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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Development of the Waste Acceptance Criteria for the Idaho National Laboratory Remote-Handled Low-Level Waste Disposal Facility - 19143

The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Remote-Handled Low-Level Waste (RH LLW) Disposal Facility has been constructed, has received operational approval from the Department of Energy (DOE), and is expected to receive its first waste shipment in FY 2019. The RH LLW Disposal Facility will support the needs of INL and the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF). RH LLW destined for the facility includes waste currently in storage from previous programs and projects conducted at INL; newly generated waste from programs and projects conducted at INL; and waste from NRF spent fuel processing activities. This new facility supports RH LLW disposal needs for the ongoing mission of INL and NRF. Waste to be disposed of at the RH LLW Disposal Facility may exhibit dose rates that range from 0.002 Sv/hr to 600 Sv/hr. Waste types include resins and activated metals as well as surface-contaminated debris generated from existing and new missions. The total number of canisters currently planned for disposal at the RH LLW Disposal Facility is 939 with the possibility of future expansion. The projected waste volume to be disposed of is 3,100 m{sup 3}. The RH LLW Disposal Facility will receive a wide variety of RH LLW and is in preparations to receive its first canisters in FY 2019. Waste acceptance criteria (WAC) and the radioactive waste management basis have been developed and implemented in accordance with the applicable DOE Order. In order to ensure that DOE requirements and guidance were appropriately implemented in the RH LLW Disposal Facility WAC, the project worked closely with the DOE Low Level Waste Disposal Facility Federal Review Group (LFRG) representatives and followed the applicable DOE standard. This paper provides an overview of the development of the WAC, including waste and waste generator certification requirements, for the RH LLW Disposal Facility. The paper illustrates the importance of maintaining strong ties to the development and revision of the RH LLW Disposal Facility Performance Assessment (PA), Documented Safety Analysis, Facility Procedures, Readiness Reviews, DOE Order, and applicable Technical Standards. The paper also provides an overview of the RH LLW Disposal Facility, WAC generator certification requirements, distinctive challenges to acceptance of legacy waste, and the unique approach the RH LLW Disposal Facility has taken to ensure compliance with PA driven limits. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2016

Sampling and analysis plan for assessment of beryllium in soils surrounding TA-40 building 15

Technical Area (TA) 40 Building 15 (40-15) is an active firing site at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The weapons facility operations (WFO) group plans to build an enclosure over the site in 2017, so that test shots may be conducted year-round. The enclosure project is described in PRID 16P-0209. 40-15 is listed on LANL OSH-ISH’s beryllium inventory, which reflects the potential for beryllium in/on soils and building surfaces at 40-15. Some areas in and around 40-15 have previously been sampled for beryllium, but past sampling efforts did not achieve complete spatial coverage of the area. This Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) investigates the area surrounding 40-15 via 9 deep (≥1-ft.) soil samples and 11 shallow (6-in.) soil samples. These samples will fill the spatial data gaps for beryllium at 40-15, and will be used to support OSH-ISH’s final determination of 40-15’s beryllium registry status. This SAP has been prepared by the Environmental Health Physics program in consultation with the Industrial Hygiene program. Industrial Hygiene is the owner of LANL’s beryllium program, and will make a final determination with regard to the regulatory status of beryllium at 40-15.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Development of an update to ISA S67.04 and RP 67.04: 'Setpoints for Nuclear Safety-Related Instrumentation for Nuclear Power Plants' - 146

