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At least 739 records · Page 41

Learning compact physics‐aware delayed photocurrent models using dynamic mode decomposition

Abstract Radiation‐induced photocurrent in semiconductor devices can be simulated using complex physics‐based models, which are accurate, but computationally expensive. This presents a challenge for implementing device characteristics in high‐level circuit simulations where it is computationally infeasible to evaluate detailed models for multiple individual circuit elements. In this work we demonstrate a procedure for learning compact delayed photocurrent models that are efficient enough to implement in large‐scale circuit simulations, but remain faithful to the underlying physics. Our approach utilizes dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), a system identification technique for learning reduced‐order discrete‐time dynamical systems from time series data based on singular value decomposition. To obtain physics‐aware device models, we simulate the excess carrier density induced by radiation pulses by solving numerically the ambipolar diffusion equation, then use the simulated internal state as training data for the DMD algorithm. Our results show that the significantly reduced‐order delayed photocurrent models obtained via this method accurately approximate the dynamics of the internal excess carrier density—which can be used to calculate the induced current at the device boundaries—while remaining compact enough to incorporate into larger circuit simulations.

Hanson, Joshua↗

Plant-specific Model and Data Analysis using Dynamic Security Modeling and Simulation

The requirements for U.S. nuclear power plants to maintain a large on-site physical security force contribute to their high operational costs. The cost of maintaining the current physical security posture is approximately 10% of the overall operation and maintenance budget for commercial nuclear power plants. The goal of the Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) program’s physical security pathway is to develop tools, methods, and technologies and provide the technical basis for an optimized physical security posture. The conservatisms built into current security postures may be analyzed and minimized in order to reduce security costs while still ensuring adequate security and operational safety. The research performed at Idaho National Laboratory within LWRS program’s physical security pathway has successfully developed a dynamic force-on-force modeling framework using various computer simulation tools and integrating them with the dynamic assessment Event Modeling Risk Assessment using Linked Diagrams (EMRALD) tool. This document provides an update on the progress in applying a dynamic computational framework that links results from a commercially available force-on-force simulation tool, a commercially available thermal-hydraulic tool, and EMRALD to an operating commercial nuclear power plant. This report is only a summary of the progress and does not contain specific modeling results as those contain sensitive security information. This process of including plant procedures and multiple analysis results is being called Modeling and Analysis for Safety Security using Dynamic EMRALD Framework or MASS-DEF. Previous reports described how a user could integrate their plant-specific force-on-force models with the dynamic simulation tool EMRALD, model operator actions, integrate with probabilistic risk assessment tools, such as CAFTA (Computer Aided Fault Tree Analysis System) or SAPHIRE (Systems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluations), and with thermal-hydraulic tools, such as RELAP-5. Previous reports applied various combinations of available simulations codes with EMRALD using generic plant models to demonstrate how to perform the analysis. This report documents the results of applying the dynamic computational framework to an actual nuclear facility using their security scenarios and timelines. This report does not contain any plant's sensitive information and/or Safeguards Information. The purpose of this study was to verify that results achieved using generic models are similar to actual plant results and to refine our guidance on the use of the framework. This assessment enables further analysis, such as what-if scenarios and staff-reduction evaluation, thereby optimizing physical security at plants.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Analysis of an unswept propfan blade with a semiempirical dynamic stall model

The time history response of a propfan wind tunnel model with dynamic stall is studied analytically. The response obtained from the analysis is compared with available experimental data. The governing equations of motion are formulated in terms of blade normal modes which are calculated using the COSMIC-NASTRAN computer code. The response analysis considered the blade plunging and pitching motions. The lift, drag and moment coefficients for angles of attack below the static stall angle are obtained from a quasi-steady theory. For angles above static stall angles, a semiempirical dynamic stall model based on a correction to angle of attack is used to obtain lift, drag and moment coefficients. Using these coefficients, the aerodynamic forces are calculated at a selected number of strips, and integrated to obtain the total generalized forces. The combined momentum-blade element theory is used to calculate the induced velocity. The semiempirical stall model predicted a limit cycle oscillation near the setting angle at which large vibratory stresses were observed in an experiment. The predicted mode and frequency of oscillation also agreed with those measured in the experiment near the setting angle.

