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At least 721 records · Page 40
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1981

A new component of hard X-rays in solar flares

High-resolution (approximately 1 keV FWHM) spectral measurements from 13 to 300 keV of a solar flare hard X-ray burst observed on 1980 June 27 by a balloon-borne array of cooled germanium planar detectors are presented. At energies below about 35 keV, a new component of solar flare hard X-rays is identified. This component is characterized by an extremely steep spectrum which fits closely to that from a Maxwellian electron distribution with a maximum temperature of about 34 x 10 to the 6th K and an emission measure of 2.9 x 10 to the 48th per cu cm. This hot isothermal component appears at the peak of the normal power-law-like impulsive X-ray burst component, and it remains isothermal and dominates the X-ray emission below about 30 keV through the decay of the flare event.

Lin, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Ice depolarization of the Comstar beacon at 28.56 GHz during low fades and correlation with radar backscatter

Radar correlation with significant ice depolarization events accompanied by low copolarization fades of the 28.56-GHz Comstar beacon signal are described for an experimental program at Wallops Island, VA. Using a Faraday switch at the front end of the receiver, the copolarization and cross-polarization levels of the 28.56-GHz beacon signal are sequentially monitored. A nearby high resolution S-band radar pointing along the earth-satellite path monitors the simultaneous ice and rain reflectivity. For a first case considered, excellent correlation is noted between the cross-polarization events and relatively large and extended ice reflectivities along a segment of the earth-satellite path at altitudes near and above the 0 C isotherm. In a second case, the radar and receiver data strongly suggest the cross-polarization mechanism is due to a hailshaft which intersects the path at altitudes well below the 0 deg isotherm.

Goldhirsh, J.↗
NASA NTRS1982

X-ray observations of Abell 2218 and implications for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect

The Einstein Observatory was used to obtain a high-resolution X-ray image and an X-ray flux measurement of the galaxy cluster Abell 2218. The combined system of intracluster medium and galaxies is modeled as a gas in hydrostatic equilibrium in a common gravitational potential with an isothermal galaxy component. This model is then fitted in the least-squares sense to the X-ray surface brightness distribution and to the optically determined galaxy surface density profile to determine model parameters. The gas is found to be nominally isothermal, moderately dense, and very hot (10-30 keV); these conditions are consistent with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, i.e., the diminution in the cosmic microwave background radiation intensity in the direction of this cluster. It is noted that the considerable imprecision inherent in the method of distance measurement based on the combination of microwave measurements with X-ray and optical data makes it impossible to make a definitive statement about the distance to Abell 2218.

Boynton, P. E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

The cosmic microwave background radiation as a probe of the large-scale structure of the universe

Cosmological and astrophysical implications of large scale fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background are discussed, with attention given to galaxy formation. Angular anisotropies are mentioned as yielding information on the matter distribution during early epochs, characterized by inhomogeneities which persist on large scales. Factors such as the curvature of the universe and the hypothesis of massive neutrinos with m more than 30 eV affect the observed anomalies, which can be traced backwards to determine the source of nonlinear structures. Neutrino rest masses of less than a few eV imply isothermal fluctuations in the initial conditions, while gaseous fragmentation of adiabatic pancakes does provide a basis for an acceptable galaxy formation and clustering scenario. However, the primordial isothermal fluctuations fit well with observational constraints imposed by a neutrino-dominated universe.

Silk, J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Experiments in dilution jet mixing

Experimental results are given on the mixing of a single row of jets with an isothermal mainstream in a straight duct, to include flow and geometric variations typical of combustion chambers in gas turbine engines. The principal conclusions reached from these experiments were: at constant momentum ratio, variations in density ratio have only a second-order effect on the profiles; a first-order approximation to the mixing of jets with a variable temperature mainstream can be obtained by superimposing the jets-in-an isothermal-crossflow and mainstream profiles; flow area convergence, especially injection-wall convergence, significantly improves the mixing; for opposed rows of jets, with the orifice centerlines in-line, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is one half of the optimum value for single side injection at the same momentum ratio; and for opposed rows of jets, with the orifice centerlines staggered, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is twice the optimum value for single side injection at the same momentum ratio.

Holdeman, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Low-gravity experiments on Liquid Phase Miscibility Gap (LPMG) alloys: Materials Experiments Assembly (MEA)

Space shuttle experiments which study the massive separation which occurred during sounding rocket Al-In alloy tests are described. The gradient cool experiment studies surface tension driven droplet migration and particle pushing in an LPMG alloy. Isothermal experiments on the Te-Tl alloys test the hypothesis that LPMG systems with low surface energies produce relatively fine, and uniform emulsions and dispersions. It also examines the effect of droplet concentration on phase separation kinetics. Isothermal plunger experiments on Al-In alloys determine whether surface tension driven convection currents originating at a free surface contribute to massive separation. They ascertain whether In-rich droplets migrate under the action of a temperature gradient when they are not influenced by the crucible walls.

