SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “DISPOSAL”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 739 records · Page 41

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS1977

Handbook on Hypergolic Propellant Discharges and Disposal

The efficiency of all treatment methods formerly or currently used in treating chemical wastes is assessed with emphasis on the disposal of hypergolic propellants. Maximum focus is on the space shuttle propellants MMH and N2O4. Except for hydrogen peroxide oxidizers, all the propellants are nitrogen based and can be potentially reduced to valuable plant nutrients. In theory, all the propellants can be reduced to carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, except of fuming nitric acid which contains a small amount of fluorine. Appendices cover: (1) a general design criteria for disposal ponds; (2) thermal aspects of reaction in dilute solution; (3) gas bubble growth, detachment, and rise (4) absorption scrubber fundamentals and descriptions; (5) separation of a propellant vapor from a helium stream by permeation; and (6) atmospheric emission limits.

Bowman, T. E.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Analysis of space systems study for the space disposal of nuclear waste. Study report, volume 1: Executive summary

Space systems concepts were identified and defined and evaluated as to their performance, risks, and technical viability in order to select the most attractive approach for disposal of high level nuclear wastes in space. Major study areas discussed include: (1) mission and operations analysis; (2) waste payload systems; (3) flight support system; (4) launch site systems; (5) launch vehicle systems; (6) orbit transfer system; (7) space disposal destinations; and (8) systems integration and evaluation.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1982

Analysis of space systems for the space disposal of nuclear waste follow-on study. Volume 2: Technical report

The space option for disposal of certain high-level nuclear wastes in space as a complement to mined geological repositories is studied. A brief overview of the study background, scope, objective, guidelines and assumptions, and contents is presented. The determination of the effects of variations in the waste mix on the space systems concept to allow determination of the space systems effect on total system risk benefits when used as a complement to the DOE reference mined geological repository is studied. The waste payload system, launch site, launch system, and orbit transfer system are all addressed. Rescue mission requirements are studied. The characteristics of waste forms suitable for space disposal are identified. Trajectories and performance requirements are discussed.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1982

Preliminary risk assessment for nuclear waste disposal in space, volume 1

The feasibility, desirability and preferred approaches for disposal of selected high-level nuclear wastes in space were analyzed. Preliminary space disposal risk estimates and estimates of risk uncertainty are provided.

Rice, E. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Toxic-Waste Disposal by Combustion in Containers

Chemical wastes burned with minimal handling in storage containers. Technique for disposing of chemical munitions by burning them inside shells applies to disposal of toxic materials stored in drums. Fast, economical procedure overcomes heat-transfer limitations of conventional furnace designs by providing direct contact of oxygenrich combustion gases with toxic agent. No need to handle waste material, and container also decontaminated in process. Oxygen-rich torch flame cuts burster well and causes vaporization and combustion of toxic agent contained in shell.

Houseman, J.↗

NASA NTRS1988

NASA Personal Property Disposal Manual

The NASA Personal Property Disposal Manual is issued pursuant to Subchapters E and H of the Federal Property Management Regulations and the Space Act of 1958, as amended. It sets forth policy and procedural guidance for NASA personnel for the reporting, utilization, redistribution, and disposal of installation and contractor-held NASA excess and surplus personal property.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2017

Minimum dV for Targeted Spacecraft Disposal

The density scale height of the Earth's atmosphere undergoes significant reduction in the final phases of a natural decay. It can be shown that for most realistic ballistic numbers, it is possible to exploit this effect to amplify available spacecraft dV by using it at the penultimate perigee to penetrate into higher drag regions at final apogee. The drag at this lower pass can more effectively propel a spacecraft towards the final target region than applying the same dV direct Hohmann transfer at that final apogee. This study analyzes the potential use of this effect-- in combination with small phasing burns--to calculate the absolute minimum delta-V that would be required to reliably guide a spacecraft to any specified safe unoccupied ocean region as a function of ballistic number, orbit inclination, and initial eccentricity. This calculation is made for controllable spacecraft in several orbit inclinations and eccentricities with arbitrary initial LAN and ArgP one week before final entry, under three-sigma atmospheric perturbations. The study analyzes the dV required under varying levels of final controllable altitude at which dV may be imparted, and various definitions of the length and location of a "safe" disposal area. The goal of such research is to improve public safety by creating assured safe disposal strategies for low-dV and/or low-thrust spacecraft that under more traditional strategies would need to be abandoned to a fully random decay.

