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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 739 records · Page 41
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Observation of the Open-Charm Tetraquark Candidate T c s 0 * ( 2870 ) 0 in the B − → D − D 0 K S 0 Decay

An amplitude analysis of B − → D − D 0 K S 0 decays is performed using proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb − 1 , collected with the LHCb detector at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV. A resonant structure of spin-parity 0 + is observed in the D 0 K S 0 invariant-mass spectrum with a significance of 5.3 σ . The mass and width of the state, modeled with a Breit-Wigner line shape, are determined to be 2883 ± 11 ± 8 MeV / c 2 and 87 − 47 + 22 ± 17 MeV , respectively, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. These properties and the quark content are consistent with those of the open-charm tetraquark candidate T c s 0 * ( 2870 ) 0 observed previously in the D + K − final state of the B − → D − D + K − decay. This result confirms the existence of the T c s 0 * ( 2870 ) 0 state in a new decay mode. The T c s 1 * ( 2900 ) 0 state, reported in the B − → D − D + K − decay, is also searched for in the D 0 K S 0 invariant-mass spectrum of the B − → D − D 0 K S 0 decay, without finding evidence for it. © 2025 CERN, for the LHCb Collaboration 2025 CERN

Aaij, R. (ORCID:0000000305331952)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nitrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis by Metallonitrene C−H Insertion: Photocatalytic Amidation of Aldehydes

Abstract C−H amination and amidation by catalytic nitrene transfer are well‐established and typically proceed via electrophilic attack of nitrenoid intermediates. In contrast, the insertion of (formal) terminal nitride ligands into C−H bonds is much less developed and catalytic nitrogen atom transfer remains unknown. We here report the synthesis of a formal terminal nitride complex of palladium. Photocrystallographic, magnetic, and computational characterization support the assignment as an authentic metallonitrene (Pd−N) with a diradical nitrogen ligand that is singly bonded to Pd II . Despite the subvalent nitrene character, selective C−H insertion with aldehydes follows nucleophilic selectivity. Transamidation of the benzamide product is enabled by reaction with N 3 SiMe 3 . Based on these results, a photocatalytic protocol for aldehyde C−H trimethylsilylamidation was developed that exhibits inverted, nucleophilic selectivity as compared to typical nitrene transfer catalysis. This first example of catalytic C−H nitrogen atom transfer offers facile access to primary amides after deprotection.

Schmidt‐Räntsch, Till↗
DOE OSTI2026

Vibrational Quantum-State-Controlled Reactivity in the O 2 + + C 3 H 4 Reaction

Quantum-state-controlled reactivity is a long-standing goal in the field of physical chemistry. In this work, we explore the vibrational-state-dependent behavior of the ion–molecule reaction between O 2 + in distinct vibrational states and two isomers of C 3 H 4 , allene (H 2 C 3 H 2 ) and propyne (H 3 C 3 H). While most products are formed regardless of the vibrational state of O 2 + , the branching ratios are influenced by vibrational excitation, and a new product, C 2 O + , appears exclusively in the excited-state reactions. This selective formation of C 2 O + demonstrates that vibrational excitation can effectively activate a reaction pathway, providing direct evidence of quantum-state control in the reactivity. These results represent an important step toward the goal of quantum-state-controlled chemistry in molecular systems.

Chemical reactions↗
DOE OSTI2021

Selective butene formation in direct ethanol-to-C3+-olefin valorization over Zn-Y/Beta and single-atom alloy composite catalysts using in situ generated hydrogen