Reddy, T. S. R.↗

Applying Particle Swarm Optimization and Extended Kalman Filtering to Model Kaplan Generation Dynamics for Hydropower Systems

Variable renewable generation is increasing the need for hydropower plants to provide fast and flexible grid support, which places new demands on plant-level dynamic models used for monitoring, control, and operational decision-making. This need is especially important for hydroelectric systems, where turbine and generator dynamics are strongly coupled, nonlinear, and time-varying, making accurate real-time representation difficult. To address this problem, this paper develops a digital twin (DT) framework for a synchronous generator–Kaplan turbine system using an explicit separation of slow turbine dynamics and fast generator dynamics. The turbine subsystem is represented by a six-coefficient model, whose parameters are identified offline using particle swarm optimization, while the generator subsystem is updated online through an extended Kalman filter for real-time state and parameter estimation. These models are integrated within a closed-loop simulation that includes a proportional–integral–derivative–double-derivative governor and excitation system, allowing the DT to track plant behavior under realistic operating conditions. Unlike prior studies that treat turbine and generator modeling separately or rely mainly on simulated inputs, the proposed framework is validated using real operational data from a hydropower plant. Results show that the DT reproduces terminal voltage, active power, and reactive power with a normalized root mean square error of approximately 5%. This hybrid offline–online formulation constitutes the main contribution of the work, providing an adaptive and practically deployable DT for hydropower systems with direct relevance to control improvement, performance monitoring, and grid-support applications under high renewable penetration.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

On incorporating damping and gravity effects in models of structural dynamics of the SCOLE configuration

The damping for structural dynamic models of flexible spacecraft is usually ignored and then added after modal frequencies and mode shapes are calculated. It is common practice to assume the same damping ratio for all modes, although it is known that damping due to bending and that due to torsion are sometimes ignored. Two methods of including damping in the modeling process from its onset are examined. First, the partial derivative equations of motion are analyzed for a pinned-pinned beam with damping. The end conditions are altered to handle bodies with mass and inertia for the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) configuration. Second, a massless beam approximation is used for the modes with low frequencies, and a clamped-clamped system is used to approximate the modes for arbitrarily high frequency. The model is then modified to include gravity effects and is compared with experimental results.

Taylor, Larry↗

External nozzle flap dynamic load measurements on F-15 S/MTD model

Dynamic pressure loads were obtained on 1/12 scale models of the F-15B production aircraft and the F-15 S/MTD experimental aircraft with rectangular nozzles and canards. Flight Mach numbers from 0.51 to 1.20 were studied for aircraft angles of attack from 0 to 10 deg and nozzle pressure ratios from 1.00 to 5.09. The results show that dynamic levels are lower in the internozzle region of twin rectangular nozzles than are levels found with twin axisymmetric nozzles. At other locations, the levels associated with both geometries are of the same order of magnitude when normalized by aircraft dynamic Q. At Mach number of 0.51, the loads spectrum is dominated by plume shock noise processes for both geometries. Above Mach 0.51, this mechanism is associated with either vortex bursting from a forward location or turbulent boundary layer separation over the nozzle external flaps. At supersonic speeds both geometries show significantly decreased load levels.

Seiner, John M.↗

Moving beyond post hoc explainable artificial intelligence: a perspective paper on lessons learned from dynamical climate modeling