Bacon, John↗

NASA NTRS2018

Assessment and Verification of SLS Block 1-B Exploration Upper Stage and Stage Disposal Performance

Delta-v allocation to correct for insertion errors caused by state uncertainty is one of the key performance requirements imposed on the SLS Navigation System. Additionally, SLS mission requirements include the need for the Exploration Up-per Stage (EUS) to be disposed of successfully. To assess these requirements, the SLS navigation team has developed and implemented a series of analysis methods. Here the authors detail the Delta-Delta-V approach to assessing delta-v allocation as well as the EUS disposal optimization approach.

Patrick, Sean↗

NASA NTRS2019

Disposal, Deployment, and Debris in Near Rectilinear Halo Orbits

A proposed Gateway facility in a lunar Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO) will serve as an outpost in deep space, with spacecraft periodically arriving and departing. Departing objects will include logistics modules, requiring safe disposal, cubesats, deployed to various destinations, and debris objects, whose precise paths may be unknown. Escape dynamics from NRHOs are complex; primarily influenced by the Earth and Moon within the orbit, spacecraft are significantly impacted by solar gravity upon departure. The current investigation explores the dynamics of departure from the NRHO, including the risk of debris recontact, safe heliocentric disposal, and deployment to select destinations.

Davis, Diane C.↗

NASA NTRS2022

Tri-Agency Reliability Engineering Post: Mission Disposal and Extension Assessment Guidance Addendum

The intent of this addendum is to support the guidance document, Tri-Agency Reliability Engineering Guidance: Post Mission Disposal and Extension Assessment (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210024973). It is intended to further assist spacefaring entities in assessing their designs and operational plans for extending missions and Post Mission Disposal (PMD) by providing an hypothetical mission example.

Digital transformation↗

DOE OSTI2012

GUIDANCE FOR THE PROPER CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MATERIALS AND SURFACE CONTAMINATED OBJECTS FOR DISPOSAL

Regulatory concerns over the proper characterization of certain waste streams led CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company (CHPRC) to develop written guidance for personnel involved in Decontamination & Decommissioning (D&D) activities, facility management and Waste Management Representatives (WMRs) involved in the designation of wastes for disposal on and off the Hanford Site. It is essential that these waste streams regularly encountered in D&D operations are properly designated, characterized and classified prior to shipment to a Treatment, Storage or Disposal Facility (TSDF). Shipments of waste determined by the classification process as Low Specific Activity (LSA) or Surface Contaminated Objects (SCO) must also be compliant with all applicable U.S. Department of Transportation (DOE) regulations as well as Department of Energy (DOE) orders. The compliant shipment of these waste commodities is critical to the Hanford Central Plateau cleanup mission. Due to previous problems and concerns from DOE assessments, CHPRC internal critiques as well as DOT, a management decision was made to develop written guidance and procedures to assist CHPRC shippers and facility personnel in the proper classification of D&D waste materials as either LSA or SCO. The guidance provides a uniform methodology for the collection and documentation required to effectively characterize, classify and identify candidate materials for shipping operations. A primary focus is to ensure that waste materials generated from D&D and facility operations are compliant with the DOT regulations when packaged for shipment. At times this can be difficult as the current DOT regulations relative to the shipment of LSA and SCO materials are often not clear to waste generators. Guidance is often sought from NUREG 1608/RAMREG-003 [3]: a guidance document that was jointly developed by the DOT and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and published in 1998. However, NUREG 1608 [3] is now thirteen years old and requires updating to comply with the newer DOT regulations. Similar challenges present themselves throughout the nuclear industry in both commercial and government operations and therefore, this is not only a Hanford Site problem. Shipping radioactive wastes as either LSA or SCO rather than repacking it is significantly cheaper than other DOT radioactive materials shipping classifications particularly when the cost of packages is included. Additionally, the need to 'repackage' materials for transport can often increase worker exposure, necessitated by 'repackaging' waste materials into DOT 7 A Type A containers.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2013