The selective production of C3+ olefins from renewable feedstocks, especially via C1 and C2 platform chemicals, is a critical challenge for obtaining economically viable low-carbon middle distillate transportation fuels (i.e., jet and diesel). Here, we report a multifunctional catalyst system composed of Zn-Y/Beta and “single-atom” alloy (SAA) Pt-Cu/Al2O3 which selectively catalyzes ethanol-to-olefins (C3+, ETO) valorization in the absence of cofed hydrogen, forming butenes as the primary olefin products. Beta zeolites containing predominately isolated Zn and Y metal sites catalyze ethanol upgrading steps (588 K, 3.1 kPa ethanol, ambient pressure) regardless of cofed hydrogen partial pressure (0-98.3 kPa H2), forming butadiene as the primary product (60% selectivity at 87% conversion). The Zn-Y/Beta catalyst possesses site-isolated Zn and Y Lewis acid sites (at ~7 wt% Y) and Brønsted acidic Y sites, the latter of which has been previously uncharacterized. A secondary bed of SAA Pt-Cu/Al2O3 selectively hydrogenates butadiene to butene isomers at a consistent reaction temperature using hydrogen generated in situ from ethanol-to-butadiene (ETB) conversion. This unique hydrogenation reactivity at near-stoichiometric hydrogen and butadiene partial pressures is not observed over monometallic Pt or Cu catalysts, highlighting these operating conditions as a critical SAA catalyst application area for conjugated diene selective hydrogenation at high reaction temperatures (>573 K) and low H2/diene ratios (e.g., 1:1). Single-bed steady state selective hydrogenation rates, associated apparent hydrogen and butadiene reaction orders, and DFT calculations of the Horiuti-Polanyi reaction mechanisms indicate that the unique butadiene selective hydrogenation reactivity over SAA Pt-Cu/Al2O3 reflects lower hydrogen scission barriers relative to monometallic Cu surfaces and limited butene binding energies relative to monometallic Pt surfaces. DFT calculations further indicate the preferential desorption of butene isomers over SAA Pt-Cu(111) and Cu(111) surfaces while Pt(111) surface favors subsequent butene hydrogenation reactions to form butane over butene desorption events. Under operating conditions without of hydrogen cofeeding, this combination of Zn-Y/Beta and SAA Pt-Cu catalysts can selectively form butenes (65% butenes, 78% C3+ selectivity at 94% conversion) and avoid butane formation using only in situ generated hydrogen, avoiding costly hydrogen cofeeding requirements that hinder many renewable energy processes.

Cordon, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurements of the Branching Fraction, Polarization, and C P Asymmetry for the Decay B 0 → ω ω

We present a comprehensive study of B 0 → ω ω decays using 772 × 10 6 B B ¯ pairs collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB e + e − collider. This process is a suppressed charmless decay into two vector mesons and can exhibit interesting polarization and C P violation. The decay is observed for the first time with a significance of 7.9 standard deviations. We measure a branching fraction B = ( 1.53 ± 0.29 ± 0.17 ) × 10 − 6 , a fraction of longitudinal polarization f L = 0.87 ± 0.13 ± 0.13 , and a time-integrated C P asymmetry A C P = − 0.44 ± 0.43 ± 0.11 , where the first uncertainties listed are statistical and the second are systematic. This is the first observation of B 0 → ω ω and the first measurements of f L and A C P for this decay. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of the time-integrated C P asymmetry in D 0 → K S 0 K S 0 decays using Belle and Belle II data

We measure the time-integrated C P asymmetry in D 0 → K S 0 K S 0 decays reconstructed in e + e − → c c ¯ events collected by the Belle and Belle II experiments. The corresponding data samples have integrated luminosities of 980 and 428 fb − 1 , respectively. The D 0 decays are required to originate from the D * + → D 0 π + decay, which determines the charm flavor at production time. A control sample of D 0 → K + K − decays is used to correct for production and detection asymmetries. The result, ( − 1.4 ± 1.3 ( stat ) ± 0.1 ( syst ) ) % , is consistent with previous determinations and with C P symmetry. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Adachi, I. (ORCID:0000000322870173)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modeling oxygen reduction activity loss mechanisms in atomically dispersed Fe–N–C electrocatalysts

