space shuttle and the first such experiment in the NASA spaceflight program since Skylab. SSCE was actually a series of experiments designed to begin to characterize flame spreading over solid fuels in microgravity and the differences of this flame spreading from normal gravity behavior. These experiments should lead to a better understanding of the physical processes involved--increasing our understanding of fire behavior, both in space and on Earth. SSCE results will help researchers evaluate spacecraft fire hazards. These experiments were conceived by the principal investigator, Professor Robert A. Altenkirch, Dean of Engineering at Washington State University. In the first five flights, the fuel sample--ashless filter paper instrumented with three thermocouples--was mounted in a sealed chamber filled with a 50-percent or 35-percent mixture of oxygen in nitrogen at pressures of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 atm. In the next three flights, a polymethyl methacrylate (plexiglass) fuel was instrumented with three thermocouples and tested in a 70-percent or 50-percent mixture of oxygen and nitrogen at pressures of 1.0 and 2.0 atm. SSCE is a self-contained, battery-operated experiment that can be flown either in the shuttle middeck or in the Spacelab module. More information about the hardware configuration have been published. This past year, the final two of eight flights were completed on STS-64 and STS-63. The NASA Lewis Research Center designed and built the SSCE payload and performed engineering, testing, scientific, and flight operations support. The SSCE project was supported in some way by nearly every major sector of Lewis' organization. Professor Altenkirch developed a numerical simulation of the flame-spreading process from first principles (of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and reaction kinetics). The spread rates, flame shape, and thermodynamic data from the SSCE flights are being compared directly with the results of the computational model. Results from the eight flights will be used to formulate an improved solid-phase pyrolysis model. In addition, some results of the flights have been published and presented at international combustion symposiums. Additional solid fuel combustion experiments are being investigated for future tests with the existing hardware.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1989

Experience with strain-gage balances for cryogenic wind tunnels

The U.S. National Transonic Facility (NTF) is a cryogenic wind tunnel build to meet the United States' needs for high Reynolds number testing. The facility was declared operational in August 1984, and since that time numerous models were tested in the NTF using unheated strain-gage balances to measure aerodynamic forces. The difficulty in accurately measuring forces and moments of models in conventional wind tunnels becomes more challenging at cryogenic conditions. The Force and Strain Instrumentation Section of the Instrument Research Division at NASA Langley Research Center designed and fabricated the balances to measure forces at cryogenic temperatures without thermally controlling the balance temperature. Presented are balance results from a recent cryogenic test program in the NTF. The data indicated the accuracy with which aerodynamic forces are determined using current instrumentation and test methods as well as identified areas for future research.

Williams, M. Susan↗

NASA NTRS1993

NASA's hypersonic flight research program

The NASA hypersonic flight research program is reviewed focusing on program history, philosophy, and rationale. Flight research in the high Mach numbers, high dynamic pressure flight regime is considered to be essential to the development of future operational hypersonic systems. The piggy-back experiments which are to be carried out on the Pegasus will develop instrumentation packages for hypersonic data acquisition and will provide unique data of high value to designers and researchers.

Blankson, Isaiah↗