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DOE OSTI2024

Soil Water Percolation Chemistry, April 2017 to March 2019, BR-Ma2, Manaus

Soil water percolation chemistry including major cations, anions and isotope geochemistry. Samples were collected from six passive wick flux meters across three topographic positions (valley, slope and plateau). Data has been processed to compute the monthly mean for each topographic position where two flux meters were installed at each topographic position. All samples were processed at the Geology, Geochemistry and Geomaterials Research Laboratory (GGRL) in Los Alamos, NM USA. The metadata tab included in the .csv has additional information on locations where the sensors were installed, and other installation/maintenance details. Contact ksolander@lanl.gov if you need to use this dataset for additional information.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Valuation and cost reduction of behind-the-meter hydrogen production in Hawaii

A 250kW hydrogen electrolysis facility was recently installed at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority's (NELHA's) campus. This facility that will begin operation in 2020 to produce hydrogen for fuel cell buses on the island to demonstrate of the application of hydrogen to decarbonize transportation. Given the size of the electrolysis station, it has the potential to significantly increase electricity costs for the campus, which is subject to energy and peak demand charges from the local utility. In this paper, we analyze the cost of hydrogen production at NELHA given the rate structure options available from the utility. Production costs are estimated using optimal versus constant scheduling of the facility to meet the buses’ demand. A model of the electrolysis station is used to capture changes in production efficiency over the power range in the optimization routine. The effects of combining the station and campus load versus standalone operation and increasing solar generation are also explored. The analyses surrounding this scenario show the importance of multiple factors on the potential profitability of hydrogen production in behind-the-meter applications and show trends that could have implications for other similar installations.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2020

Revisiting the Terawatt Challenge

Richard E. Smalley, in 2003, defined the Terawatt (TW) Challenge as “Adapting our energy infrastructure to simultaneously address diminishing oil resources and rising levels of atmospheric CO 2 .” Smalley, best known for the discovery of C 60 , for which he received the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, continued to address the challenges of anthropomorphic and natural global energy flows until he passed away in 2005. Smalley challenged the world to transform the energy sector. He envisioned electricity transmitted by high-voltage direct current (DC) lines from massively deployed solar plants in sunny areas and remotely sited nuclear plants. He also envisioned using advanced batteries for local storage of energy. To meet the needs of ~10 people in a world with a dwindling oil supply, Smalley asserted that the world would need to transform its fossil-fuel-driven 14-TW (average power) energy used in 2003 to a largely renewable-energy-driven 30–60 TW (average power) in 2050. This would be possible only if solar-electricity costs could be drastically reduced. The challenges associated with this transition have been called the “Terawatt Challenge.” Fifteen years later, solar-module costs have been reduced by tenfold and annual deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules has grown by a factor of 100,from ~1 gigawatt (GW) in 2004 to ~100 GW in 2018, with a total of 500 GW installed worldwide, producing 2% of the planet’s electricity. As global installed solar generating capacity approaches1 TW, we revisit Smalley’s TW challenge to identify what has changed and quantify the TW Challenge for a baseline scenario and for two scenarios designed as upper and lower bounds determined by the degree we implement electrification and storage. In this paper, we show that the energy choices we make today will dramatically affect the magnitude of future global energy requirements.

SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Myb Mayberry Wetland

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Myb Mayberry Wetland. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Myb Mayberry Wetland produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The Mayberry Wetland site is a 300-acre restored wetland on Sherman Island, north of Mayberry Slough, that is on the property of Mayberry Farms and managed by the California Department of Water Resources and Ducks Unlimited. During Summer 2010, the site was restored from a pepperweed and annual grassland pasture to a wetland through a project managed by Bryan Brock (bpbrock@water.ca.gov). A flux tower equipped to analyze energy, H2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes was installed on October 14, 2010. At the time of installation, flooding of the site had only recently begun after extensive reconstruction of the wetland bathymetry conducted during the summer. Although some small patches of tules remain within the site, the site is a patchwork of deep and shallow open water with some remaining vegetation. Currently, there is an intention to flood-to-kill the current pepperweed and upland grasses and let the wetland plants propagate naturally, so no additional plant manipulation will occur.

Matthes, Jaclyn Hatala↗

DOE OSTI2023

CCSI Toolset 3.17 Release

CCSI Toolset 3.17 Release Highlights A workaround was developed to allow complex Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM) models to be used in FOQUS. This workaround uses Visual Basic for Applications to connect the ACM models to FOQUS. The ability for User plugins to be uploaded to FOQUS Cloud was added. The documentation was updated to include Optional Software Install and Tutorial Notes to clarify the usage of Turbine and SimSinter in installation instructions and adds a link to the relevant tutorial page. The Sequential Design of Experiments documentation was updated with current screenshots. The copyright was updated to include 2023.

