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At least 739 records · Page 41
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Precision inclusive Higgs physics at e+e- colliders with tracking detectors and without calorimetry

A primary goal of a future e + e - collider program will be the precision measurement of Higgs boson properties. For practical reasons it is of interest to determine the minimal set of detector specifications required to reach this and other scientific goals. Here we investigate the precision obtainable for the e + e - Zh μ + μ - X inclusive cross section and the Higgs boson mass using the di-muon recoil method, considering a detector that has only an inner tracking system within a solenoidal magnetic field, surrounded by many nuclear interaction lengths of absorbing material, and an outer muon identification system. We find that the sensitivity achievable in these measurements with such a tracking detector is only marginally reduced compared to that expected for a general purpose detector with additional electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter systems. The difference results mainly from multi-photon backgrounds that are not as easily rejected with tracking detectors. We also comment on the prospects for an analogous measurement of the e + e - → Zh → e + e - X inclusive cross section. Finally, we study searches for light scalars utilizing the di-muon recoil method, estimating the projected reach with a tracking or general purpose detector.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Synthesis of CdZnTeSe single crystals for room temperature radiation detector fabrication: mitigation of hole trapping effects using a convolutional neural network

In this article, we report the growth of Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te 0.97 Se 0.03 (CZTS) wide bandgap semiconductor single crystals for room temperature gamma-ray detection using a modified vertical Bridgman method. Charge transport properties measured in the radiation detectors, fabricated from the grown CZTS crystals, indicated signs of hole trapping. Hole traps inhibit high-resolution radiation detection especially for energetic gamma rays. Machine learning (ML) applications are gaining tremendous mpetus in improving device and sensor performance by compensating for limi tations arising from such intrinsic material properties. In this article, we describe a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that has demonstrated remarkable efficiency in identifying the energy of a gamma photon detected by a CZTS detector. The CNN has been trained using simulated data that resemble output pulses from actual CZTS detectors when exposed to 662-keV gamma photons. The device properties required for the simulation have been derived from radiation detection measurements on a real Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te 0.97 Se 0.03 detector fabricated in our laboratory. The CNN has been trained with detector pulses arising through photoelectric (PE) and Compton scattering (CS) separately. The percentage error in predicting the detected energies, within an extremely small duration of 0.28 ms, was found to be lower than 0.1% for gamma energies above 50 keV and for training datasets con taining PE and CS events separately. The CNN was also validated for a mixed PE and CS dataset to obtain a prediction error of 1%. Additionally, the effect of detector resolution on the efficiency of the CNN was also explored.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modeling and Characterization of TES-Based Detectors for the Ricochet Experiment

Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE nu NS) offers a valuable approach in searching for physics beyond the standard model. The Ricochet experiment aims to perform a precision measurement of the CE nu NS spectrum at the Institut Laue-Langevin nuclear reactor with cryogenic solid-state detectors. The experiment plans to employ an array of cryogenic thermal detectors, each with a mass of around 30 g and an energy threshold of below 100 eV. The array includes nine detectors read out by transition-edge sensors (TES). These TES-based detectors will also serve as demonstrators for future neutrino experiments with thousands of detectors. In this article, we present an update on the characterization and modeling of a prototype TES detector.

Chang, C. L.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Full Detector Simulation with Unprecedented Background Occupancy at a Muon Collider

In recent years, a Muon collider has attracted a lot of interest in the high-energy physics community, thanks to its ability of achieving clean interaction signatures at multi-TeV collision energies in the most cost-effective way. Estimation of the physics potential of such an experiment must take into account the impact of beam-induced background on the detector performance, which has to be carefully evaluated using full detector simulation. Tracing of all the background particles entering the detector region in a single bunch crossing is out of reach for any realistic computing facility due to the unprecedented number of such particles. To make it feasible a number of optimisations have been applied to the detector simulation workflow. This contribution presents an overview of the main characteristics of the beam-induced background at a Muon collider, the detector technologies considered for the experiment and how they are taken into account to strongly reduce the number of irrelevant computations performed during the detector simulation. Special attention is dedicated to the optimisation of track reconstruction with the conformal tracking algorithm in this high-occupancy environment, which is the most computationally demanding part of event reconstruction.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

