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NASA NTRS1985

On the Global Distribution of Three-Dimensional Eliassen-Palm Fluxes by Stationary Waves

The global distribution of three dimensional EP fluxes is investigated by using statistics for Dec. 1980 to Feb. 1981 and June to August 1981 calculated from operational analyses. Results at 1000 and 150 mb are given. During the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter strong upward fluxes can be seen at 1000 mb in the lee of the Himalayas and Rockies, windward of the Canadian Rockies in the east Pacific, to the north of the Atlantic stormtrack and over the west Pacific in a region of strong land sea thermal contrast. Upward fluxes also appear near the west coasts of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) subtropical continents regions of strong land sea thermal contrast. At 150 mb (Fig. 1b) the strongest upward flux now occurs south of Alaska. The horizontal fluxes imply poleward propagation from the convection over Indonesia to 20 N, a region where the assumptions underlying EP fluxes are not well met. Equatorward propagation dominates the NH midlatitude except over the Pacific. The fluxes given offer hints of the sources of stationary waves, but also show several puzzling features and a rather cavalier disregard of regions of easterly wind. The physical meaning and interpretation of three dimensional EP fluxes is not yet clear.

White, G. H.↗

NASA NTRS1985

An implicit finite-difference code for a two-equation turbulence model for three-dimensional flows

An implicit finite difference code was developed which solves the transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy and its dissipation rate in generalized coordinates in three dimensions. The finite difference equations are solved using the Beam-Warming algorithm. The kinetic energy-dissipation code, KEM, provides the closure; i.e., the turbulent viscosity for calculation of either compressible or incompressible flows. Turbulent internal flow over a backward-facing step has been calculated using the present code in conjunction with the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Code, INS3D. The results are in good agreement with experiments and two dimensional computations of other researchers.

Kaul, U. K.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Finite difference methods for reducing numerical diffusion in TEACH-type calculations

A methodological evaluation for two-finite differencing schemes for computer-aided gas turbine design is presented. The two computational schemes include; a Bounded Skewed Finite Differencing Scheme (BSUDS); and a Quadratic Upwind Differencing Scheme (QSDS). In the evaluation, the derivations of the schemes were incorporated into two-dimensional and three-dimensional versions of the Teaching Axisymmetric Characteristics Heuristically (TEACH) computer code. Assessments were made according to performance criteria for the solution of problems of turbulent, laminar, and coannular turbulent flow. The specific performance criteria used in the evaluation were simplicity, accuracy, and computational economy. It is found that the BSUDS scheme performed better with respect to the criteria than the QUDS. Some of the reasons for the more successful performance BSUDS are discussed.

Syed, S. A.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Potential flow calculations and preliminary wing design in support of an NLF variable sweep transition flight experiment

NASA Langley and NASA Ames-Dryden have defined a variable-sweep transition-flight experiment utilizing the F-14 aircraft to enhance understanding of the interaction of crossflow and Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities on a laminar-boundary-layer transition. The F-14 wing outer panel will be modified to generate favorable pressure gradients on the upper wing surface over a wide range of flight conditions. Extensive computations have been performed using two-dimensional and three-dimensional transonic analysis codes. Flight-test and computational data are compared and shown to validate the applicability of the three-dimensional codes (WBPPW and TAWFIVE). In addition, results from two preliminary glove designs derived from two different approaches to the design problem are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are identified, and it is concluded that coupling an analysis code with an automated design procedure yields a powerful code with distinct advantages over a 'cut-and-dry' approach.

Waggoner, E. G.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Shock-free turbomachinery blade design

A computational method for designing shock-free, quasi-three-dimensional, transonic, turbomachinery blades is described. Shock-free designs are found by implementing Sobieczky's fictitious gas principle in the analysis of a baseline shape, resulting in an elliptic solution that is incorrect in the supersonic domain. Shock-free designs are obtained by combining the subsonic portion of this solution with a characteristic calculation of the correct supersonic flow using the sonic line data from the fictitious elliptic solution. This provides a new, shock-free blade design. Examples presented include the removal of shocks from two blades in quasi-three-dimensional flow and the development of a series of shock-free two-dimensional stators. The new designs all include modifications to the upper surface of an experimental stator blade developed at NASA Lewis Research Center. While the designs presented here are for inviscid flow, the same concepts have been successfully applied to the shock-free design of airfoils and three-dimensional wings with viscous effects. The extension of the present method to viscous flows is straightforward given a suitable analysis algorithm for the flow.