AS↗

DOE OSTI2023

CCSI Toolset 3.18 Release

CCSI Toolset 3.18 Release Highlights FOQUS was updated to allow installation for users using MacOS on Apple silicon. FOQUS Cloud support was added for user plugins. The Optimality-Based Design of Experiments tutorials were updated to reflect the latest changes in the user interface flow. The plot discrete sliders were fixed for CDF and 3D plots within Uncertainty Quantification, which were not working due to a matplotlib depreciation. The installation was updated to set the default location for the PSUADE executable if found in the environment. Updates were made to allow compatibility with NumPy 1.25. Additional documentation changes were made to fix typographical errors and fix a broken link to optional software.

AS↗

DOE OSTI2024

CCSI Toolset 3.22 Release

CCSI Toolset 3.22 Release Highlights The Sequential Design of Experiments user interface was updated to resolve an issue where the results would fail to plot in some cases (e.g., Non-Uniform Space Filling designs). The Machine Learning/Artificial Intelligence module was updated to support Keras 3 and to reflect changes made to dependencies’ syntax. A check was added to ensure PSUADE is installed and available at FOQUS startup. If PSUADE is not installed, a link to the FOQUS documentation is displayed and FOQUS is closed. The copyright year was updated to include 2024 in places where it had not previously been updated. Typographical errors were corrected to improve clarity in variable names and documentation. The FOQUS documentation was updated to reflect the fact that ALAMO can have two executables and indicates the correct executable to add to the Settings path. SimSinter was updated to version 3.1.0. This version removed gPROMS support and included security updates.

AS↗

DOE OSTI2020

WIRE SCANNER FOR HIGH INTENSITY BEAM PROFILE DIAGNOSITICS

A control and data acquisition system of a high speed wire scanner is developed for high intensity beam profile diagnostics. The control system of the wire scanner includes two IOCs, a Soft IOC and a VME IOC. The Soft IOC connects with an Aerotech Ensemble motor drive through EPCIS motor record and controls the movement of the wire scanner. An Electrical Input card samples the real-time position of the wire through an incremental encoder, and generates a pulse to synchronize a VME ADC data acquisition card, which digitizes and samples the beam-induced signal after pre-amplification. A VME Relay Output card is installed to control the Brake Solenoid and Actuator Solenoid. All the VME I/O cards are installed on one VME crate and controlled by the VME IOC. The system configuration and software of the wire scanner are under development.

Yan, J.↗

DOE OSTI2023

TEACHING AN OLD ACCELERATOR NEW TRICKS

The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) has been a National User Facility since 1985. In that time, many of the systems that help operators retrieve, modify, and store beamline parameters have not kept pace with the advancement of technology. Development of a new method of storing and retrieving beamline parameters resulted in the testing and installation of a time-series database as a potential replacement for the traditional relational database. InfluxDB was selected due to its self-hosted Open-Source version availability as well as the simplicity of installation and setup. A program was written to periodically gather all accelerator parameters in the control system and store them in the time-series database. This resulted in over 13,000 distinct data points, captured at 5-minute intervals. A second test captured 35 channels on a 1-minute cadence. Graphing of the captured data is being done on Grafana, an Open-Source version is available that co-exists well with InfluxDB as the back-end. Grafana made visualizing the data simple and flexible. The testing has allowed for the use of modern graphing tools to generate new insights into operating the accelerator, as well as opened the door to building large data sets suitable for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning applications.

Novak, D.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Fermilab's controls development with virtual accelerator

Control Systems development is often the last thing considered when designing and building new equipment, e.g. a new detector or superconducting RF LINAC; however when the new equipment is installed, it is the first thing desired to be operational for testing. Due to frequent delays in building new equipment and project deadlines, control system development and testing is often curtailed. A way to alleviate this problem is to simulate the control system, though this will be challenging for complex systems.The Fermilab PIP-II (proton improvement plan - II) project is being constructed at Fermilab to deliver $800\,MeV$ protons of $>1\,MW$ beam power to replace the present LINAC for the remainder of the existing accelerator complex. The new LINAC consists of a warm front end (WFE), 23 superconducting RF cryomodules (of 5 types), and a beam transfer line (BTL) to the existing complex.The accelerator physics group has a parallel project to create a digital twin (DT) of the PIP-II accelerator. We have coupled the EPICS controls to this DT and are developing both the DT and EPICS software in parallel. This will allow us to develop the EPICS software framework, the HMIs, sequences, high level physics applications, and other services for use in a fully functional control system.This presentation will detail the work that we have performed to date and show demonstrations of controlling and monitoring the status of the accelerator, as well as future plans for this work.