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the update to International Society of Automation (ISA) Standard ISA S67.04 - 2006, 'Setpoints for Nuclear Safety-Related Instrumentation for Nuclear Power Plants', and ISA RP 67.04-2000, 'Methodologies for Determination of Setpoints for Nuclear Safety-Related Instrumentation'. Significant advances have occurred on the utility, Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) vendor, and regulatory side, related to improved techniques for analysis and monitoring. These and other changes, including those related to Technical Specifications and surveillance interval extensions, are being included in the latest update to this primary standard for setpoint control in nuclear plants in the U.S. and around the world. In 2016, the ISA S67.04 Committee agreed to proceed with a revision to this Standard and Recommended Practice, with major updates in the following areas: 1. Definitions - Updates for improved definitions based on TSTF-493, Rev 4, RIS-2006-17 and NRC updated Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.105 2. 95/95 - Updates based on improved guidance on the development of component input data and analysis techniques for 95% probability/95% confidence calculations 3. TSTF-493, RIS 2006-17 updates for Technical Specification input and to support changes 4. NRC input from updates in the Regulatory Guide 1.105 and Branch Technical Position BTP-7-12 revision process. 5. Improved guidance from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in References 7, 8 and 9. These standards are being updated with a new version anticipated to be issued as a draft in 2017 and submitted for ISA approval in 2019. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cryogenic X-ray crystallographic studies of biomacromolecules at Turkish Light Source " Turkish DeLight "

X-ray crystallography is a robust and powerful structural biology technique that provides high-resolution atomic structures of biomacromolecules. Scientists use this technique to unravel mechanistic and structural details of biological macromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, protein complexes, protein-nucleic acid complexes, or large biological compartments). Since its inception, single-crystal cryocrystallography has never been performed in Türkiye due to the lack of a single-crystal X-ray diffractometer. The X-ray diffraction facility recently established at the University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye will enable Turkish and international researchers to easily perform high-resolution structural analysis of biomacromolecules from single crystals. Here, we describe the technical and practical outlook of a state-of-the-art home-source X-ray, using lysozyme as a model protein. The methods and practice described in this article can be applied to any biological sample for structural studies. Therefore, this article will be a valuable practical guide from sample preparation to data analysis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Floating Photovoltaics in Hydropower Reservoirs in the United States

This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility of floating photovoltaics (FPV) in federally regulated reservoirs within the continental United States (CONUS) and to present a methodology for capturing the true costs of deployment, potential environmental impacts, and regulatory pathways for open-loop hydropower reservoirs. It is intended for stakeholders who may not be solar industry experts but who are interested in exploring the potential for FPV in their reservoirs. While there are promising opportunities, particularly in enhancing dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and potentially improving compliance with existing hydropower licenses, the current capital costs of FPV are not yet competitive with traditional land-based solar installations at the utility-scale when comparing the LCOE results. A competitive financial outlook is achievable when applying a 30% Investment Tax Credit (ITC) and considering a 5% reduction from the baseline capital expenditures (CapEx) at the Tuckertown Reservoir in North Carolina case study. The study is structured around three key pillars of research: technical potential, environmental impacts and regulatory considerations, and technoeconomic analysis. This report provides a nationwide assessment of the opportunities for FPV in terms of capacity, measured in direct current megawatts (MWDC), in reservoirs managed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Additionally, the report introduces a heuristic model for estimating the CapEx of utility-scale FPV projects (1–100 MW), offering a baseline cost estimate for stakeholders. Finally, the report applies these models to a case study of a hydropower reservoir in North Carolina to present site-specific results.

13 - HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

EPA RE-Powering America's Lands: Kansas City Municipal Farm Site ₋ Biomass Power Analysis

Through the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, the economic and technical feasibility of utilizing biomass at the Kansas City, Missouri, Municipal Farm site, a group of City-owned properties, is explored. The study that none of the technologies we reviewed--biomass heat, power and CHP--are economically viable options for the Municipal Farms site. However, if the site were to be developed around a future central biomass heating or CHP facility, biomass could be a good option for the site.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Onsite Energy Techno-Economic Analysis Using REopt

Since 2019, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has collaborated with IEDO's Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Deployment Program and the CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships (TAPs) to expand the capabilities of NREL's publicly available REopt® tool for techno-economic analysis of on-site energy. As a result, capabilities to analyze heating and cooling loads and serve those loads with CHP were added to the REopt tool in 2021. Currently, NREL is using REopt to evaluate the economics and feasibility of deploying distributed energy resources at sites of 3-5 manufacturers. The analysis is based on location, site-specific load data, customized utility bill analysis, and other criteria such as resilience needs and decarbonization targets. The objectives of the current effort are to (1) assist manufacturers with analyzing on-site energy options, including CHP, solar photovoltaics (PV), wind, and battery storage, (2) validate the capabilities and use of REopt to provide technical assistance to manufacturers, and (3) publish case studies showcasing the engagement, key takeaways, and lessons learned. Future work is expected to include additional REopt capabilities for evaluating other technologies to reduce scope 1 emissions, such as electrifying process heating loads, using carbon-free fuels, and other clean heat strategies.

ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Renewable Energy Data, Analysis, and Decisions: A Guide for Practitioners

High-quality renewable energy resource data and other geographic information system (GIS) data are essential for the transition to a clean energy economy that prioritizes local resources, improves resiliency, creates jobs, and promotes energy independence. These data are crucial for making informed decisions—ranging from policy and investment decisions to reliable power sector planning. Decisions that are data-driven reflect appropriate ambition, maximize cost-effectiveness, and enable successful implementation of renewable energy investments. This guide is intended to support policymakers and planners, as well as technical experts, consultants, and academics in incorporating improved data and analysis into renewable energy decision-making.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Guide for Public Utility Commissions: Building Internal Technical Capacity and Recruiting Talent for Grid Resilience

This guide offers insight into how PUCs can strategically expand their technical workforce to meet evolving gird resilience demands. It outlines critical skill sets needed to support informed regulatory decision-making around resilience, such as modeling and weather forecasting, electric power systems analysis, and advanced data interpretation. In addition, it provides strategies for developing technical talent both internally and through additional recruitment efforts. Two appendices provide a list of grid resilience training resources and a compendium of sample job descriptions that reflect grid resilience technical expertise for PUC consideration.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Back to Basics: First Principles of HRA

Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) continues to suffer from a myriad of technical gaps in its foundations. Core issues have been widely discussed but remain largely unaddressed, although the path taken to this point was paved with good intentions. Now, while this characterization may seem dramatic it is not intended to throw doubt onto HRA as a discipline or to diminish the value it has on increasing safety and resilience in nuclear power. Rather, it is intended to communicate that HRA has some serious challenges and is desperately in need of a critical evaluation. To quote Dougherty [1], “the misrepresentations that will undoubtedly arise may serve to provoke the necessary creativity.” What bears noting is that in the last thirty years since Alan Swain declared that “no adequate HRA had ever been done,” there has been little effort to correct the issues he highlighted. Human factors practice is still poorly implemented, many complex systems are fundamentally incompatible with reliable human performance, and there remains poor foundational support for many of the assumptions within HRA. We propose three categories of issues in HRA, philosophical, theoretical, and empirical and potential solutions to these issues.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI1993

Nuclear Safety [Vol. 34, No. 1, January-March 1993]