Beauchamp, P. P.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Line emission from H II blister models

Numerical techniques to calculate the thermal and geometric properties of line emission from H II 'blister' regions are presented. It is assumed that the density distributions of the H II regions are a function of two dimensions, with rotational symmetry specifying the shape in three-dimensions. The thermal and ionization equilibrium equations of the problem are solved by spherical modeling, and a spherical sector approximation is used to simplify the three-dimensional treatment of diffuse ionizing radiation. The global properties of H II 'blister' regions near the edges of a molecular cloud are simulated by means of the geometry/density distribution, and the results are compared with observational data. It is shown that there is a monotonic increase of peak surface brightness from the i = 0 deg (pole-on) observational position to the i = 90 deg (edge-on) position. The enhancement of the line peak intensity from the edge-on to the pole-on positions is found to depend on the density, stratification, ionization, and electron temperature weighting. It is found that as i increases, the position of peak line brightness of the lower excitation species is displaced to the high-density side of the high excitation species.

Rubin, R. H.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Motion analysis report

Human motion analysis is the task of converting actual human movements into computer readable data. Such movement information may be obtained though active or passive sensing methods. Active methods include physical measuring devices such as goniometers on joints of the body, force plates, and manually operated sensors such as a Cybex dynamometer. Passive sensing de-couples the position measuring device from actual human contact. Passive sensors include Selspot scanning systems (since there is no mechanical connection between the subject's attached LEDs and the infrared sensing cameras), sonic (spark-based) three-dimensional digitizers, Polhemus six-dimensional tracking systems, and image processing systems based on multiple views and photogrammetric calculations.

Badler, N. I.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Simulation and modeling of homogeneous, compressed turbulence

Low Reynolds number homogeneous turbulence undergoing low Mach number isotropic and one-dimensional compression was simulated by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical simulations were performed on a CYBER 205 computer using a 64 x 64 x 64 mesh. A spectral method was used for spatial differencing and the second-order Runge-Kutta method for time advancement. A variety of statistical information was extracted from the computed flow fields. These include three-dimensional energy and dissipation spectra, two-point velocity correlations, one-dimensional energy spectra, turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, integral length scales, Taylor microscales, and Kolmogorov length scale. Results from the simulated flow fields were used to test one-point closure, two-equation models. A new one-point-closure, three-equation turbulence model which accounts for the effect of compression is proposed. The new model accurately calculates four types of flows (isotropic decay, isotropic compression, one-dimensional compression, and axisymmetric expansion flows) for a wide range of strain rates.

Wu, C. T.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Efficient solution methods for the Navier-Stokes equations

Implicit finite difference schemes for solving two-dimensional and three-dimensional Euler and thin layer Navier-Stokes equations are addressed. The methods are demonstrated in fully vectorized codes for a Cray type architecture. The Beam and Warming implicit approximate factorization algorithm in generalized coordinates is used. The methods are either time accurate or accelerated non-time accurate steady state schemes. Acceleration and efficiency modifications such as matrix reduction, diagonalization, and flux split schemes are presented. Two dimensional inviscid and viscous calculations (e.g., airfoils with a deflected spoiler, circulation control airfoils, and unsteady buffeting) and of three dimensional viscous elliptical bodies, exhausting boattails, and generic oblique wing computations are discussed.

Pulliam, T. H.↗

NASA NTRS1986

A review of the structure and dynamics of upper-level frontal zones

The development of structural models of upper-level frontal systems from the application of upper-air data to analyses utilizing radiosonde and aircraft observations is reviewed. The effects of turbulent processes and baroclinic waves on frontal structures and dynamics are examined. The use of the Sawyer-Eliassen (1956) equation for calculating the geostrophic, vertical circulations assosicated with frontal zones is described. The formation of upper-level fronts in two-dimensional flows and in three-dimensional baroclinic waves is studied and examples are provided. Future observational, diagnostic, and theoretical investigations on upper-level frontal zones are discussed.

Keyser, D.↗

NASA NTRS1986

A space-marching method for viscous incompressible internal flows

A numerical algorithm for calculating steady subsonic two-dimensional incompressible channel flows in ducts is developed and extended to three-dimensional flows. A space-marching method similar to that developed by Schiff and Steger (1980) for supersonic flows is applied, and numerical results for developing laminar flows in a two-dimensional channel, in a straight square duct, and in a mildly curved square duct are presented graphically. Good agreement with experimental data and analytical results is found.

Pouagare, M.↗

NASA NTRS1986

ANISAP: A three-dimensional finite element program for laminated composites subjected to mechanical loading

ANISAP is a 3-D finite element FORTRAN 77 computer code for linear elastic, small strain, analysis of laminated composites with arbitrary geometry including free edges and holes. Individual layers may be isotropic or transversely isotropic in material principal coordinates; individual layers may be rotated off-axis about a global z-axis. The laminate may be a hybrid. Three different isoparametric elements, variable order of gaussian integration, calculation of stresses at element boundaries, and loading by either nodal displacement of forces are included in the program capability. Post processing capability includes failure analysis using the tensor polynominal failure criterion.