AI models are criticized as being black boxes, potentially subjecting climate science to greater uncertainty. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has been proposed to probe AI models and increase trust. In this review and perspective paper, we suggest that, in addition to using XAI methods, AI researchers in climate science can learn from past successes in the development of physics-based dynamical climate models. Dynamical models are complex but have gained trust because their successes and failures can sometimes be attributed to specific components or sub-models, such as when model bias is explained by pointing to a particular parameterization. We propose three types of understanding as a basis to evaluate trust in dynamical and AI models alike: (1) instrumental understanding, which is obtained when a model has passed a functional test; (2) statistical understanding, obtained when researchers can make sense of the modeling results using statistical techniques to identify input–output relationships; and (3) component-level understanding, which refers to modelers' ability to point to specific model components or parts in the model architecture as the culprit for erratic model behaviors or as the crucial reason why the model functions well. We demonstrate how component-level understanding has been sought and achieved via climate model intercomparison projects over the past several decades. Such component-level understanding routinely leads to model improvements and may also serve as a template for thinking about AI-driven climate science. Currently, XAI methods can help explain the behaviors of AI models by focusing on the mapping between input and output, thereby increasing the statistical understanding of AI models. Yet, to further increase our understanding of AI models, we will have to build AI models that have interpretable components amenable to component-level understanding. We give recent examples from the AI climate science literature to highlight some recent, albeit limited, successes in achieving component-level understanding and thereby explaining model behavior. The merit of such interpretable AI models is that they serve as a stronger basis for trust in climate modeling and, by extension, downstream uses of climate model data.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Method of discrete modeling and its application to estimation of TF30 engine variables

A method of discrete modeling is presented that effectively isolates steady state model accuracy from dynamic model accuracy. The steady state model may be generated from the engine design equations with any desired degree of accuracy. The dynamic model is generated by applying a step disturbance of a manipulated variable to an open loop engine simulation. The sampled response of the variable is combined with the steady state model's response to form a set of weighting factors. These weighting factors are then used to weight past values of the manipulated variable, thus forming the dynamic model. The method is used to estimate various TF30-P-3 engine variables. A dynamic trim function is developed to compensate for the dynamic nonlinearities of the variables as well as for inaccuracies in dynamic definition. The trim function is shown to be realted to the square root of the sum of the squares of the weighting factors obtained at various engine operating conditions. Finally, the estimation of variables without dynamic modeling is discussed.

Arpasi, D. J.↗

Short-lead seasonal precipitation forecast in northeastern Brazil using an ensemble of artificial neural networks

This study assesses the deterministic and probabilistic forecasting skill of a 1-month-lead ensemble of Artificial Neural Networks (EANN) based on low-frequency climate oscillation indices. The predictand is the February-April (FMA) rainfall in the Brazilian state of Ceará, which is a prominent subject in climate forecasting studies due to its high seasonal predictability. Additionally, the study proposes combining the EANN with dynamical models into a hybrid multi-model ensemble (MME). The forecast verification is carried out through a leave-one-out cross-validation based on 40 years of data. The EANN forecasting skill is compared with traditional statistical models and the dynamical models that compose Ceará’s operational seasonal forecasting system. A spatial comparison showed that the EANN was among the models with the smallest Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Ranked Probability Score (RPS) in most regions. Moreover, the analysis of the area-aggregated reliability showed that the EANN is better calibrated than the individual dynamical models and has better resolution than Multinomial Logistic Regression for above-normal (AN) and below-normal (BN) categories. It is also shown that combining the EANN and dynamical models into a hybrid MME reduces the overconfidence of the extreme categories observed in a dynamically-based MME, improving the reliability of the forecasting system.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Dynamic Phasor Modeling of Various Multipulse Rectifiers and a VSI Fed by 18-Pulse Asymmetrical Autotransformer Rectifier Unit for Fast Transient Analysis

To study the fast modelling of dynamic characteristics caused by power electronic switching, the dynamic phasor (DP) theory based on the time-varying Fourier decomposition and frequency shifting is firstly applied to the modelling of various multipulse rectifiers. The DP model for symmetrical 12-pulse phase-shifting reactor rectifier unit (PSR-RU) is derived with model order reduction, relations between ac and dc terminals, and Taylor series expansion. The DP model of asymmetrical 18-pulse autotransformer rectifier unit (AT-RU) is proposed based on the switching functions expressed in the DP domain. Meanwhile, the DP model of voltage source inverter (VSI) fed by asymmetrical 18-pulse AT-RU is built with the harmonic state-space (HSS) equations. Under both balanced and unbalanced conditions, the good calculation accuracy and rapid simulation speed of the developed DP models are validated by the detailed time-domain (TD) simulation.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Characteristics of 3-D transport simulations of the stratosphere and mesosphere

A 3D mechanistic, primitive-equation model of the stratosphere and mesosphere is coupled to an offline spectral transport model. The dynamics model is initialized with and forced by observations so that the coupled models may be used to study specific episodes. Results are compared with those obtained by transport online in the dynamics model. Although some differences are apparent, the results suggest that coupling of the models to a comprehensive photochemical package will provide a useful tool for studying the evolution of constituents in the middle atmosphere during specific episodes.