A novel muon detector for borehole density tomography

Muons can be used to image the density of materials through which they pass, including geological structures. Subsurface applications of the technology include tracking fluid migration during injection or production, with increasing concern regarding such timely issues as induced seismicity or chemical leakage into aquifers. Current density monitoring options include gravimetric data collection and active or passive seismic surveys. One alternative, or complement, to these methods is the development of a muon detector that is sufficiently compact and robust for deployment in a borehole. Such a muon detector can enable imaging of density structure to monitor small changes in density – a proxy for fluid migration – at depths up to 1500 m. Such a detector has been developed, and Monte Carlo modeling methods applied to simulate the anticipated detector response. Testing and measurements using a prototype detector in the laboratory and shallow underground laboratory demonstrated robust response. Lastly, a satisfactory comparison with a large drift tube-based muon detector is also presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

Development of an integrated four-channel fast avalanche-photodiode detector system with nanosecond time resolution

In this paper, a four-channel nanosecond time-resolved avalanche-photodiode (APD) detector system is developed at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation. It uses a single module for signal processing and readout. This integrated system provides better reliability and flexibility for custom improvement. The detector system consists of three parts: (i) four APD sensors, (ii) four fast preamplifiers and (iii) a time-digital-converter (TDC) readout electronics. The C30703FH silicon APD chips fabricated by Excelitas are used as the sensors of the detectors. It has an effective light-sensitive area of 10 × 10 mm 2 and an absorption layer thickness of 110 μ m. A fast preamplifier with a gain of 59 dB and bandwidth of 2 GHz is designed to readout of the weak signal from the C30703FH APD. The TDC is realized by a Spartan-6 field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) with multiphase method in a resolution of 1ns. The arrival time of all scattering events between two start triggers can be recorded by the TDC. The detector has been used for nuclear resonant scattering study at both Advanced Photon Source and also at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Finally, for the X-ray energy of 14.4 keV, the time resolution, the full width of half maximum (FWHM) of the detector (APD sensor + fast amplifier) is 0.86 ns, and the whole detector system (APD sensors + fast amplifiers + TDC readout electronics) achieves a time resolution of 1.4 ns.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

Pillar-structured neutron detector based multiplicity system

This work demonstrates the potential of silicon pillars filled with boron-10 as a sensor technology for a compact and portable neutron multiplicity system. Solid-state, semiconductor based neutron detectors may enable completely new detector form factors, offer an alternate approach to helium-3 based systems, and reduce detector weight and volume requirements. Thirty-two pillar-structured neutron detectors were assembled into a system with an active area of over 20 cm 2 and were used in this work to demonstrate the feasibility of this sensor technology as a potential replacement for helium-3 based gas detectors. Multiplicity measurements were successfully carried out using a californium-252 neutron source, in which the source mass, system efficiency, and die-away time were determined. As a result, this demonstration shows that these solid-state detectors could allow for a more compact and portable system that could be used for special nuclear material identification in the field.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Performance of the first 150 mm diameter Cryogenic silicon ionization detectors with contact-free electrodes

Cryogenic semiconductor detectors operated at temperatures below 100 mK are commonly used in particle physics experiments searching for dark matter. The largest such germanium and silicon detectors, with diameters of 100 mm and thickness of 33 mm, are planned for use by the Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SuperCDMS) experiment at SNOLAB, Canada. Still larger individual detectors are being investigated to scale up the sensitive mass of future experiments. We present here the first results of testing two prototype 150 mm diameter silicon ionization detectors. The detectors are 25 mm and 33 mm thick with masses 1.7 and 2.2 times larger than those currently planned for SuperCDMS. These devices were operated with contact-free bias electrodes to minimize leakage currents which currently limit operation at high bias voltages. The results show promise for the use of such technologies in solid state cryogenic detectors.

150 mm↗
DOE OSTI2019

Perovskite CsPbBr 3 Single Crystal Detector for Alpha-Particle Spectroscopy.