Burns, S. W.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Assessment of a 3-D boundary layer code to predict heat transfer and flow losses in a turbine

Zonal concepts are utilized to delineate regions of application of three-dimensional boundary layer (DBL) theory. The zonal approach requires three distinct analyses. A modified version of the 3-DBL code named TABLET is used to analyze the boundary layer flow. This modified code solves the finite difference form of the compressible 3-DBL equations in a nonorthogonal surface coordinate system which includes coriolis forces produced by coordinate rotation. These equations are solved using an efficient, implicit, fully coupled finite difference procedure. The nonorthogonal surface coordinate system is calculated using a general analysis based on the transfinite mapping of Gordon which is valid for any arbitrary surface. Experimental data is used to determine the boundary layer edge conditions. The boundary layer edge conditions are determined by integrating the boundary layer edge equations, which are the Euler equations at the edge of the boundary layer, using the known experimental wall pressure distribution. Starting solutions along the inflow boundaries are estimated by solving the appropriate limiting form of the 3-DBL equations.

Anderson, O. L.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Application of advanced computational codes in the design of an experiment for a supersonic throughflow fan rotor

Increased emphasis on sustained supersonic or hypersonic cruise has revived interest in the supersonic throughflow fan as a possible component in advanced propulsion systems. Use of a fan that can operate with a supersonic inlet axial Mach number is attractive from the standpoint of reducing the inlet losses incurred in diffusing the flow from a supersonic flight Mach number to a subsonic one at the fan face. The design of the experiment using advanced computational codes to calculate the components required is described. The rotor was designed using existing turbomachinery design and analysis codes modified to handle fully supersonic axial flow through the rotor. A two-dimensional axisymmetric throughflow design code plus a blade element code were used to generate fan rotor velocity diagrams and blade shapes. A quasi-three-dimensional, thin shear layer Navier-Stokes code was used to assess the performance of the fan rotor blade shapes. The final design was stacked and checked for three-dimensional effects using a three-dimensional Euler code interactively coupled with a two-dimensional boundary layer code. The nozzle design in the expansion region was analyzed with a three-dimensional parabolized viscous code which corroborated the results from the Euler code. A translating supersonic diffuser was designed using these same codes.

Wood, Jerry R.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Protostellar formation in rotating interstellar clouds. V - Nonisothermal collapse and fragmentation

Numerical calculations are presented for rigorous models spanning a four-dimensional parameter space of initial conditions of the three-dimensional collapse of rotating protostellar clouds, encompassing radiative transfer in the Eddington approximation and detailed thermodynamical relations. It is found that protostellar formation may involve a few stages of hierarchical fragmentation terminated by increased thermal pressure in the nonisothermal regime, that high thermal energy clouds remain nearly axisymmetric during the first dynamic collapse phase, and that very slowly rotating clouds can fragment. The presolar nebula was probably formed from a cloud with very little initial rotation.

Boss, Alan R.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Vortex cloud model for body vortex shedding and tracking

The discrete vortex cloud approach models a missile airframe's vortex wake by means that are capable of treating a variety of configurations over a range of flow conditions. Attention is given to the sheets of vorticity formed on the lee side of a missile at moderate angles-of-attack. While three-dimensional attached flow models are used to represent the missile body, two-dimensional, incompressible, separated flow models are used to represent the separated vortex wake. The predicted pressure distribution of the body under the influence of the freestream and the separation vortex wake are used to calculate aerodynamic loads on the body. The separation vortex wake is represented by clouds of discrete vortices in cross flow planes normal to the body axis.

Mendenhall, Michael R.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Low energy dislocation structures in epitaxy

The principle of minimum energy was applied to epitaxial interfaces to show the interrelationship beteen misfit, overgrowth thickness and misfit dislocation spacing. The low energy dislocation configurations were presented for selected interfacial geometries. A review of the interfacial energy calculations was made and a critical assessment of the agreement between theory and experiment was presented. Modes of misfit accommodation were presented with emphasis on the distinction between kinetic effects and equilibrium conditions. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional overgrowths were treated together with interdiffusion-modified interfaces, and several models of interfacial structure were treated including the classical and the current models. The paper is concluded by indicating areas of needed investigation into interfacial structure.

Van Der Merwe, Jan H.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Modification of turbulent boundary layer structure by large-eddy breakup devices

The modification of the turbulent boundary layer large-eddy structure by streamlined devices is analyzed using the rapid distortion approximation and unsteady aerodynamic theory. The fluctuating velocity downstream of thin plate and airfoil-shaped devices is calculated throughout the boundary layer for two-dimensional and three-dimensional upstream harmonic disturbances. It is shown that such devices suppress most effectively the fluctuating vertical velocity for a range of reduced frequencies k(1) based on the device chord length. This effect depends on the device geometry and loading, its distance to the wall, and on the upstream disturbance condition. Effective devices suppressing most of the large-scale turbulent energy are such that k(1) varies over the 0.5 to 3.0 range. For airfoil-shaped devices, the device thickness has minimal effect on its performance. On the other hand, lifting devices are more effective than thin plates particularly for two-dimensional disturbances.

Atassi, H. M.↗