Nuclear Safety is a review journal that covers significant developments in the field of nuclear safety. Its scope includes the analysis and control of hazards associated with nuclear energy, operations involving fissionable materials, and the products of nuclear fission and their effects on the environment. Primary emphasis is on safety in reactor design, construction, and operation; however, the safety aspects of the entire fuel cycle, including fuel fabrication, spent-fuel processing, nuclear waste disposal, handling of radioisotopes, and environmental effects of these operations, are also treated. Table of Contents for this issue follows. GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS: 1 An Integrated Regional Approach To Risk Management of Industrial Systems, S. Chakraborty and R. Stratton; 9 Annual Technical Meeting of the NRC Cooperative Severe Accident Research Program, E. G. Silver; ACCIDENT ANALYSIS: 13 Deterministic Severe Accident Criteria as Severe Accident Design Criteria and Policy for the New Production Reactor-Heavy Water Reactor, P. T. Rhoads; 20 Proposed Deterministic Severe Accident Criteria for the Heavy Water Reactor-New Production Reactor Containment, K. D. Bergeron, S. E. Slezak, and C. E. Leach; 33 Quasi-Static Core Liquid Level Depression and Long-Term Core Uncovery During a PWR LOCA, Y. Kukita, R. R. Schultz, H. Nakamura, and J. Katayama; 49 LIRA: An Advanced Containment System to Minimize the Accidental Radioactivity Releases, A. Turricchia; 63 Errata to “A Review of Hydrogen Production During Melt/Water Interaction in LWRs,” Vol. 33, No. 4; CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION: 64 The Nuplex 80+™ Advanced Control Complex from ABB Combustion Engineering, F. Ridolfo, D. Harmon, and K. Scarola; DESIGN FEATURES: 76 A Scheme for Passive Isolation of the Containment of a Reactor, A. K. Ghosh, V. V. Raj, and K. Kakodkar; 84 Utility Requirements for Safety in the Passive Advanced Light-Water Reactor, T. U. Marston, W. H. Layman, and G. Bockhold, Jr.; WASTE AND SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT: 91 Activities Related to Waste and Spent Fuel Management, Compiled by M. D. Muhlheim and E. G. Silver; OPERATING EXPERIENCES: 103 Testing Deficiencies in Auxiliary Systems Feedwater Systems, J. D. Kueck; 110 Reactor Shutdown Experience, Compiled by J. W. Cletcher; 113 Selected Safety-Related Events, Compiled by G. A. Murphy; 115 Operating U.S. Power Reactors, Compiled by M. D. Muhlheim and E. G. Silver; RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: 133 General Administrative Activities, Compiled by M. D. Muhlheim and E. G. Silver; 145 Reports, Standards, and Safety Guides, D. S. Queener; 150 Proposed Rule Changes as of Sept. 30, 1992; ANNOUNCEMENTS: 75 Harvard Short Course on Risk: Science, Assessment, and Management; 102 International Conference on Reactor Physics and Reactor Computations; 102 The Fourth International Conference on Nuclear Waste Reprocessing and Waste Management [RECOD ’94]; 132 International Symposium on the Radiological Exposure of the Population of the European Community from Radioactivity in the Mediterranean Sea [MARINA-MED]; 162 International High-Level Radioactive Waste Conference ‘Technology Integration—Above and Below”; 154 The Authors; 158 Indexes to Nuclear Safety, Volume 33.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Supply Chain Sustainability Analysis of Fast Pyrolysis and Hydrotreating Bio-Oil to Produce Hydrocarbon Fuels

The Department of Energy’s (DOE) Bioenergy Technology Office (BETO) aims at developing and deploying technologies to transform renewable biomass resources into commercially viable, high-performance biofuels, bioproducts and biopower through public and private partnerships. BETO and its national laboratory teams conduct in-depth techno-economic assessments (TEA) of technologies to produce biofuels. These assessments evaluate feedstock production, logistics of transporting the feedstock, and conversion of the feedstock to biofuel. There are two general types of TEAs. A design case is a TEA that outlines a target case for a particular biofuel pathway. It enables preliminary identification of data gaps and research and development needs, and provides goals and targets against which technology progress is assessed. On the other hand, a state of technology (SOT) analysis assesses progress within and across relevant technology areas based on actual experimental results relative to technical targets and cost goals from design cases, and includes technical, economic, and environmental criteria as available. In addition to the TEA process, BETO also performs a supply chain sustainability analysis (SCSA). The SCSA takes the life-cycle analysis approach that BETO has been supporting for more than 17 years. It enables BETO to identify energy consumption or environmental issues that may be associated with biofuel production. Approaches to mitigate these issues can then be developed. Additionally, the SCSA allows for comparison of energy and environmental impacts across biofuel pathways in BETO’s research and development portfolio. This report describes the SCSA of the fast pyrolysis of two woody feedstocks, pine and forest residue, to renewable gasoline and diesel.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Design of a Symbiotic Device to Harvest Uranium from Seawater through the use of Shell Enclosures