Here we report the first spectroscopic alpha particle detection based on CsPbBr 3 detectors with asymmetric contacts. The CsPbBr 3 single crystal was grown from melt using Bridgman method and then fabricated into detectors with different contacts. The In/CsPbBr 3 /Au detector presented a low dark current (~100 nA/cm 2 ) and temporal stable performance under high electric field (1000 V/cm). Such detector demonstrated excellent gamma ray resolving capability with a full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of ~5.9 keV for the 57 Co 122 keV γ ray. The CsPbBr 3 detector was capable of simultaneously resolving both the alpha particle (5.5 MeV) and γ ray (59.5 keV) peaks from 241 Am radiative isotope. The transport properties of CsPbBr 3 were then determined based on the alpha particle spectra and corresponding rise time distributions. The equivalent values of electron and hole mobilities were indicated as 63 and 49 cm 2 /(V∙s) respectively. The calculated electron and hole mobility-lifetime products were 4.5 x 10 -4 and 9.5 x 10 -4 cm 2 /V, respectively, demonstrating superior transport properties of holes over electrons in CsPbBr 3 . As a result, this work widens the scope of perovskite detectors to encompass charged radiation as well as high energy X/γ rays, and will significantly promote and guide further studies on perovskite materials for radiation detection applications.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impulse response measurements of fast scintillator-based current mode detectors

In this study, experimental measurements were performed to characterize the impulse response of seven different gamma ray detector prototypes being considered to be fielded as a current mode diagnostic for neutron-diagnosed subcritical experiments at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). For such experiments, the impulse response of the fielded detector is required to have a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of approximately 5 ns or less and a low amplitude tail. Each of the detector prototypes evaluated in this work were selected based on the potential to meet this performance requirement. An impulse of bremsstrahlung x-rays created from 2 MeV electrons from the NNSS’s Transformational Diagnostics and Imaging, Los Alamos, linear accelerator was measured with each detector. The measured impulse response was evaluated for each detector configuration. A comparison of these impulse responses revealed a relationship between fast timing performance and scintillator material, geometry, surface reflectivity conditions, and photomultiplier tube (PMT) selection. The detector configuration yielding an impulse response with the shortest FWHM of 3.82 ± 0.11 ns and possessing a low amplitude tail was a 5-inch (12.7-cm) diameter, 5-inch (12.7-cm) height cylindrical EJ-399-17-VI liquid scintillator in a black-painted housing coupled to an Adit D798B 5-inch (12.7-cm) PMT by means of a 0.079-inch (0.2-cm) EJ-560 optical coupling pad.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterization and description of a spectrum unfolding method for the $\mathrm{CATRiNA}$ neutron detector array

We report the CATRiNA deuterated neutron detector array at Florida State University consists of 16 2" x 2" and 16 $" x 2" EJ-315 detectors with characteristic light output and pulse-shape discrimination capabilities. The unique properties of the detectors, in part due to the anisotropic nature of (d,n) scattering, are used to extract the energy of neutrons via pulse-height spectrum unfolding. The unfolding method uses the light output and response matrix of the detectors to extract neutron energies, independent of the traditional time-of-flight (ToF) technique. Detailed response matrices of the CATRiNA detectors were measured at the Edwards Accelerator Laboratory at Ohio University via the 9 Be(d,n) and 27 Al(d,n) reactions. Full characterization of the detectors using digital electronics, as well as a description of the unfolding method are reported.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Digital pulse analysis for fast neutron recoil spectroscopy with a 4 He scintillation detector

Helium-4-based fast neutron scintillation detectors are an attractive alternative to pulse-shape discrimination-capable organic scintillators for fast neutron detection and spectroscopy, as the response of the detectors to gamma rays is intrinsically limited to low energy deposition. Consequently, the neutron recoil distribution can be measured with these detectors without the need for pulse shape analysis. In this work, the response of an Arktis S670 4 He scintillation detector to D-D, D-T, and 252 Cf neutrons was measured. The detector has a unique construction and readout mechanism, with multiple output channels observing the same scintillation event, and an analysis method was developed to aggregate the outputs from all channels into a single list. The D-D and D-T neutron responses were used to perform a two-point energy calibration, which yielded a near-zero intercept, suggesting that the 4 He scintillation medium behaves linearly to a higher energy than previously reported, and that a two-point calibration is sufficient for nuclear recoil energies below 9 MeV. As a result, the detector was measured to have 16.7-ns FWHM time resolution when using the developed custom analysis, a reduction of 4.9 ns when compared to the conventional pulse analysis.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Algorithms for coordinate reconstruction in position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid detectors

