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At least 739 records · Page 41
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Uncertainty analysis of wavelet-based feature extraction for isotope identification on NaI gamma-ray spectra

Low-resolution isotope identifiers are widely deployed for nuclear security purposes, but these detectors currently demonstrate problems in making correct identifications in many typical usage scenarios. While there are many hardware alternatives and improvements that can be made, performance on existing low resolution isotope identifiers should be able to be improved by developing new identification algorithms. We have developed a wavelet-based peak extraction algorithm and an implementation of a Bayesian classifier for automated peak-based identification. The peak extraction algorithm has been extended to compute uncertainties in the peak area calculations. To build empirical joint probability distributions of the peak areas and uncertainties, a large set of spectra were simulated in MCNP6 and processed with the wavelet-based feature extraction algorithm. Kernel density estimation was then used to create a new component of the likelihood function in the Bayesian classifier. Furthermore, identification performance is demonstrated on a variety of real low-resolution spectra, including Category I quantities of special nuclear material.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Dynamic-Feature Extraction, Attribution and Reconstruction (DEAR) Method for Power System Model Reduction

In interconnected power systems, dynamic model reduction can be applied on generators outside the area of interest to mitigate the computational cost with transient stability studies. This paper presents an approach of deriving the reduced dynamic model of the external area based on dynamic response measurements, which comprises of three steps, dynamic-feature extraction, attribution and reconstruction (DEAR). In the DEAR approach, a feature extraction technique, such as singular value decomposition (SVD), is applied to the measured generator dynamics after a disturbance. Characteristic generators are then identified in the feature attribution step for matching the extracted dynamic features with the highest similarity, forming a suboptimal ‘basis’ of system dynamics. In the reconstruction step, generator state variables such as rotor angles and voltage magnitudes are approximated with a linear combination of the characteristic generators, resulting in a quasi-nonlinear reduced model of the original external system. Network model is un-changed in the DEAR method. Tests on several IEEE standard systems show that the proposed method gets better reduction ratio and response errors than the traditional coherency aggregation methods.

Dynamic response, model reduction, orthogonal deco↗
DOE OSTI2018

Extraction Separation of Rare Earth Elements of the Medium Group with Isomolar Mixtures of Aliquat{sup ®}336–TBP and Cyanex{sup ®}572–TBP from Nitric Solutions

The results of extraction separation of the medium group of rare earth elements in the composition of the concentrate of JSC SMF with isomolar mixtures of Aliquat{sup ®}336–TBP and Cyanex{sup ®}572–TBP from nitric solutions are discussed. The influence of acidity of an aqueous solution on separation factors of representative pairs of REE and on the value of the capacity of mixtures of extractants is studied. The possibility of extraction separation on the lines of Sm–Gd and Eu–Gd (Aliquat{sup ®}336–TBP) and on the line of Eu–Sm (Cyanex{sup ®}572–TBP) is shown.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Effect of high pressure homogenization on aqueous phase solvent extraction of lipids from Nannochloris Oculata microalgae

The ability to extract lipids from high-moisture Nannochloris Oculata algal biomass disrupted with high pressure homogenization was investigated. During the first phase, the effect of high pressure homogenization (system pressure and number of passes) on disrupting aqueous algae (of different concentrations and degree of stress) was investigated. Secondly, the effect of degree of cell wall disruption on the amount of lipids extracted with three solvents, namely: hexane, dichloromethane and chloroform, were compared. Studies reveled that high pressure homogenization is effective on cell disruption while the amount of system pressure being the most significant factor affecting the degree of cell breakage. Although the number of passes had some impact, the level of disruption seemed to level-off after a certain number of passes. The study revealed that slightly polar solvents (such as chloroform and dichloromethane) performed better in aqueous-phase lipid extractions as compared to hexane. Also, it was revealed that it was not necessary to disrupt the algal cells completely to achieve appreciable levels of lipid yields. In fact, conditions that exerted only 20% of the cells to completely disrupt, allowed sufficient damage to liberate most of the lipids contained in the remainder of the cells.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Detailed Hydrographic Feature Extraction from High-Resolution LiDAR Data

