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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 739 records · Page 41
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Fast climate responses to emission reductions in aerosol and ozone precursors in China during 2013-2017

China has been implementing a sequence of policies for clean air since the year 2013, and the aerosol pollution has been substantially improved, but ozone (O 3 )-related issues arose. Here, fast climate responses to emission reductions in aerosol and O 3 precursors over China during 2013–2017 are investigated using the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2). The overall decreases in aerosols produced an anomalous warming of 0.09 ± 0.10°C in eastern China (22–40° N, 110–122.5° E), which is further intensified by the increase in O 3 in the lower troposphere, resulting in an enhanced warming of 0.16 ± 0.15° C in eastern China. Reductions in industrial emissions contributed the most to the aerosol-induced warming, while emission reductions from residential sector induced a cooling effect due to a substantial decrease in light-absorbing black carbon aerosols. This implies that switching the residential sector to cleaner energy is more effective to achieve climate and health benefits in China.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1971

Subsolidus reduction of lunar spinels.

Discussion of evidence that some lunar basalts must have exceeded the lower limit of crystallization oxygen fugacity (fO2) by several orders of magnitude. The evidence is based primarily on the decomposition of Cr-Al-ulvospinel, and is further supported in one case by the decomposition of olivine. The data suggest that some rocks have undergone intense nonequilibrium subsolidus reduction. The reduction phenomenon is widespread, and is considered to have developed either during initial deuteric cooling or as a result of a postcrystallization reduction event.

Haggerty, S. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Bosch CO2 reduction unit research and development.

Development of Bosch CO2 reduction units for manned spacecraft application has been in progress for a decade. The Bosch process catalytically reacts CO2 with H2 to produce water and carbon. The water may then be electrolyzed to close the biological oxygen and process hydrogen loops. A critical problem has been to confine the reaction so that carbon does not block flow and stop the process. Reaction isolation within a replaceable catalyst cartridge has been successfully demonstrated. Objectives of the current development program are a 25% reduction in operating power, an 80% reduction in expendable weight, and minimized resupply volume.

Holmes, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Thermogravimetric study of the reduction of oxides of nickel and chromium

The controlled hydrogen, carbon, and hydrogen-carbon reductions of the oxides of nickel and chromium were evaluated by thermogravimetric means. The materials studied were nickel (nickelous) oxide (NiO) and chromic sesquioxide (Cr2O3), mixed NiO-Cr2O3, and oxidized nickel - 20-percent chromium (Ni-20Cr). NiO was effectively reduced by all three atmospheres, Cr2O3 only by hydrogen-carbon, NiO-Cr2O3 by hydrogen and hydrogen-carbon, and oxidized Ni-20Cr by hydrogen and hydrogen-carbon and to a considerable extent by carbon alone. The results suggest that the presence of nickel promotes the reduction of Cr2O3. However, no definite explanation could be reached for the effectiveness of the hydrogen-carbon reduction of Cr2O3.

Herbell, T. P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Noise reduction of a tilt-rotor aircraft including effects on weight and performance

Various methods for far-field noise reduction of a tilt-rotor acoustic signature and the performance and weight tradeoffs which result from modification of the noise sources are considered in this report. In order to provide a realistic approach for the investigation, the Boeing tilt-rotor flight research aircraft (Model 222), was selected as the baseline. This aircraft has undergone considerable engineering development. Its rotor has been manufactured and tested in the Ames full-scale wind tunnel. The study reflects the current state-of-the-art of aircraft design for far-field acoustic signature reduction and is not based solely on an engineering feasibility aircraft. This report supplements a previous study investigating reduction of noise signature through the management of the terminal flight trajectory.

Gibs, J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

A description of a general use automated data reduction system

A data system developed for use in tests in arc jet facilities has the flexibility to accommodate various types of data, time resolution, and number of data signals. Data are tape-recorded, because a direct link to the IBM 360/67 computer is prohibited for safety reasons. The system is analogous to manual data reduction to promote user understanding and acceptance. Data computations may be performed in an interactive ('conversational') mode, for minimum delay in data reduction, or by card input. Reduced data are listed and also stored for plotting of further computational use. Operational costs of the system are reasonable, and both large and small data reduction tasks are handled readily.