Hanlet, Pierrick [Fermilab]↗

DOE OSTI2024

Optimizing the sextupole configuration for simultaneous correction of third order resonances at the recycler ring

For the Recycler Ring at Fermilab, space charge tune shifts of almost 0.1 will have to be dealt with under the Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) framework. This will lead to the excitation of third order resonances. The minimization of Resonance Driving Terms (RDTs) allows to mitigate the harmful effect of these betatron resonances. Past work has shown that previously-installed sextupoles can compensate the RDTs of individual third order resonance lines, thus reducing particle losses in these operational regimes. Nevertheless, trying to compensate multiple resonances of the same order simultaneously with these existing sextupoles is limited due to current constraints in the magnets. The following study showcases the procedure to install additional sextupoles in order to aid the compensation of multiple resonances. This includes the optimization of the new sextupoles' locations in order to cancel out multiple RDTs while minimizing the currents needed. This is followed by a verification of their effectiveness by means of the RDT response matrix.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Progress towards the completion of the proton power upgrade project

The Proton Power Upgrade project at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory will increase the proton beam power capability from 1.4 to 2.8 MW. Upon completion in early 2025, 2 MW of beam power will be available for neutron production at the existing first target station (FTS) with the remaining beam power available for the future second target station (STS). The project has installed seven superconducting radio-frequency (RF) cryomodules and supporting RF power systems to increase the beam energy by 30% to 1.3 GeV, and the beam current will be increased by 50%. The injection and extraction region of the accumulator ring are being upgraded, and a new 2 MW mercury target has been developed along with supporting equipment for high-flow gas injection to mitigate cavitation and fatigue stress. The first four cryomodules and supporting systems were commissioned in 2022-2023 and supported neutron production at 1.05 GeV, 1.7 MW with high reliability. The first-article 2 MW target was operated successfully for approximately 4400 MW-Hours over two run periods. The long outage began in August 2023 for installation of the remaining technical equipment and construction of the Ring-to-Target Beam Transport tunnel stub that will enable connection to the STS without interrupting operation of the FTS. The upgrade is proceeding on-schedule and on-budget, and resumption of neutron production for the user program is planned for July 2024.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Second Generation Fermilab Main Injector 8 GeV Beamline Collimation Preliminary Design

The current Fermilab Main Injector 8 GeV beamline transverse collimation system was installed in 2006. Since then, proton beam intensities and rates have increased significantly. With the promise of even greater beam intensities and a faster repetition rate when the PIP-II upgrade completes later this decade, the current collimation system will be insufficient. Over the past 18 months, multiple collimation designs have been investigated, some more traditional and others novel. A preliminary design review was conducted and a design chosen. Work is underway to finalize the chosen design, prototype some of its novel components and procure parts for installation Summer 2023.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

SRF Cavity Instability Detection with Machine Learning at CEBAF

During the operation of CEBAF, one or more unstable superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities often cause beam loss trips while the unstable cavities themselves do not necessarily trip off. Identifying an unstable cavity out of the hundreds of cavities installed at CEBAF is difficult and time-consuming. The present RF controls for the legacy cavities report at only 1 Hz, which is too slow to detect fast transient instabilities. A fast data acquisition system for the legacy SRF cavities is being developed which samples and reports at 5 kHz to allow for detection of transients. A prototype chassis has been installed and tested in CEBAF. An autoencoder based machine learning model is being developed to identify anomalous SRF cavity behavior. The model is presently being trained on the slow (1 Hz) data that is currently available, and a separate model will be developed and trained using the fast (5 kHz) DAQ data once it becomes available. This paper will discuss the present status of the new fast data acquisition system and results of testing the prototype chassis. This paper will also detail the initial performance metrics of the autoencoder model.

Carpenter, A.↗

DOE OSTI2026

SRF cavity instability detection with machine learning at CEBAF

During the operation of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), one or more unstable superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities often cause beam loss trips while the unstable cavities themselves do not necessarily trip off. The present RF controls for the legacy cavities report at only 1 Hz, which is too slow to detectfast transient instabilities during these trip events. These challenges make the identification of an unstable cavity out of the hundreds installed at CEBAF a difficult and time-consuming task. To tackle these issues, a fast data acquisition system (DAQ) for the legacy SRF cavities has been developed, which records the sample at 5 kHz. An unsupervised learning framework has been developed to identify anomalous SRF cavity behavior. We will discuss the present status of the DAQ system and our framework, along with recent successes in detecting anomalous cavity behavior. Overall, our method offers a practical solution for identifying unstable SRF cavities, contributing to increased beam availability and machine reliability.