Detailed hydrographic feature extraction from high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data is investigated. Methods for quantitatively evaluating and comparing such extractions are presented, including the use of sinuosity and longitudinal root-mean-square-error (LRMSE). These metrics are then used to quantitatively compare stream networks in two studies. The first study examines the effect of raster cell size on watershed boundaries and stream networks delineated from LiDAR-derived digital elevation models (DEMs). The study confirmed that, with the greatly increased resolution of LiDAR data, smaller cell sizes generally yielded better stream network delineations, based on sinuosity and LRMSE. The second study demonstrates a new method of delineating a stream directly from LiDAR point clouds, without the intermediate step of deriving a DEM. Direct use of LiDAR point clouds could improve efficiency and accuracy of hydrographic feature extractions. The direct delineation method developed herein and termed “mDn”, is an extension of the D8 method that has been used for several decades with gridded raster data. The method divides the region around a starting point into sectors, using the LiDAR data points within each sector to determine an average slope, and selecting the sector with the greatest downward slope to determine the direction of flow. An mDn delineation was compared with a traditional grid-based delineation, using TauDEM, and other readily available, common stream data sets. Although, the TauDEM delineation yielded a sinuosity that more closely matches the reference, the mDn delineation yielded a sinuosity that was higher than either the TauDEM method or the existing published stream delineations. Furthermore, stream delineation using the mDn method yielded the smallest LRMSE.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Extraction-Scrub-Strip test results from the interim Salt Disposition Program Macrobatch 9 Tank 21H qualification samples

Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) analyzed samples from Tank 21H in support of qualification of Macrobatch (Salt Batch) 9 for the Interim Salt Disposition Program (ISDP). The Salt Batch 9 characterization results were previously reported. An Extraction-Scrub-Strip (ESS) test was performed to determine cesium distribution ratios (D (Cs) ) and cesium concentration in the strip effluent and decontaminated salt solution (DSS) streams; this data will be used by Tank Farm Engineering to project a cesium decontamination factor (DF). This test used actual Tank 21H material, and a blend solvent prepared by SRNL that mimics the solvent composition currently being used at the Modular Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU). The ESS test showed acceptable performance with an extraction D (Cs) value of 52.4. This value is consistent with results from previous salt batch ESS tests using similar solvent formulations. This compares well against the predicted value of 56.5 from a recently created D (Cs) model

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2017

Final Report DOE SSL Grant (No. DE-EE0006673) Advanced Light Extraction Structure for OLED Lighting

The innovation proposed in this grant is to demonstrate a novel internal light extraction (ILE) design that can maximize the energy efficiency of Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) lighting devices without negatively impacting the device voltage, efficacy or angular color dependences. Even though, OLEDs have unique features compared to its inorganic counterparts, LEDs, in terms of technology development and market readiness levels, it still lags LEDs by several years. The main challenges as identified in the National Research Council’s 2013 Assessment on Solid State Lighting, are the cost of the materials and the low light extraction efficacy [1]. Improving the light extraction will improve both the $/Klm and lm/W, two important metrics DOE uses to measure the cost effectiveness of a light source.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Printed Anodes and Internal Light Extraction Layers on Flexible Glass to Create Cost Effective and High Efficacy Bendable OLED Lighting Panels

In this project, OLEDWorks developed a high efficacy and cost-effective flexible OLED lighting system which could reduce the cost of OLED light by introducing a combination of printable and scalable scattering type internal light extraction (ILE) and transparent conductive silver nanowire technologies that are compatible with roll-to-roll (R2R) processing methods. High efficacy was achieved by co-optimization of the internal light extraction, silver nanowire and ITO anodes, and stacked white OLED structure to reduce unwanted absorption, increase the outcoupling efficiency, and lower the OLED voltage. At the end of Phase I of this project a power efficacy of 90 lm/W was demonstrated in a flexible OLED lighting device based on ultrathin bendable glass. Without much additional work, the milestone of 100 lm/W is certainly within reach, and with further work on light extraction and white OLED materials, we believe 120 lm/W or higher is achievable within the next few years.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

Life Cycle Analysis of Natural Gas Extraction and Power Generation

Natural gas is considered a cleaner burning and more flexible alternative to other fossil fuels today. It is used in residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation applications in addition to having an expanding role in power production. However, the primary component of natural gas is methane, which is also a powerful greenhouse gas (GHG). Methane losses from natural gas extraction vary geographically and by extraction technology. This analysis inventories the GHG emissions from extraction, processing, and transmission of natural gas to large end users, and the combustion of that natural gas to produce electricity. In addition to GHG emissions, this analysis inventories other air emissions, water quality, water use, land use, and resource energy metrics.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Selective hydrothermal extraction of lanthanides: Mimicking natural ore-forming processes [Slides]