Wakefield, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Measured noise reductions resulting from modified approach procedures for business jet aircraft

Five business jet airplanes were flown to determine the noise reductions that result from the use of modified approach procedures. The airplanes tested were a Gulfstream 2, JetStar, Hawker Siddeley 125-400, Sabreliner-60 and LearJet-24. Noise measurements were made 3, 5, and 7 nautical miles from the touchdown point. In addition to a standard 3 deg glide slope approach, a 4 deg glide slope approach, a 3 deg glide slope approach in a low-drag configuration, and a two-segment approach were flown. It was found that the 4 deg approach was about 4 EPNdB quieter than the standard 3 deg approach. Noise reductions for the low-drag 3 deg approach varied widely among the airplanes tested, with an average of 8.5 EPNdB on a fleet-weighted basis. The two-segment approach resulted in noise reductions of 7 to 8 EPNdB at 3 and 5 nautical miles from touchdown, but only 3 EPNdB at 7 nautical miles from touchdown when the airplanes were still in level flight prior to glide slope intercept. Pilot ratings showed progressively increasing workload for the 4 deg, low-drag 3 deg, and two-segment approaches.

Burcham, F. W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Direct measurements at Mach 6 of turbulent skin-friction reduction by injection from single and multiple flush slots

The surface skin-friction reduction downstream of one to four successive flush slots injecting at an angle of 10 deg into a turbulent Mach 6 boundary layer has been determined from direct measurements of surface shear. Increasing the number of succeeding slots increases the skin-friction reduction, but this trend reverses at high injection rates. The incremental improvement in skin-friction reduction decreases with increasing number of slots. Comparison with previously reported step slot data indicates that step slots with tangential injection are more effective in reducing skin friction than the present flush slot configuration. Finite-difference predictions are in reasonable agreement with skin-friction and boundary-layer profile data.

Srokowski, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Advanced inlet duct noise reduction concepts

A progress report is given on the implications of inlet noise reduction on aircraft direct operating costs (DOC). It considers treated inlet rings, various other inlet noise reduction concepts, and forward-speed effects. The report was limited to relatively well-established approaches to inlet noise reduction, such as acoustic liners and fixed-geometry/high-subsonic-speed inlets which are the focus of considerable current research activity. All of the concepts discussed are of a "passive" nature, i.e., no moving parts or electrical feedback systems.

Chestnutt, D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Flight-test measurement of the noise reduction of a jet transport delayed flap approach procedure

A delayed flap approach procedure was flight tested using the NASA CV-990 airplane to measure and analyze the noise produced beneath the flight path. Three other types of landing approaches were also flight tested to provide a comparison of the noise reduction benefits to the delayed flap approach. The conventional type of approach was used as a baseline to compare the effectiveness of the other approaches. The decelerating approach is a variation of the delayed flap approach. A detailed comparison of the ground perceived noise generated during the approaches is presented. For this comparison, the measured noise data were normalized to compensate for variations in aircraft weight and winds that occurred during the flight tests. The data show that the reduced flap approach offers some noise reduction, while the delayed flap and decelerating approaches offer significant noise reductions over the conventional approach.

Foster, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1977

NASA/Navy lift/cruise fan cost reduction studies

Cost reduction studies were performed for the LCF459 turbotip fan for application with the YJ97-GE-100 gas generator in a multimission V/STOL research and technology aircraft. A 20 percent cost reduction of the research configuration based on the original preliminary design was achieved. The trade studies performed and the results in the area of cost reduction and weight are covered. A fan configuration is defined for continuation of the program through the detailed design phase.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1977

Pollution reduction technology program for small jet aircraft engines, phase 1

A series of combustor pressure rig screening tests was conducted on three combustor concepts applied to the TFE731-2 turbofan engine combustion system for the purpose of evaluating their relative emissions reduction potential consistent with prescribed performance, durability, and envelope contraints. The three concepts and their modifications represented increasing potential for reducing emission levels with the penalty of increased hardware complexity and operational risk. Concept 1 entailed advanced modifications to the present production TFE731-2 combustion system. Concept 2 was based on the incorporation of an axial air-assisted airblast fuel injection system. Concept 3 was a staged premix/prevaporizing combustion system. Significant emissions reductions were achieved in all three concepts, consistent with acceptable combustion system performance. Concepts 2 and 3 were identified as having the greatest achievable emissions reduction potential, and were selected to undergo refinement to prepare for ultimate incorporation within an engine.