Materials degradation is a major factor that limits the wider adoption of renewable and clean energy technologies. This is particularly true for the Pt group metal-free (PGM-free) atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) catalysts. Here, while many experimental studies have investigated and reported the phenomenological aspects of M-N-C degradation, only a few modeling studies have considered degradation mechanisms at the atomic level. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for activity loss occurring in atomically dispersed M-N-C’s is crucial towards rationally designing active, durable, and less expensive Earth-abundant catalysts. Towards this end, we have surveyed recent literature concerning the modeling of corrosion mechanisms that impact M-N-C catalysts (Fe–N–C, in particular) and offer our own perspectives on the future direction of this field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

On the product phases and the reaction kinetics of carbothermic reduction of UO 2 +C at relatively low temperatures

The synthesis of UC using carbothermic reduction of UO 2 and C mixtures has been well studied at high temperatures. However, the product phase behavior of carbothermic reduction at low temperatures (≤1773 K) is not well studied. Such a study is important as low temperatures permit single phase UC synthesis without forming secondary higher carbides, and it further supports the knowledge base of the process that needs to be used for transuranic elements such as plutonium that have high vapor pressures at elevated temperatures. Therefore, a low temperature carbothermic reduction of two different C/UO 2 molar ratios under inert and reducing environments have been studied here. Two different sample holding crucibles, alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) and graphite, were also used here to differentiate the hypostoichiometric (UC 1-a ) and oxygen dissolved (UC 1-x O x ) uranium monocarbide phases adding more details on the two systems. Also, the reaction kinetics involved in the formation of UC via the carbothermic reduction of UO 2 +C using product phases instead of evolved gases such as carbon monoxide is reported here. Under inert atmospheres but with significant oxygen partial pressures, the low temperature carbothermic reduction of UO 2 +C produced up to 90 wt.% UC 1-x O x type oxycarbides as was confirmed by Xray powder diffraction. Reducing Ar-4%H 2 environments at these temperatures were not successful in synthesizing UC as it reduces the amount of C required for the carbothermic reduction, leaving UC phase at a non-equilibrium state. Inert atmospheres with low or negligible oxygen partial pressures on the other hand produced near stoichiometric UC at high phase purity, especially at 1673 – 1773 K temperature range. An activation energy of 377±75 kJmol -1 was also calculated using product phase concentrations of the carbothermic reduction of UO 2 +C under these inert Ar (g) atmospheres.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Boosting electrosynthesis of ammonia on surface-engineered MXene Ti 3 C 2

Seeking a breakthrough in the development of efficient nitrogen fixation catalysts has become the frontier of energy and chemical conversion schemes. In this work, we report that the MXene Ti 3 C 2 can serve as a promising catalyst for the electrochemical N 2 reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions. The electrocatalytic performance of Ti 3 C 2 can be further optimized through surface engineering. Specifically, Ti 3 C 2 with the increased surface hydroxyl moieties demonstrates enhanced production of NH 3 with a yield rate of 1.71 μg h -1 cm -2 , a Faradaic efficiency of 7.01% at -0.2 V vs. RHE at 20 °C and an even higher yield rate of 12.46 μg h -1 cm -2 together with a Faradaic efficiency of 9.03% at -0.2 V vs. RHE at 60 °C. The detailed electrochemical analysis suggests that the surface hydroxyl modification can effectively facilitate the electron transfer, surface adsorption and activation of dinitrogen. Our work sheds light on the development of efficient NRR catalysts based on earth-abundant elements.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Rooting MnO 2 into protonated g-C 3 N 4 by intermolecular hydrogen bonding for endurable supercapacitance