Rare Earth Elements (REE) consumption in the US was 20,000 metric ton in 2018. China controls 97% of the global REE market. The aims for new technology are to 1. Avoid investing in extraction of cheap LREE, extract M/HREE only → increase the value of the intermediate/final product, 2. Exclude extraction and concentration of U and Th → avoid investment in rad remediation, and 3. Maximize environmental friendliness of the technology. Hints from nature can aid in achieving these amis.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2021

National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Resource Extraction Sector Technology Roadmap 2021

The National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) is a research consortium formed to accelerate transformative research in desalination and treatment to lower the cost and energy required to produce clean water from nontraditional water sources and realize a circular water economy. NAWI’s goal is to enable the manufacturing of energy-efficient desalination technologies in the United States at a lower cost with the same (or higher) quality and reduced environmental impact for 90 percent of nontraditional water sources within the next 10 years. The nontraditional source waters of interest include brackish water; seawater; produced and extracted water; power, mining, industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste waters. When these desalination and treatment technologies are fully developed and utilized, they will be able to contribute to the water needs for many existing end-use sectors. NAWI has identified five end-use sectors that are critical to the U.S. economy for further exploration: Power, Resource Extraction, Industry, Municipal, and Agriculture (PRIMA). This Resource Extraction Sector roadmap aims to advance desalination and treatment of nontraditional source waters for beneficial use in public water supplies by identifying research and development (R&D) opportunities that help overcome existing treatment challenges. Under NAWI’s vision, the transition from a linear to a circular water economy with nontraditional source waters will be achieved by advancing desalination and reuse technologies in six key areas: Autonomous operations, Precision separations, Resilient treatment and transport, Intensified brine management, Modular membrane systems, and Electrified treatment systems, collectively known as the A-PRIME areas. Technological advances in these different areas will enable nontraditional source waters to achieve pipe parity with traditional supplies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Extraction, Scrub, and Strip Test Results for the IBC BOBCalix Solvent Samples

A second vendor for solvent extraction components has been chosen for use at the Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF). IBC Advanced Technologies (IBC) has provided samples of their BOBCalix, as well as complete solvent. These samples were tested for quality assurance purposes to ensure their use at SWPF is acceptable. Two Extraction, Scrub, and Strip (ESS) tests were performed on solvent samples from IBC. The purpose of testing these samples was to determine if the solvents are displaying the correct extraction and stripping behavior with cesium.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Economic Extraction and Recovery of REEs and Production of Clean Value-Added Products from Low-Rank Coal Fly Ash

TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Washington, DC, June 13–15, 2022. The University of North Dakota (UND) Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) teamed with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; the North Dakota Industrial Commission Lignite Research Program; and commercial partners Basin Electric Power Cooperative, Great River Energy, and Southern Company to execute a Cooperative Agreement funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) focused on identifying unique pathways and pretreatments to extract rare-earth elements (REEs) from low-rank coal (LRC) ash in a more economical and environmentally benign manner than current methods. By focusing on minimizing process steps and consumptive use of extraction solutions, a tunable, economically viable process for REE extraction from LRC ash was developed.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2026

Extracting Critical Metals from Authentic Bauxite Residue

Securing domestic sources of critical minerals (CM) is paramount to ensuring a robust and self-sustaining technology infrastructure. Utilizing untapped non-conventional sources, like acid mine drainage, coal ash, bauxite residue/red mud, and more is an emerging approach that addresses this national concern while identifying new value-added pathways originating from waste streams. Red mud is a byproduct of the Bayer process that produces alumina and contains a wealth of CM – 50 µg/g Ga, 2.9 mg/g total rare earth elements plus yttrium, 12 mg/g Mn, 58 mg/g Al, and others. About 170 MM tonnes of red mud are co-produced annually alongside the 142 MM tonnes of alumina generated, highlighting the abundancy of this feedstock. In this work, different strategies were explored for extracting CM from authentic bauxite residue that involve thermal heating, microwave heating, and sonication all with different acids and buffers. CM recovery was then explored one step further by testing the adsorption of the extracted metals onto NETL’s Multi-functional Sorbent Technology (MUST). Microwave treatment of red mud proved the most effective CM extraction, whereas sonication was less desirable due to scale-up concerns. Successful recovery of CM from this leachate with MUST supports further studies toward optimizing the overall process.