Electrochemical apparatus comprising modified disposable rectangular cuvette

Electrochemical apparatus includes a disposable rectangular cuvette modified with at least one hole through a side and/or the bottom. Apparatus may include more than one cuvette, which in practice is a disposable rectangular glass or plastic cuvette modified by drilling the hole(s) through. The apparatus include two plates and some means of fastening one plate to the other. The apparatus may be interfaced with a fiber optic or microscope objective, and a spectrometer for spectroscopic studies. The apparatus are suitable for a variety of electrochemical experiments, including surface electrochemistry, bulk electrolysis, and flow cell experiments.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2015

Special Analysis for the Disposal of the Sandia National Laboratory Classified Macroencapsulated Mixed Waste at the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

This special analysis evaluates whether the Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) Classified Macroencapsulated Mixed Waste stream (ASLA000001007, Revision 4) is suitable for disposal by shallow land burial (SLB) at the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site (RWMS) at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). The SNL Classified Macroencapsulated Mixed Waste stream consists of debris from classified nuclear weapons components (SNL 2015). The SNL Classified Macroencapsulated Mixed Waste stream required a special analysis due to tritium (3H) exceeding the NNSS Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) Action Levels (U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office [NNSA/NFO] 2015). The SNL Classified Macroencapsulated Mixed Waste stream had no significant effect on the maximum mean and 95th percentile results for the resident air pathway and all-pathways annual total effective dose (TED). The SNL Classified Macroencapsulated Mixed Waste stream increases the mean air pathway and all-pathways annual TED from approximately 100 to 200 years after closure. Addition of the SNL Classified Macroencapsulated Mixed Waste stream inventory shifts the maximum TED to approximately 100 years after closure and increases the TED for several alternative exposure scenarios. The maximum mean and the 95th percentile 222Rn flux density remain less than the performance objective throughout the compliance period. The SNL Classified Macroencapsulated Mixed Waste stream is suitable for disposal by SLB at the Area 5 RWMS. The waste stream is recommended for approval without conditions.

LNL↗

DOE OSTI2017

Storage, transportation and disposal system for used nuclear fuel assemblies

An integrated storage, transportation and disposal system for used fuel assemblies is provided. The system includes a plurality of sealed canisters and a cask sized to receive the sealed canisters in side by side relationship. The plurality of sealed canisters include an internal basket structure to receive a plurality of used fuel assemblies. The internal basket structure includes a plurality of radiation-absorbing panels and a plurality of hemispherical ribs generally perpendicular to the canister sidewall. The sealed canisters are received within the cask for storage and transportation and are removed from the cask for disposal at a designated repository. The system of the present invention allows the handling of sealed canisters separately or collectively, while allowing storage and transportation of high burnup fuel and damaged fuel to the designated repository.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2017

Storage, transportation and disposal system for used nuclear fuel assemblies

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Technical Basis and Implementation of Groundwater Pathway Models Used for INL’s RH LLW Disposal Facility Performance Assessment