Composited electrode materials for energy storage typically benefit from the merits of each component but meanwhile largely suffer from the vulnerable structural integrity during repetitive cycling. Realizing the merely physical attachment in most composited structures being too weak to survive harsh cycling, we report here a facile one-step synthesis strategy with generation of chemical bonds, more specifically, intermolecular hydrogen bonds, to tightly combine each component. Here, we demonstrate this concept by designing a composite featuring MnO 2 nanorods chemically rooted into protonated g-C 3 N 4 , where the protonation of 2D g-C 3 N 4 substrate (pg-C 3 N 4 ), the nucleation/growth of MnO 2 and the formation of hydrogen bonding between pg-C 3 N 4 and MnO 2 simultaneously occur. The obtained composite, when applied for supercapacitive energy storage, yields maximum specific capacitances of 348.4 F·g -1 at a current density of 1.0 A·g -1 as well as a high retention of ~85.0% after 10000 cycles at 6.0 A·g -1 , surpassing most previously reported composited electrode materials based on either MnO 2 or g-C 3 N 4 . Finally, we expect this work to inspire the synthesis of composited electrode materials with consolidated 3D architecture for endurable energy storage performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Direct 2,3-Butanediol Conversion to Butene-Rich C 3+ Olefins over Copper-Modified 2D Pillared MFI: Consequence of Reduced Diffusion Length

2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO), a critical C 4 platform chemical derived from biomass, syngas, or CO 2 , can be converted to C 3+ olefins, serving as important renewable feedstocks for producing sustainable aviation fuels to decarbonize the hard-to-electrify air transportation sector. Herein, we report a bifunctional Cu-modified diffusion-free 2D pillared MFI catalyst (Cu/PMFI) which can selectively catalyze 2,3-BDO conversion to butene-rich C 3+ olefins (95% selectivity at 97% conversion, 523 K). 2,3-BDO conversion to butenes over Cu/PMFI primarily occurs via methyl ethyl ketone intermediate while 2-methyl propanal is also observed as another minor dehydration product that leads to butene formation. In comparison with a control mesoporous Cu/ZSM-5 sample prepared by the postsynthetic approach, Cu/PMFI shows favorable C 3+ olefin selectivity (95% over Cu/PMFI vs 80% over Cu/ZSM-5 at ~5.1 h TOS). The coke formation over Cu/PMFI is dramatically suppressed by >50% in contrast to Cu/ZSM-5 in 90 h 2,3-BDO conversion due to the reduced diffusion length. Cu/PMFI also favors butene formation and minimizes nonbutene C 3+ olefins by inhibiting the downstream oligomerization and cracking reactions. This study highlights the usefulness of the diffusion-free 2D PMFI materials in catalytic conversion of biomass-derived platform molecules and the significance of diffusion impact on catalyst coke formation and product distributions.

2,3-butanediol↗
DOE OSTI2026

First-principles insights into Si substitution effects in Sm 2 (Fe,Si) 17 C x magnet

The partial substitution of Fe by Si enhances the phase stability of Sm 2 Fe 17 C x magnets with x > 1.0. Here, we elucidate the Si-substitution scheme and its impact on phase stability and magnetic properties in Sm 2 (Fe,Si) 17 C 3 from first-principles calculations and chemical bonding analysis. The calculated substitution energies for Si at various Fe sites are negative, indicating improved phase stability. Si preferentially substitutes Fe atoms at the 9d site in Sm 2 (Fe,Si) 17 C 3 while it tends to enter the Fe 18h site in Sm 2 (Fe,Si) 17 . This difference in site preference is attributed to the distinct chemical environments surrounding the Fe (Si) sites in the two compounds. Si substitution favors the formation of Sm–Si bonds while minimizing the Si–C and Si–Si interactions. Crystal orbital Hamilton populations and crystal orbital bond index calculations indicate that the partial replacement of Fe with Si strengthens the chemical bonding of Sm–Fe 3 (18f) and Sm–Fe 4 (18h) and improves overall phase stability in Sm 2 (Fe,Si) 17 C 3 . Beyond the dilution effect, Si substitution also reduces the magnetic moments of neighboring Fe atoms, a phenomenon linked to the strong Fe–Si bonding. These findings highlight the dual role of Si in modifying both the structural and magnetic characteristics of Sm 2 Fe 17 -based magnetic compounds.