Gelles, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The influence of coastal shape on winter mesoscale air-sea interaction

In cold air outbreaks, the combination of coastal shape and sea surface isotherms has a profound effect in the establishment of mesoscale atmospheric circulation, due to differential heating resulting from both overwater path length and underlying sea surface temperature (SST) variations. Where coastal effects are dominant, a mesoscale front forms downstream of the point which marks the major bend in the coastline's orientation. The strength of the induced mesoscale circulation depends on the original contrast between the land air temperature and the SST. It is noted that where the coastline and the isotherm pattern are approximately normal to the mean boundary layer flow, and thermal contrast is sufficiently large, the cloud streets formed downstream will be convective in nature, and oriented with the axis of roll vortices along the wind direction.

Atlas, D.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Experiments in dilution jet mixing

Experimental results are presented on the mixing of a single row of jets with an isothermal mainstream in a straight duct, with flow and geometric variations typical of combustion chambers in gas turbine engines included. It is found that at a constant momentum ratio, variations in the density ratio have only a second-order effect on the profiles. A first-order approximation to the mixing of jets with a variable temperature mainstream can, it is found, be obtained by superimposing the jets-in-an-isothermal-crossflow and mainstream profiles. Another finding is that the flow area convergence, especially injection-wall convergence, significantly improves the mixing. For opposed rows of jets with the orifice cone centerlines in-line, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is determined to be 1/2 of the optimum value for single injection at the same momentum ratio. For opposed rows of jets with the orifice centerlines staggered, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is found to be twice the optimum value for single side injection at the same momentum ratio.

Holdeman, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Modelling of TGS growth in space

Attention is called to the necessity of programming the temperature downward in order to maintain a constant growth rate in the absence of convection. Trial and error numerical computations are performed to find the first approximation for the required isothermal dissolution period, linear ramp, and polynomial temperature variation period. The linear ramp rate is limited by the specified maximum temperature gradient. The isothermal dissolution turns out to be unnecessary. The linear ramp must be stopped before the polynomial period is begun in order to avoid overshooting the specified maximum growth rate. After a few hours, the temperature profile approaches steady-state behavior.

Liu, L. C.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Characterization of the general purpose research furnace for low-G directional solidification experiments

Preliminary tests have shown that it is possible to control the temperature settings in NASA's General Purpose Research Furnace in such a manner as to obtain a constant rate of movement of a high temperature isotherm down the length of the furnace. These tests also showed that a temperature gradient on the order of 40 deg cm could be obtained in the furnace while moving the particular isotherm of interest, i.e., 900 C. This provides the possibility of performing directional solidification experiments in the furnace on a MEA flight in the low gravity environment provided by the Shuttle. A functional dependency of growth rate on perturbations during the the growth has been derived and shows the importance of avoiding non-steady growth rates and changing temperature gradients.

Crouch, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Preliminary study of thermomechanical fatigue of polycrystalline MAR-M 200

Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) experiments were conducted on polycrystalline MAR-M 200 over a cyclic temperature range of 500 to 1000 C. Inelastic strain ranges of 0.03 to 0.2 percent were imposed on the specimens. The TMF lives were found to be significantly shorter than isothermal low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) life at the maximum cycle temperature, and in-phase cycling was more damaging than out-of-phase cycling. Extensive crack tip oxidation appeared to play a role in promoting the severity of in-phase cycling. Carbide particle - matrix interface cracking was also observed after in-phase TMF cycling. The applicability of various life prediction models to the TMF results obtained was assessed. It was concluded that current life prediction models based on isothermal data as input must be modified to be applicable to the TMF results.

Bill, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Investigations on the system boron-carbon silicon

The above elements form with each other binary compounds which are very interesting from the point of view of their structure and their chemistry and which are important for technology. The present investigation is concerned with the three-component system and the behavior of the binary compounds occurring in it. Investigations employing various techniques, such as X-ray, chemical analysis, microscopy and fusion experiments showed that no ternary phase exists within the boundary of the ternary system. There is no compound with a higher abrasion capacity than boron carbide. The probable phase field divisions at two isothermic intersections and the fusion isotherms are indicated.