Accelerator Physics↗

DOE OSTI2023

Microphonics in the LCLS-II Superconducting Linac

The LCLS-II project has installed a new superconducting linac at SLAC that consists of 35 1.3 GHz cryomodules and 2 3.9 GHz cryomodules. The linac will provide a 4 GeV electron beam for generating soft and hard X-ray pulses. Cavity detuning induced by microphonics was a significant design challenge for the LCLS-II cryomodules. Cryomodules were produced that were within the detuning specification (10 Hz for 1.3 GHz cryomodules) on test stands. Here we present first measurements of the microphonics in the installed LCLS-II superconducting linac. Overall, the microphonics in the linac are manageable with 94% of cavities coming within the detune specification. Only two cavities are gradient limited due to microphonics. We identify a leaking cool down valve as the source of microphonics limiting those two cavities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Interpretation of Fracture Initiation Points by In-Well Low-Frequency Distributed Acoustic Sensing in Horizontal Wells

Summary Low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing (LF-DAS) exploits the optical phase shift of Rayleigh backscatter in fiber-optic cables to obtain distributed measurements of changes in strain and temperature. Fiber-optic cables are often installed for multistage hydraulic fracture diagnostics in horizontal wells. LF-DAS in an untreated well provides far-field strain measurements, while offset wells are hydraulically fractured. Such a configuration is called crosswell LF-DAS sensing. Crosswell LF-DAS measurements have proved useful in diagnosing fracture hits, fracture azimuth, planarity, cluster efficiency, fracture propagation rates, and the dynamic distance to the fracture front. In contrast, in-well LF-DAS is conducted on the actively fractured well. Due to cool fracture fluid being injected at high injection rates, the strain component of the LF-DAS response is largely obscured by temperature changes. In permanent fiber-optic cable installations, distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is often conducted simultaneously with LF-DAS. An opportunity exists to decouple the temperature and strain components of LF-DAS sensors to observe strain changes on in-well LF-DAS. The LF-DAS response is modeled as linearly dependent on strain and temperature changes. Theoretical LF-DAS temperature and strain sensitivity coefficients are derived based on the changes to the index of refraction and length of the fiber. Using the DTS measurements, temperature changes are computed, smoothed, filtered, and compared to the LF-DAS response. Crossplots of the in-well LF-DAS measurements and temperature changes from DTS measurements far from the actively fractured region are used to validate the theoretical sensitivity coefficients. Uncertainty in the temperature component of the LF-DAS response is quantified. The difficulty in corresponding the different spatial and temporal resolutions of the DTS and LF-DAS measurements is overcome by comparing the responses over a moving temporal and spatial window. If the LF-DAS response at the center of the window agrees with the DTS response within uncertainty, the measurement is filtered out. After filtering, the remaining nonzero in-well LF-DAS measurements are due to changes in strain. The data are then visualized in waterfall plots. The results indicate that the theoretical and observed strain and temperature coefficients agree within 10%. After the temperature component of the in-well LF-DAS response is extracted, the remaining nonzero measurements are located primarily within the actively treated region. Locations with peaks in the strain response are interpreted to indicate fracture initiation points. These fracture initiation points are compared with in-well DTS and high-frequency DAS noise measurements across multiple stages to better understand fracture initiation along the horizontal well.

Engineering↗

DOE OSTI2024

AmeriFlux Measurement Component Instrument Handbook

An AMC system was installed at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility’s North Slope Alaska (NSA) Barrow site, also known as NSA C1 at the ARM Data Archive, in August 2012. A second AMC system was installed at the third ARM Mobile Facility deployment at Oliktok Point, also known as NSA M1. This in situ system consists of 12 combination soil temperature and volumetric water content (VWC) reflectometers and one set of upwelling and downwelling PAR sensors, all deployed within the fetch of the Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System. Soil temperature and VWC sensors placed at two depths (10 and 30 cm below the vegetation layer) at six locations (or microsites) allow soil property inhomogeneity to be monitored across a landscape. The soil VWC and temperature sensors used at NSA C1 are the Campbell Scientific CS650L and the sensors at NSA M1 use the Campbell Scientific CS655. The two sensors are nearly identical in function, and vendor specifications are based on the CS650 unless otherwise stated.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