Chemical bonding↗
DOE OSTI2024

Diamond surface functionalization via visible light–driven C–H activation for nanoscale quantum sensing

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising platform for nanoscale NMR sensing. Despite significant progress toward using NV centers to detect and localize nuclear spins down to the single spin level, NV-based spectroscopy of individual, intact, arbitrary target molecules remains elusive. Such sensing requires that target molecules are immobilized within nanometers of NV centers with long spin coherence. The inert nature of diamond typically requires harsh functionalization techniques such as thermal annealing or plasma processing, limiting the scope of functional groups that can be attached to the surface. Solution-phase chemical methods can be readily generalized to install diverse functional groups, but they have not been widely explored for single-crystal diamond surfaces. Moreover, realizing shallow NV centers with long spin coherence times requires highly ordered single-crystal surfaces, and solution-phase functionalization has not yet been shown with such demanding conditions. In this work, we report a versatile strategy to directly functionalize C–H bonds on single-crystal diamond surfaces under ambient conditions using visible light, forming C–F, C–Cl, C–S, and C–N bonds at the surface. This method is compatible with NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with spin coherence times comparable to the state of the art. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we use shallow ensembles of NV centers to detect nuclear spins from surface-bound functional groups. Our approach to surface functionalization opens the door to deploying NV centers as a tool for chemical sensing and single-molecule spectroscopy.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Zymogen and activated protein C have similar structural architecture

Activated protein C is a trypsin-like protease with anticoagulant and cytoprotective properties that is generated by thrombin from the zymogen precursor protein C in a reaction greatly accelerated by the cofactor thrombomodulin. The molecular details of this activation remain elusive due to the lack of structural information. We now fill this gap by providing information on the overall structural organization of these proteins using single molecule Förster resonance energy transfer and small angle X-ray scattering. Under physiological conditions, both zymogen and protease adopt a conformation with all domains vertically aligned along an axis 76 Å long and maximal particle size of 120 Å. This conformation is stabilized by binding of Ca 2+ to the Gla domain and is affected minimally by interaction with thrombin. Hence, the zymogen protein C likely interacts with the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex through a rigid body association that produces a protease with essentially the same structural architecture. This scenario stands in contrast to an analogous reaction in the coagulation cascade where conversion of the zymogen prothrombin to the protease meizothrombin by the prothrombinase complex is linked to a large conformational transition of the entire protein. The presence of rigid EGF domains in protein C as opposed to kringles in prothrombin likely accounts for the different conformational plasticity of the two zymogens. The new structural features reported here for protein C have general relevance to vitamin K-dependent clotting factors containing EGF domains, such as factors VII, IX, and X.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

A15 Nb 3 Si: a ‘high’ T c superconductor synthesized at a pressure of one megabar and metastable at ambient conditions

A15 Nb 3 Si is, until now, the only 'high' temperature superconductor produced at high pressure (~110 GPa) that has been successfully brought back to room pressure conditions in a metastable condition. Based on the current great interest in trying to create metastable-at-room-pressure high temperature superconductors produced at high pressure, we have restudied explosively compressed A15 Nb 3 Si and its production from tetragonal Nb 3 Si. First, diamond anvil cell pressure measurements up to 88 GPa were performed on explosively compressed A15 Nb 3 Si material to trace T c as a function of pressure. T c is suppressed to ~5.2 K at 88 GPa. Then, using these T c (P) data for A15 Nb 3 Si, pressures up to 92 GPa were applied at room temperature (which increased to 120 GPa at 5 K) on tetragonal Nb 3 Si. Measurements of the resistivity gave no indication of any A15 structure production, i.e. no indications of the superconductivity characteristic of A15 Nb 3 Si. This is in contrast to the explosive compression (up to P ~ 110 GPa) of tetragonal Nb 3 Si, which produced 50%–70% A15 material, T c = 18 K at ambient pressure, in a 1981 Los Alamos National Laboratory experiment. This implies that the accompanying high temperature (1000 °C) caused by explosive compression is necessary to successfully drive the reaction kinetics of the tetragonal → A15 Nb 3 Si structural transformation. Our theoretical calculations show that A15 Nb 3 Si has an enthalpy vs the tetragonal structure that is 70 meV atom –1 smaller at 100 GPa, while at ambient pressure the tetragonal phase enthalpy is lower than that of the A15 phase by 90 meV atom –1 . Furthermore, the fact that 'annealing' the A15 explosively compressed material at room temperature for 39 years has no effect shows that slow kinetics can stabilize high pressure metastable phases at ambient conditions over long times even for large driving forces of 90 meV atom –1 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Substantial reduction of the anisotropy in the critical current densities J c of Ni-doped CaKFe 4 As 4 single crystals by chemical and irradiation-induced disorder