Kieffer, R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Characterization of macrosegregation in ESR IN-718

Aspects of macrosegregation theory, such as dendrite arm spacing, pool profile and mushy zone depth are beneficial to developing consumable melting process for Ion Nickel IN-718, Electro-Slag Refining, especially ESR. Aspects of microsegregation theory, such as correlation of dendrite arm spacing with heat transfer mechanisms and local solidification time, are used to minimize remnant dendritism in both ESR and Vacuum Arc Remelting VAR IN-718. Specifically, ESR IN-718 must be optimized by developing practices which maximize ingot cooling rate and minimize the steepness of the solidus and liquidus isotherms. The knowledge concerning macrosegregation in consumable melted IN-718 is in the form of correlations. Since the isotherm steepness is undoubtedly involved, investigations which include a microgravity environment might separate microsegregation effects from macrosegregation effects. Accounting for the effects of gravity and density differences between the metal pool and the interdendritic fluid, in combination with the pool and mushy zone profiles, can lead to improved melting solidification practices for IN-718, and allow prediction of macrosegregation tendency to be incorporated into high temperature alloy design.

Domingue, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The structure of clusters of galaxies observed with Einstein

Imaging observations from the Einstein Observatory are used to determine properties of galactic clusters and the intracluster gas. The hydrostatic-isothermal gas model is applied to obtain the cluster core radius, the limiting slope of the X-ray surface brightness distribution, and the presence and magnitude of a central luminosity excess above that predicted from the model when fit to the outer regions of the cluster. It is concluded that clusters can be divided into two basic families, one with small core radii and X-ray emission centered on a central dominant galaxy, and one with larger core radii and generally no central, stationary bright galaxy. The former type probably begins to form in the early stages of a cluster's dynamical evolution. The intracluster gas has a larger scale height than that of the galaxies based on the fit of the hydrostatic-isothermal model to the X-ray surface brightness profiles.

Jones, C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Energy efficient engine. Volume 2. Appendix A: Component development and integration program

The large size and the requirement for precise lightening cavities in a considerable portion of the titanium fan blades necessitated the development of a new manufacturing method. The approach which was selected for development incorporated several technologies including HIP diffusion bonding of titanium sheet laminates containing removable cores and isothermal forging of the blade form. The technology bases established in HIP/DB for composite blades and in isothermal forging for fan blades were applicable for development of the manufacturing process. The process techniques and parameters for producing and inspecting the cored diffusion bonded titanium laminate blade preform were established. The method was demonstrated with the production of twelve hollow simulated blade shapes for evaluation. Evaluations of the critical experiments conducted to establish procedures to produce hollow structures by a laminate/core/diffusion bonding approach are included. In addition the transfer of this technology to produce a hollow fan blade is discussed.

Moracz, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Accurate Measurement of Heat Capacity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Experience with high quality heat capacity measurement by differential scanning calorimetry is summarized and illustrated, pointing out three major causes of error: (1) incompatible thermal histories of the sample, reference and blank runs; (2) unstable initial and final isotherms; (3) incompatible differences between initial and final isotherm amplitudes for sample, reference and blank runs. Considering these problems, it is shown for the case of polyoxymethylene that accuracies in heat capacity of 0.1 percent may be possible.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1985

Viscoplastic constitutive relationships with dependence on thermomechanical history

Experimental evidence of thermomechanical history dependence in the cyclic hardening behavior of some common high-temperature structural alloys is presented with special emphasis on dynamic metallurgical changes. The inadequacy of formulating nonisothermal constitutive equations solely on the basis of isothermal testing is discussed. A representation of thermoviscoplasticity is proposed that qualitatively accounts for the observed hereditary behavior. This is achieved by formulating the scalar evolutionary equation in an established viscoplasticity theory to reflect thermomechanical path dependence. To assess the importance of accounting for thermomechanical history dependence in practical structural analyses, two qualitative models are specified: (1) formulated as if based entirely on isothermal information; (2) to reflect thermomechanical path dependence using the proposed thermoviscoplastic representation. Predictions of the two models are compared and the impact the calculated differences in deformation behavior may have on subsequent lifetime predictions is discussed.

Robinson, D. N.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Characteristics of polar stratospheric clouds as observed by SAM II, SAGE, and lidar

Satellite and lidar data sets developed over several years of observations are analyzed to detail the macroscopic and microphysical characteristics of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Mappings were made of the sizes, locations, probabilities of occurrence and temperature dependence of the PSCs, and indicated that PSCs are correlated with an extended stratospheric cloud bank in the cold polar vortex region. The bank is bounded by a 188 K isotherm, and the probability of occurrence drops to 50 percent at the 193 K isotherm. Values of 6.3 particles/cu cm and radii averaging 0.0725 micron/particle are calculated, along with an estimated downward velocity of 0.01 m/sec.

Mccormick, M. P.↗