Fairlie, T. D. A.↗

Human dynamic orientation model applied to motion simulation

The Ormsby model of dynamic orientation, in the form of a discrete time computer program was used to predict non-visually induced sensations during an idealized coordinated aircraft turn. To predict simulation fidelity, the Ormsby model was used to assign penalties for incorrect attitude and angular rate perceptions. It was determined that a three rotational degree of freedom simulation should remain faithful to attitude perception even at the expense of incorrect angular rate sensations. Implementing this strategy, a simulation profile for the idealized turn was designed for a Link GAT-1 trainer. A simple optokinetic display was added to improve the fidelity of roll rate sensations.

Borah, J. D.↗

A three-dimensional dynamical-chemical model of atmospheric ozone

A three-year integration of a global three-dimensional model including dynamics and simple photochemistry is used to predict ozone. Good agreement with observation is obtained for stratospheric motion patterns, meridional circulations, ozone density as a function of height and latitude, eddy transports of ozone, surface destruction of ozone, and correlations of ozone with other variables. The annual cycle of columnar ozone in high latitudes is present, but at a smaller amplitude than observed. Vertical transport of ozone downward from the main generation level at 30 km is accomplished primarily by small-scale eddy diffusion between 20 and 30 km and again near the ground; large-scale vertical transport dominates in between. The model predicts a secondary maximum in ozone mixing ratio at 45 km somewhat equatorward of the winter polar-night zone. This feature, recently observed from satellite measurements, is thought to be caused by the temperature dependence of reaction rates in the Chapman scheme. The principal deficiency of the model is an underprediction of the spring ozone concentration in high latitudes in the lower stratosphere.

Cunnold, D.↗

Posinstability Models in Dynamics

This paper is devoted to the concept of instability in dynamical systems with the main emphasis ofn Orbital, Hadamard's, and Reynold's instabilities.

instability↗

Dynamic model-based feature extraction for fault detection and diagnosis of a supermarket refrigeration system

With the increasing concerns over climate change and carbon emissions, fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) of low–global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant supermarket refrigeration systems has gained great attention from academic and industrial sectors. Various FDD approaches have been developed to detect, identify, and diagnose faults to save energy, improve food quality, and protect the environment. Here, to mitigate the difficulty of collecting high-quality steady-state operational data in field operations faced by most model-based FDD methods, this study developed dynamic models of a low–GWP refrigerant (CO 2 ) supermarket refrigeration system. The model accuracy was validated using manufacturer data and experimental data. Simulations were conducted to predict the system dynamic response under two common operational faults—evaporator air path blockage fault and the display case door open fault—to identify fault patterns and define key dynamic behavior indexes for supporting FDD algorithm development.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

A dynamic kinetic model captures cell-free metabolism for improved butanol production

Cell-free systems are useful tools for prototyping metabolic pathways and optimizing the production of various bioproducts. Mechanistically-based kinetic models are uniquely suited to analyze dynamic experimental data collected from cell-free systems and provide vital qualitative insight. However, to date, dynamic kinetic models have not been applied with rigorous biological constraints or trained on adequate experimental data to the degree that they would give high confidence in predictions and broadly demonstrate the potential for widespread use of such kinetic models. In this work, we construct a large-scale dynamic model of cell-free metabolism with the goal of understanding and optimizing butanol production in a cell-free system. Using a combination of parameterization methods, the resultant model captures experimental metabolite measurements across two experimental conditions for nine metabolites at timepoints between 0 and 24 hours. Here, we present analysis of the model predictions, provide recommendations for butanol optimization, and identify the aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase as the primary bottleneck in butanol production. Sensitivity analysis further reveals the extent to which various parameters are constrained, and our approach for probing valid parameter ranges can be applied to other modeling efforts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