Bruce, T. W.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Reduction in plasma vasopressin levels of dehydrated rats following acute stress

Results are presented for an investigation directed to substantiate and extend preliminary findings of stress-induced reduction in plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP). Since normally hydrated rats have very low levels of pAVP, it is difficult to measure reliably any decrease in pAVP that may result from stress. To overcome this problem, the pAVP levels of the tested rats were raised by dehydration prior to application of stress. A radioimmunoassay for pAVP is described and used to determine the levels of vasopressin in the plasma of nondehydrated and dehydrated rats after exposure to ether or acceleration stress. Plasma pAVP is also determined in rats following nicotine administration. It is shown that exposure of nondehydrated rats to ether or acceleration stress does not elicit any significant alterations in circulating pAVP levels while nicotine injections stimulate a marked increase. In particular, ether and acceleration stress produce a rapid reduction in the pAVP level of dehydrated rats, the decrease being observed in both large and small animals. The mechanism for this reduction in pAVP level following stress is yet unknown.

Keil, L. C.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Effect of magnetic field on reduction of nickel oxide

Results of observations recorded during constant temperature reduction of NiO, a paramagnetic substance, to Ni, a ferromagnetic element, are presented. The application of a large magnetic field (4,200 oersted) does not result in an acceleration of the reduction rate. To explain earlier observations that 500- and 1,400-oersted magnetic fields increase the reduction rate of iron ore which contains hematite (Fe2O3), Peters (1973) had suggested that thermodynamics theory could predict the acceleration in reaction rate when product and reactant species differ widely in their magnetic properties.

Rowe, M. W.↗
NASA NTRS1976

On the ion-bombardment reduction mechanism

Recent laboratory studies of solar-wind reduction mechanisms on the lunar surface are discussed, emphasizing the effects of the electronic configurations of transition metals and the effects of covalent bonding. A series of experiments is described which involved argon ion bombardment of extremely thin targets consisting of simple halides and cyanides of first-row transition metals. Experimental results are summarized which imply that the cyanides generally have much higher reduction efficiencies than the halides. It is suggested that although reduction and sputtering take place concurrently under ion bombardment, they may actually be two independent processes.

Yin, L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Arousal from sleep - The physiological and subjective effects of a 15 dB/A/ reduction in aircraft flyover noise

The present research was concerned with whether or not a 15 dB(A) reduction in overall noise level would lessen the sleep disturbing properties of jet aircraft flyover noise and, if less disturbing, whether this would be subjectively appreciated by the sleeping individual. The results indicate that a reduction of 15 dB (A) does result in less sleep disruption but only during sleep characterized by fast-wave electroencephalographic activity. During sleep characterized by slow-wave electroencephalographic activity, such a reduction in the sleep-disturbing properties of jet aircraft noise has little effect. Moreover, even when effective during fast-wave sleep, the decreased arousal produced by the lower noise levels is not subjectively appreciated by the individual in terms of his estimate of the quality of his night's sleep. Thus, reducing the overall noise level of jet aircraft flyovers by some 15 dB(A), is, at best, minimally beneficial to sleep.

Levere, T. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

ESCA studies on solar-wind reduction mechanisms

In a continuing study of solar-wind darkening on the lunar surface, ESCA techniques have been used to examine surface reduction and optical darkening by ion bombardment. Experimental results on transition metal fluorides have shown that ion-bombardment reduction is (a) accompanied by the loss of anion species, (b) relatively independent of the incident ion mass, and (c) not simply related to physical sputtering itself. The reduction mechanism may be more chemical in nature and the rate may be determined primarily by the transition metal ion

Yin, L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A theoretical investigation of noise reduction through the cylindrical fuselage of a twin-engine, propeller-driven aircraft

Interior noise in the fuselage of a twin-engine, propeller-driven aircraft with two propellers rotating in opposite directions is studied analytically. The fuselage was modeled as a stiffened cylindrical shell with simply supported ends, and the effects of stringers and frames were averaged over the shell surface. An approximate mathematical model of the propeller noise excitation was formulated which includes some of the propeller noise characteristics such as sweeping pressure waves around the sidewalls due to propeller rotation and the localized nature of the excitation with the highest levels near the propeller plane. Results are presented in the form of noise reduction, which is the difference between the levels of external and interior noise. The influence of propeller noise characteristics on the noise reduction was studied. The results indicate that the sweep velocity of the excitation around the fuselage sidewalls is critical to noise reduction.

Bhat, R. B.↗