Here, we demonstrate that the anisotropy in the critical current densities, J c , of CaK(Fe 1–x Ni x ) 4 As 4 (x = 0, 0.015, 0.025, and 0.030) single crystals reduces with increasing chemical and irradiation-induced disorder. The magnetic field dependences of J c are analyzed by performing magnetization measurements with H applied parallel and perpendicular to the crystallographic c-axis. The results show that undoped crystals display large anisotropies in Jc due to an enhancement of the vortex pinning with H applied parallel to the crystallographic ab-planes. This anisotropy reduces substantially as Ni addition increases. Moreover, we found that random disorder introduced by proton irradiation enhances mainly the vortex pinning for H parallel to the c-axis. Consequently, using adequate fluencies, the vortex pinning at low temperatures in both undoped and doped samples becomes close to isotropic. These results make the CaKFe 4 As 4 system promising for applications that require isotropic J c under magnetic fields.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rapid assessment of REBCO CC angular critical current density J c (B, T = 4.2 K, θ) using torque magnetometry up to at least 30 tesla

Abstract Detailed design of REBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x (REBCO)-based magnets ideally relies on knowledge of the full angular and wide temperature range characterization of the critical current I c of the REBCO coated conductors (CC) at high magnetic fields. In practice, however, obtaining I c ( B , T , θ ) data by the commonly used electrical transport technique is expensive, tedious, and difficult, due to high critical current values that exceed 2000 A for B | | a b -plane ( θ = 90 deg). The conductors are often damaged during angular transport measurements at angles approaching the ab -plane. Therefore, so far, REBCO magnets have been designed without full I c ( B , T , θ ) data sets. Here, we present J c ( B , T , θ ) results for more than twenty samples of CC all made to the same advanced pinning specification produced by SuperPower Inc. For this, we employed torque magnetometry, benchmarking the results to transport I c measurements mostly made away from ab -plane, finding good agreement with scaling factors ≈1–1.3. What is striking is the huge variety of properties exhibited by the samples, even for CC made recently. Given the huge attention now being paid to the effects of screening currents and to the torques generated by offsets between the tape plane and the local magnetic field vector, our data set suggests some caution in detailed design of such magnets without having data of the type presented here.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Investigation of secondary γ -ray angular distributions using the N 15 ( p , α 1 γ ) C * 12 reaction

The observation of secondary γ-rays provides an alternative method of measuring cross sections that populate excited final states in nuclear reactions. The angular distributions of these γ-rays also provide information on the underlying reaction mechanism. Despite a large amount of data of this type in the literature, publicly available R-matrix codes do not have the ability to calculate these types of angular distributions. In this report, the mathematical formalism derived in Brune and deBoer is implemented in the R-matrix code AZURE2 and calculations are compared with previous data from the literature for the 15 N( p, α1γ ) 12 C* reaction. In addition, new measurements, made at the University of Notre Dame Nuclear Science Laboratory using the Hybrid Array of Gamma Ray Detectors (HAGRiD), are reported that span an energy range from E p = 0.88 to 4.0 MeV. Excellent agreement between data and the phenomenological fit is obtained up to the limit of the previous fit at E p = 2.0 MeV and the R-matrix fit is extended from E x ≈ 13.5 up to E x ≈ 15.3 MeV, where 15 N+p and 12 C+α reactions are fit simultaneously for the first time. An excellent reproduction of the 15 N( p, α1γ ) 12 C* and 12 C(α, α) 12 C data is achieved, but inconsistencies and difficulty in fitting other data is encountered and discussed.

6 ≤ A ≤ 19↗