bauxite residue↗
DOE OSTI2017

Rapid Nucleic Acid Extraction and Purification Using a Miniature Ultrasonic Technique

Miniature ultrasonic lysis for biological sample preparation is a promising technique for efficient and rapid extraction of nucleic acids and proteins from a wide variety of biological sources. Acoustic methods achieve rapid, unbiased, and efficacious disruption of cellular membranes while avoiding the use of harsh chemicals and enzymes, which interfere with detection assays. In this work, a miniature acoustic nucleic acid extraction system is presented. Using a miniature bulk acoustic wave (BAW) transducer array based on 36° Y-cut lithium niobate, acoustic waves were coupled into disposable laminate-based microfluidic cartridges. To verify the lysing effectiveness, the amount of liberated ATP and the cell viability were measured and compared to untreated samples. The relationship between input power, energy dose, flow-rate, and lysing efficiency were determined. DNA was purified on-chip using three approaches implemented in the cartridges: a silica-based sol-gel silica-bead filled microchannel, nucleic acid binding magnetic beads, and Nafion-coated electrodes. Using E. coli, the lysing dose defined as ATP released per joule was 2.2× greater, releasing 6.1× more ATP for the miniature BAW array compared to a bench-top acoustic lysis system. An electric field-based nucleic acid purification approach using Nafion films yielded an extraction efficiency of 69.2% in 10 min for 50 µL samples.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Vibrational spectroscopy for online monitoring of extraction solvent degradation products

In our research, we are exploring the potential of online monitoring of the organic solvents for the flowsheets relevant to the used nuclear fuel reprocessing and tributyl phosphate (TBP)- based extraction processes in particular. Utilization of vibrational spectroscopic techniques permits the discrimination of the degradation products from the primary constituents of the loaded extraction solvent. Multivariate analysis of the spectral data facilitates development of the regression models for their quantification in real time and potentially enables online implementation of a monitoring system. Raman and FTIR spectral databases were created and used to develop the regression partial least squares (PLS) chemometric models for the quantitative prediction of HDBP (dibutyl phosphoric acid) degradation product, TBP, and UO{sub 2}{sup 2+} extraction organic product phase. It was demonstrated that both these spectroscopic techniques are suitable for the quantification of the Purex solvent components in the presence of UO{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}. Developed PLS models successfully predicted HDBP and TBP organic concentrations in simulated Purex solutions.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Study on the dynamic holdup distribution of the pulsed extraction column

In the study, a CSTR cascade dynamic hydraulic model was developed to investigate the dynamic holdup distribution of the pulsed extraction column. It is assumed that the dynamic process of the dispersed phase holdup of pulsed extraction column has equal effects with the operational process of multiple cascade CSTRs. The process is consistent with the following assumptions: the holdups vary on different stages but maintain uniform on each stage; the changes of the hydraulic parameters have impact initially on the inlet of dispersed phase, and stability will be reached gradually through stage-by-stage blending. The model was tested and verified utilizing time domain response curves of the average holdup. Nearly 150 experiments were carried out with different capillary columns, various feed liquids, and diverse continuous phases and under different operation conditions. The regression curves developed by the model show a good consistency with the experimental results. After linking parameters of the model with operational conditions, the study further found that the parameters are only linearly correlated with pulse conditions and have nothing to do with flow rate for a specific pulsed extraction column. The accuracy of the model is measured by the average holdup, and the absolute error is ±0.01. The model can provide supports for the boundary studies on hydraulics and mass transfer by making simple and reliable prediction of the dynamic holdup distribution, with relatively less accessible hydraulic experimental data. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Feasibility of actinide separation from UREX-like raffinates using a combination of sulfur- and oxygen-donor extractants

A synergistic combination of bis(o-trifluoromethylphenyl)dithios-phosphinic acid and trioctylphosphine oxide has been recently shown to selectively remove uranium, neptunium, plutonium and americium from aqueous environment containing up to 0.5 M nitric acid and 5.5 g/l fission products. Here the feasibility of performing this complete actinide recovery from aqueous mixtures is forecasted for a new organic formulation containing sulfur donor extractant of modified structure based on Am(III) and Eu(III) extraction data. A mixture of bis(bis-m,m-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-dithios-phosphinic acid and TOPO in toluene enhances the extraction performance, accomplishing Am/Eu differentiation in aqueous mixtures up to 1 M nitric acid. The new organic recipe is also less susceptible to oxidative damage resulting from radiolysis. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