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Ionospheric heavy ions play an important role in the dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere. The greater mass and gyro radius of ionospheric oxygen differentiates its behavior from protons at the same energies. Oxygen may have an impact on tail reconnection processes, and it can at least temporarily dominate the energy content of the ring current during geomagnetic storms. At sub-keV energies, multi-species ion populations in the inner magnetosphere form the warm plasma cloak, occupying the energy range between the plasmasphere and the ring current. Lastly, cold lighter ions from the mid-latitude ionosphere create the co-rotating plasmasphere whose outer regions can interact with the plasma cloak, plasma sheet, ring current, and outer electron belt. Here in this paper we present a statistical view of warm, cloak-like ion populations in the inner magnetosphere, contrasting in particular the warm plasma composition during quiet and active times. We study the relative abundances and absolute densities of warm plasma measured by the Van Allen Probes, whose two spacecraft cover the inner magnetosphere from plasmaspheric altitudes close to Earth to just inside geostationary orbit. We observe that warm (>30 eV) oxygen is most abundant closer to the plasmasphere boundary whereas warm hydrogen dominates closer to geostationary orbit. Warm helium is usually a minor constituent, but shows a noticeable enhancement in the near-Earth dusk sector.
Comments provided here aid in understanding the effect of water vapor on the rate of the self-reaction of HOCH2CH2O2 recently reported by Kumbhani et al. [1] Kumbhani et al. asserts that water vapor increases the rate of the HOCH2CH2O2 self-reaction by formation of an HOCH2CH2O2-H2O complex.
According to the present study, an atmospheric teleconnection is likely to exist between mean sea level pressure (MSLP) in the North Atlantic at early autumn (September) and temperature in Central Europe at early winter (December) based on the last 120 years. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) might play an important role in this teleconnection, determining its direction. During a positive AMO phase, a North Atlantic MSLP above average in September is frequently followed by a colder-than-average December in Central Europe (in 80% of cases) whereas a warmer-than-average December is often observed in Central Europe after an under-average MSLP in the North Atlantic in September. According to the present investigation, this is caused by a strong tendency for blocking patterns over Northern Europe (mostly over the British Isles and Scandinavia) in the last month of the year, in the first case, and a weak tendency for that, in the second case. During a negative AMO phase, this connection is less certain. In the strong negative AMO phase between 1903 and 1925, the connection became reversed compared with that observed during the positive AMO phase. However, it was significantly strong. Within the much weaker negative AMO phase between 1963 and 1994, the connection was weaker, but rather similar to that observed during positive AMO phases. Since the revealed atmospheric teleconnection is characterized by a three-month delay, it possesses a prognostic value and can be used to predict the probability of temperature anomaly.
This paper describes the role of National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) and their aim to provide a seamless, large scale, high-speed, low-latency network to accelerate scientific and education discovery for national, regional or global collaborative projects that are dependent on the use of modern high performance distributed computing systems (HPDCS) to process mathematical models, produce new knowledge and drive innovation when resolving complex problems. NRENs have become the mainstream of communication and collaboration to integrate the efforts of large geographically distributed teams of Virtual Communities (VC) that - train, teach and learn-, -create, use and share- knowledge, data, information and communications technology resources (e.g. computer and information systems, middleware, tools, instruments, data sets, repositories, applications and services) building e-infrastructures necessary to meet the collaborative projects’ goals. The paper focuses on the current status of the Mexican NREN: CUDI, its future organization and political support, necessary to provide seamless, large scale, high-speed, low latency and secure national backbone and international links providing connectivity, advanced network services and technical support to VCs and their e-infrastructures in collaborative R&E projects within the country, the LAC region and worldwide.
This paper includes 10 summaries for energy resource commodities including coal and unconventional resources, and an analysis of energy economics and technology prepared by committees of the Energy Minerals Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Unconventional energy resources, as used in this report, are those energy resources that do not occur in discrete oil or gas reservoirs held in structural or stratigraphic traps in sedimentary basins. Such resources include coalbed methane, oil shale, U and Th deposits and associated rare earth elements of industrial interest, geothermal, gas shale and liquids, tight gas sands, gas hydrates, and bitumen and heavy oil. Current U.S. and global research and development activities are summarized for each unconventional energy resource commodity in the topical sections of this report, followed by analysis of unconventional energy economics and technology.
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The authors would like to inform that one of the modifications proposed in the article “High-fidelity micro-scale modeling of the thermo-visco-plastic behavior of carbon fiber polymer matrix composites” [1] was found to be unnecessary: the paraboloid yield criterion is sufficient to describe the shear behavior of the epoxy matrix considered (Epoxy 3501-6). The authors recently noted that the experimental work [2] used to validate the pure matrix response considered engineering shear strain instead of its tensorial counter-part, which caused the apparent inconsistency with the paraboloid yield criterion. A recently proposed temperature dependency law for glassy polymers is evaluated herein, thus better agreement with the experimental results for this epoxy is observed.
The recently proposed term radicalicity was described as a measure of the reactivity of a free radical Q*, i.e., a kinetic quantity. Here it is shown that in fact it is simply a frame-shifted version of the well-known bond dissociation energy, a thermodynamic quantity. Hence its use is discouraged.