At the current consumption rate, the global conventional reserves of uranium, 7.6 million tonnes, could be depleted in a little over a century. As reserves decrease, future uranium is expected to come from lower quality sites, resulting in higher extraction costs and even greater environmental impact. Fortunately, uranium is present in the ocean as uranyl ions at low concentrations of 3 ppb, which, over the total volume of the oceans, amounts to approximately 4.5 billion tonnes of uranium, nearly a thousand times that of conventional reserves. Methods to extract uranium from seawater have been studied since the early 1960's, when, at a time when uranium production was uncertain, post-World War II Britain desired a secure uranium supply. A recent review of uranium recovery technologies by found that uranium adsorbent by chelating polymers was the most promising in terms of adsorbent capacity, environmental footprint, and cost. In this technology, chelating polymers are deployed in seawater and remain submerged until the amount of captured uranium approaches the adsorption capacity. Then, an elution bath is used to strip metal ions, such as uranium, off the adsorbent polymer. A polymer may be immersed in a number of elution baths before it is regenerated by an alkali wash to free its functional groups, allowing for the reuse of the polymer. The output from the elution process undergoes purification and precipitation typical for mined uranium to produce yellowcake. Offshore systems for the extraction of uranium from seawater have been developed since the early 2000's. In these systems, the adsorbent is deployed and moored for extended periods of time, brought back to shore for the elution process, and redeployed afterward. The first system, developed by, used non-woven adsorbents that were immersed for 30 days in seawater. Due to the low mechanical strength of these fibers, they had to be incorporated into stacks composed of spacer nets and holders placed on large, heavy, floating frames, which resulted in a design that was too costly for implementation. More recently, buoyant braided adsorbents have been studied as a way to decrease the weight and cost of the system. In these systems, continuous polyethylene fibers are braided around a porous polypropylene float that can be made into long lengths. However, because this deployment scheme requires the adsorbent be brought back to shore for the elution process and redeployed afterward, this stand-alone, intermittent operation system has significant practical and economic deployment challenges and to date none of these systems have become economically viable. Detailed economic analysis by found that a major cost driver of seawater uranium extraction is the mooring and recovery of the adsorbent. Based on these results, first developed the development of a system that is attached to an offshore wind turbine and continuously takes the adsorbent from the ocean through an elution process and then returns it to the ocean. More recent designs by further build upon this idea. The integration of the design of a uranium harvesting system into an offshore wind turbine tower is pursued because the development of offshore wind or uranium harvesting by themselves bears a high capital cost for the structures, but if the mooring function can be shared, the overall cost for each will be lower. Furthermore, initial design analysis and prototyping of these symbiotic systems has proven they are technical feasible. (authors)

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hierarchical Phenomena in Multicomponent Liquids: Simulation Methods, Analysis, Chemistry

Complex, multicomponent, solutions have often been studied solely through the lens of specific applications of interest. Yet advances to both simulation methodologies (enhanced sampling, etc.) and analysis techniques (network analysis algorithms and others), are creating a trove of data that reveal transcending characteristics across vast compositional phase space. This perspective discusses technical considerations of the reliable and accurate simulations of complex solutions, followed by the advances to analysis algorithms that elucidate coupling of different length and timescale behavior (hierarchical phenomena). The different manifestations of hierarchical phenomena are presented across an array of solution environments, emphasizing fundamental and ongoing science questions. With a more advanced molecular understanding in hand, a quintessential application (solvent extraction) is discussed, where significant opportunities exist to re-imagine the technical scope of an established technology.

Servis, Michael J.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Transition of Spent Nuclear Fuel to Dry Storage: Modeling activities concerning aluminum spent nuclear fuel cladding integrity