Arrays of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid (VFG) CdZnTe (CZT) detectors provide a cost-effective solution for integrating large-area arrays for gamma-ray imaging and spectroscopy. These detectors employ high-aspect ratio CZT crystals (bars) with thicknesses up to 50 mm and cross-sections of up to 10 × 10 mm 2 . Despite the long drift distances of charge carriers in such crystals, the detectors have demonstrated excellent performance, achieving energy resolutions better than 1 % full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 662 keV and 3D position resolutions finer than 1 mm. The high spatial resolution is a critical feature of these detectors, as it enables correction of response non-uniformities caused by crystal defects, which remain present even in the highest-quality CZT material. Dislocations and dislocation walls are the primary defects responsible for variations in charge carrier losses as they drift from the interaction points toward the charge-collecting electrodes. The mechanism by which these defects affect carrier transport is generally well understood. Dislocations and sub-grain boundaries act as sinks for carrier-trapping centers, primarily impurities and secondary phases such as tellurium inclusions and precipitates. Here, these regions exhibit significantly higher carrier-trapping rates, leading to variations in the μτ-products. Because the locations of these micron-sized regions are fixed within the detector volume, fluctuations in the total collected charge arise from the random distribution of interaction sites. This results in non-uniform detector responses and degradation of energy resolution. However, by measuring the interaction-site locations with sufficient precision, charge-loss variations can be accurately corrected, allowing recovery of nearly intrinsic energy resolution.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Robustness of the smartpixels classifier for different simulated sensor geometries and non-ideal detector conditions

Pixel tracking detectors at upcoming collider experiments will see unprecedented charged-particle densities. Real-time data reduction on the detector will enable higher granularity and faster readout, possibly enabling the use of the pixel detector in high-rate online event selection, such as the ATLAS or CMS first-level trigger systems. This data reduction can be accomplished with a neural network (NN) in the readout chip bonded with the sensor that recognizes and rejects tracks with low transverse momentum (p T ) based on the geometrical shape of the charge deposition (“cluster”). To design viable detectors for deployment, the dependence of the NN as a function of the sensor geometry, external magnetic field, irradiation, and noise must be understood. In this paper, we present first studies of the efficiency and data reduction for planar pixel sensors exploring these parameters. For the CMS HL-LHC sensor geometry, we obtain a signal efficiency of (91.9 ± 0.7)% and a data reduction of (29.7 ± 1.0)%. A smaller sensor pitch in the bending direction improves the p T discrimination, but a larger pitch can be partially compensated with detector thickness. Any accumulated radiation damage also changes the cluster shape, reducing the signal efficiency compared to the baseline by approximately 30–60% in absolute terms, but nearly all of the performance can be recovered through retraining of the network and updating the weights. Finally, the impact of noise was investigated, and retraining the network on noise-injected datasets was found to maintain performance within 6% of the baseline network trained and evaluated on noiseless data. •ASIC-compatible track-momentum classifier is robust in realistic detector conditions.•About 90% signal efficiency and 30% data reduction per layer for CMS HL-LHC geometry.•Single-layer signal efficiency increases for smaller pixel pitch or thicker sensors.•Performance with noise or after radiation damage mostly recovered by retraining.

Shekar, Danush [Illinois U., Chicago] (ORCID:00000↗
DOE OSTI2022

Science Requirements and Detector Concepts for the Electron-Ion Collider: EIC Yellow Report

Here, this report describes the physics case, the resulting detector requirements, and the evolving detector concepts for the experimental program at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The EIC will be a powerful new high-luminosity facility in the United States with the capability to collide high-energy electron beams with high-energy proton and ion beams, providing access to those regions in the nucleon and nuclei where their structure is dominated by gluons. Moreover, polarized beams in the EIC will give unprecedented access to the spatial and spin structure of the proton, neutron, and light ions. The studies leading to this document were commissioned and organized by the EIC User Group with the objective of advancing the state and detail of the physics program and developing detector concepts that meet the emerging requirements in preparation for the realization of the EIC. The effort aims to provide the basis for further development of concepts for experimental equipment best suited for the science needs, including the importance of two complementary detectors and interaction regions. This report consists of three volumes. Volume I is an executive summary of our findings and developed concepts. In Volume II we describe studies of a wide range of physics measurements and the emerging requirements on detector acceptance and performance. Volume III discusses general-purpose detector concepts and the underlying technologies to meet the physics requirements. These considerations will form the basis for a world-class experimental program that aims to increase our understanding of the fundamental structure of all visible matter.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