The Idaho National Laboratory’s (INL’s) Remote-Handled Low-Level Waste (RH LLW) Disposal Facility has been designed and constructed to receive waste generated on INL in support of the Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) and Naval Reactors (NR) missions. RH LLW is generated on the INL site from spent nuclear fuel handling and operations at the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF), the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), and at the Material and Fuels Complex (MFC) in addition to other miscellaneous research activities. The facility has been designed to receive RH LLW currently in storage at INL facilities and new waste generated by nuclear research programs. RH LLW received at the facility is solid waste consisting of surface contaminated debris, ion exchange resins used to purify cooling water, and activated metals generated during reactor core change outs, Naval spent fuel management, and nuclear R&D. The facility has been designed to meet the requirements of DOE Order 435.1, Radioactive Waste Management [1] for all-pathways including groundwater and air, radon emissions limits, and inadvertent intrusion limits. The facility design includes a vault system incorporating robust concrete vaults oriented vertically in close-packed arrays, a hydraulic drainage system designed to limit water contact with the stainless steel waste canisters/liners and concrete vaults, and a robust monitoring system. Per the environmental assessment (EA) [2], all waste will be disposed of in stainless steel waste canisters/liners. During facility design and construction, site-specific data was collected to provide laboratory and field scale performance characteristics for the concrete vault and hydraulic drainage systems. Field-scale infiltration tests were conducted and monitored and the data was interpreted using numerical simulation. Based on interpretation of the observed laboratory and field test data, the facility performance assessment (PA) was developed. The PA groundwater pathway source release model differentially credits release from surface contaminated debris, ion exchange resins, and activated metals. It also credits failure of the steel waste canisters/liners with failure rates based on actual corrosion data. Once released, transport through the vadose zone and aquifer to downgradient receptor locations was simulated in the PA using a one-dimensional modeling approach based on historical three-dimensional modeling of historically-contaminated INL sites. This paper provides an overview of the groundwater pathway source release models and their technical implementation in the PA. It also describes the one-dimensional transport model used for the vadose zone and multi-dimensional model used for the aquifer.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Numerical evaluation of thermal effects from nuclear waste disposed in horizontal drillholes

© 2019 American Nuclear Society, Inc. We examine the temperature evolution near horizontal drillholes designed for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. In this concept, directional drilling technology is used to complete a small-diameter, vertical access hole, which at the target depth gradually turns into a horizontal section dedicated for the end-to-end disposal of nuclear waste canisters in a suitable, low-permeable formation. Decay heat emanating from the waste leads to temperature increases within the drillhole and the surrounding host rock. Predicting the thermal evolution within the engineered and natural barrier systems is important, because high temperatures may lead to thermal stresses, alter material properties, or induce driving forces that affect the migration of radionuclides along the drillhole and in the near field of the repository. We present the results of numerical design calculations that examine the spatial and temporal evolution of temperature as a function of uncertain material properties and adjustable design parameters.

Finsterle, S↗

DOE OSTI2020

Proposed Potential Mitigation of Wastewater Disposal Through Treated Produced Water in Bakken Formation

The recent global expansion in the development of unconventional oil and gas assets has also resulted in a tremendous increase in the number of extended horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing projects in the Bakken. The United States is presently the largest global crude oil producer, and the Bakken Formation in North Dakota is one of the major contributors to this achievement. However, the wastewater produced from these increased oilfield activities are highly saline (∼170,000 to 350,000 ppm TDS) and no technology currently available can satisfactorily treat it. As a result, more than 90% of wastewater in the Bakken is disposed of by deep injection into disposal wells. However, there are growing environmental and operational concerns about the sustainability and impacts of this approach. Research has shown that cumulative wastewater injection in some areas could increase the chances of earthquakes in those areas. However, if this produced water is efficiently treated, it could be reused in hydraulic fracturing operations or to support coal mining and irrigation activities. All these applications would reduce the need for wastewater injection and reduce the demand for fresh water used in hydraulic fracturing operations across North Dakota. For this purpose, we propose an enhanced supercritical technology we call Supercritical Water Extraction – Enhance Targeted Recovery to handle the issue of high TDS of flowback and produced water in the Bakken.

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