In 2017, a report was prepared by the Spent Nuclear Fuel Working Group in 2017 and titled “Technical Considerations and Challenges for Extended (>50 Years) Dry Storage” [1-2]. In this report several key scientific issues were identified pertaining to the problem of aluminum spent nuclear fuel (ASNF) and its safe removal from wet storage with subsequent drying and transfer to dry storage at the Department of Energy (DOE) Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This report outlines two modeling analyses performed for aluminum and aluminum oxides. The first analysis examined the solubility of aluminum oxides as a function of temperature and pH. This report presents existing literature produced as far back as the 1950’s and including significant analysis and reporting performed at Alcoa in the 1980’s. The primary technical gap was the lack of solubility data beyond that reported at standard temperature (25°C). The analysis examined these solubility curves as a function of temperature as well as phase type. The pH value of minimum solubility shifted with temperature but was insensitive to the oxide phase type. The solubility increases with temperature as would be expected, where an order of magnitude increase was observed from 25°C and 90°C. This data provides greater information to understand the various conditions experiences by ASNF including in dry storage in cases where water filming may occur. A second thermodynamic analysis was performed to examine the aluminum phase behavior as a function of temperature. This was performed to understand limitations and possible problems with fuel drying at elevated temperatures. Based on what has been established in previous reports, water remains chemically entrained within boehmite until temperatures exceeding 400°C. Analysis showed that significant phase changes occurred with highly alloyed AA6061 and AA5052 while the more pure aluminum (AA1100) showed nearly ideal behavior (i.e. limited phase changes). In the case of the more alloyed AA5052 and AA6061, the phase changes could take place at relatively low temperatures (100°C to 250°C), and thus may have already experienced some of these phase changes in service. As results are thermodynamic in nature, assessment of kinetics will be examined to determine if the phase changes are a concern for the relatively short fuel drying step.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation for Representative Human Reliability Analysis Methods

The Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) is the regulatory expert organization established by the Korean government to strengthen the nation’s technical capabilities relating to nuclear safety regulation. KINS oversees the technical aspects of nuclear safety regulation, including safety reviews, inspections, education, and safety research—all conducted based on technical knowledge and accumulated regulatory experience. In 2023, KINS requested that Idaho National Laboratory (INL) validates representative human reliability analysis (HRA) methods used throughout the world, thus affording KINS with a basis for determining an HRA method adequate for its domestic regulatory purposes. The present paper mainly examines INL’s efforts in this regard. The resulting INL study covered four representative HRA methods widely used by nuclear utilities and regulatory institutes. These methods were qualitatively evaluated by applying specific evaluation criteria and determining how well each method reflected critical HRA issues. For this assessment, INL benchmarked the Halden International HRA Empirical Study. Using the Halden empirical data, along with information on human failure events (HFEs), the present study employed the selected HRA methods to estimate human error probabilities (HEPs) for the HFEs. It also performed statistical analyses to compare the HEPs predicted via the HRA methods against those from the Halden empirical data.

99 - GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Example Work Domain Analysis for a Reference Sodium Fast Reactor

The nuclear industry is currently designing and building a new generation of reactors that will include different structural, functional, and environmental aspects, all of which are likely to have a significant impact on the way these plants are operated. In order to meet economic and safety objectives, these new reactors will all use advanced technologies to some extent, including new materials and advanced digital instrumentation and control systems. New technologies will affect not only operational strategies, but will also require a new approach to how functions are allocated to humans or machines to ensure optimal performance. Uncertainty about the effect of large scale changes in plant design will remain until sound technical bases are developed for new operational concepts and strategies. Up-to-date models and guidance are required for the development of operational concepts for complex socio-technical systems. This report describes how the classical Work Domain Analysis method was adapted to develop operational concept frameworks for new plants. This adaptation of the method is better able to deal with the uncertainty and incomplete information typical of first-of-a-kind designs. Practical examples are provided of the systematic application of the method in the operational analysis of sodium-cooled reactors. Insights from this application and its utility are reviewed and arguments for the formal adoption of Work Domain Analysis as a value-added part of the Systems Engineering process are presented.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment for Alaska

This report quantifies Alaska's offshore wind resource capacity while focusing on its unique nature. It is a supplement to the existing U.S. Offshore Wind Resource Assessment, which evaluated the offshore wind resource for all other U.S. states. Together, these reports provide the foundation for the nation's offshore wind value proposition. Both studies were developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The analysis presented herein represents the first quantitative evidence of the offshore wind energy potential of Alaska. The technical offshore wind resource area in Alaska is larger than the technical offshore resource area of all other coastal U.S. states combined. Despite the abundant wind resource available, significant challenges inhibit large-scale offshore wind deployment in Alaska, such as the remoteness of the resource, its distance from load centers, and the wealth of land available for onshore wind development. Throughout this report, the energy landscape of Alaska is reviewed and a resource assessment analysis is performed in terms of gross and technical offshore capacity and energy potential.

17 WIND ENERGY↗