An Effective Purification Process for the Nuclear Radiation Detector Tl 6 SeI 4

The semiconductor Tl6SeI4 was previously identified as a promising semiconductor for room temperature nuclear radiation detection. As the detection performance and carrier transport strongly depend on the concentration of impurity energy levels acting as scattering centers and carrier trapping, material purification is a crucial prerequisite step to obtain spectroscopic-grade detector performance. In this contribution, we present a highly efficient purification method using a bent ampule for evaporating Se, Tl2Se, and TlI precursors for Tl6Se4. On the basis of impurity analysis performed by glow discharge mass spectroscopy, the main impurities in Tl2Se were identified to be Pb, Bi, and Al, while in TlI the main impurities are Al and Sn. The bent-ampule method successfully reduces or removes the Cl, Pb, and Te impurities from the Se precursor, the Pb, Bi, and Al impurities from the Tl2Se precursor, and removes Sn from TU. Informed by the analysis results, density functional theory calculations were performed to study the identified impurities and related defects. The calculation results show that Bi and Al act as deep defect levels, which can be detrimental to the detector performance of Tl6SeI4. If the growth condition of Tl6SeI4 is Tl-rich/Se-poor, impurity of Si can introduce deep donors. However, it becomes electrically benign if growth conditions are Tl-poor/Se-rich, while Sn and Pb impurities are shallow donors. Centimeter-size Tl6SeI4 crystals were grown by the two-zone vertical Bridgman method using the purified precursors. The detector made of Tl6SeI4 crystal maintains the high resistivity on the order of 10(11) Omega.cm after purification, ideal for suppressing leakage current. The detector exhibits both full-energy and Tl escape photopeaks upon 122 keV gamma-ray from Co-57 radiation source. The electron mobility-lifetime product mu(e)tau(e) for TI6SeI4 detector is 8.1 X 10(-5) cm(2).V-1. On the basis of the carrier rise time measured from output pulses induced by 5.5 MeV alpha-particles from Am-241, the electron and hole mobilities were estimated to be 112 +/- 22 and 81 +/- 16 cm(2).V-1.s(-1), respectively, comparable to those of the leading detector materials HgI2 and TlBr. These results validate the potential of this compound for hard radiation detection, and the impurity analysis presented here allows future efforts to focus on reducing the concentration of the identified impurities.

Lin, Wenwen (ORCID:0000000216279558)↗
DOE OSTI2020

All-Epitaxial Integration of Long-Wavelength Infrared Plasmonic Materials and Detectors for Enhanced Responsivity

Here, infrared detectors using monolithically integrated doped semiconductor “designer metals” are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. We leverage the “designer metal” groundplanes to form resonant cavities with enhanced absorption tuned across the long-wave infrared (LWIR). Detectors are designed with two target absorption enhancement wavelengths: 8 and 10 μm. The core of our detectors are quantum-engineered LWIR type-II superlattice p-i-n detectors with total thicknesses of only 1.42 and 1.80 μm for the 8 and 10 μm absorption enhancement devices, respectively. Our 8 and 10 μm structures show peak external quantum efficiencies of 45 and 27%, which are 4.5× and 2.7× enhanced, respectively, compared to control structures. We demonstrate the clear advantages of this detector architecture, both in terms of ease of growth/fabrication and enhanced device performance. The proposed architecture is absorber- and device-structure agnostic, much thinner than state-of-the-art LWIR T2SLs, and offers the opportunity for the integration of low dark current LWIR detector architectures for significant enhancement of IR detectivity.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tetris-inspired detector with neural network for radiation mapping

Abstract Radiation mapping has attracted widespread research attention and increased public concerns on environmental monitoring. Regarding materials and their configurations, radiation detectors have been developed to identify the position and strength of the radioactive sources. However, due to the complex mechanisms of radiation-matter interaction and data limitation, high-performance and low-cost radiation mapping is still challenging. Here, we present a radiation mapping framework using Tetris-inspired detector pixels. Applying inter-pixel padding for enhancing contrast between pixels and neural networks trained with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data, a detector with as few as four pixels can achieve high-resolution directional prediction. A moving detector with Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) further achieved radiation position localization. Field testing with a simple detector has verified the capability of the MAP method for source localization. Our framework offers an avenue for high-quality radiation mapping with simple detector configurations and is anticipated to be deployed for real-world radiation detection.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