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At least 721 records · Page 40

Unraveling Electronic and Vibrational Coherences Following a Charge Transfer Process in a Photosystem II Reaction Center

A reaction center is a unique biological system that performs the initial charge separation within a Photosystem II (PSII) multiunit enzyme, which eventually drives the catalytic water-splitting in plants and algae. The possible role of quantum coherences coinciding with the energy and charge transfer processes in PSII reaction center is one of the active areas of research. Here, we study these quantum coherences by using a numerically exact method on an excitonic dimer model, including linear vibronic coupling and employing optimal parameters from experimental two-dimensional coherent spectroscopic measurements. This enables us to precisely capture the excitonic interaction between pigments and the dissipation of the energy from electronic and charge-transfer (CT) states to the protein environment. We employ the time nonlocal (TNL) quantum master equation to calculate the population dynamics, which yields numerically reliable results. The calculated results show that, due to the strong dissipation, the lifetime of electronic coherence is too short to have direct participation in the charge transfer processes. However, there are long-lived vibrational coherences present in the system at frequencies close to the excitionic energy gap. These are strongly coupled with the electronic coherences, which makes the detection of the electronic coherences with conventional techniques very challenging. Additionally, we unravel the strong excitonic interaction of radical pair (PD1 and PD2) in the reaction center, which results in a long-lived electronic coherence of >100 fs, even at room temperature. Our work provide important physical insight to the charge separation process in PSII reaction center, which may be helpful for better understanding of photophysical processes in other natural and artificial light-harvesting systems.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Carrier-assisted One-pot Sample Preparation for Targeted Proteomics Analysis of Small Numbers of Human Cells

Protein analysis of small numbers of human cells is primarily achieved by targeted proteomics with antibody-based immunoassays, which have inherent limitations (e.g., low multiplex and unavailability of antibodies for new proteins). Mass spectrometry (MS)-based targeted proteomics has emerged as an alternative because it is antibody-free, high multiplex, and has high specificity and quantitation accuracy. Recent advances in MS instrumentation make MS-based targeted proteomics possible for multiplexed quantification of highly abundant proteins in single cells. However, there is a technical challenge for effective processing of single cells with minimal sample loss for MS analysis. To address this issue, we have recently developed a convenient protein carrier-assisted one-pot sample preparation coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) - selected reaction monitoring (SRM) termed cLC-SRM for targeted proteomics analysis of small numbers of human cells. This method capitalizes on using the combined excessive exogenous protein as a carrier and low-volume one-pot processing to greatly reduce surface adsorption losses as well as high-specificity LC-SRM to effectively address the increased dynamic concentration range due to the addition of exogeneous carrier protein. Its utility has been demonstrated by accurate quantification of most moderately abundant proteins in small numbers of cells (e.g., 10-100 cells) and highly abundant proteins in single cells. The easy-to-implement features and no need for specific devices make this method readily accessible to most proteomics laboratories. In this study, we have provided a detailed protocol for cLC-SRM analysis of small numbers of human cells including cell sorting, cell lysis and digestion, LC-SRM analysis, and data analysis. Further improvements in detection sensitivity and sample throughput are needed towards targeted single-cell proteomics analysis. We anticipate that cLC-SRM will be broadly applied to biomedical research and systems biology with the potential of facilitating precision medicine.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Size dependent lattice pseudosymmetry for frustrated decahedral nanoparticles

Geometric frustration—where geometry prevents simultaneous satisfaction of local interactions—generates pseudosymmetry and emergent behaviors across physical and biological systems. At the nanoscale, pseudosymmetric features in crystalline materials manifest as local strain and distortion, but how they depend on particle size and control structural stability remains unclear. Here, we report the first study of a size-dependent crossover in pseudosymmetry in multi-twinned gold nanoparticles (NPs), combining four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy with nanoscale strain mapping grounded in continuum solid mechanics. Analysis of more than 20 decahedral NPs (20–55 nm) reveals pronounced heterogeneity in multiple modes of in-plane strain and displacement field in small NPs as five tetrahedral grains close the geometric gap, without extended defects. With increasing particle size, strain fields homogenize across grains and local phases shift from predominantly low-symmetry body-centered tetragonal motifs at small sizes to face-centered cubic character approaching the bulk limit. We identify a crossover particle size of ~35 nm, well below bulk, correlating with a transition from modified-Wulff shapes to pentagonal bipyramids, consistent with finite element predictions. This quantitative framework for mapping size-dependent strain and pseudosymmetry enables precise design and control of functional crystalline solids and phase transformation for catalysis, photonics, electronics, and energy storage.

Lin, Oliver [University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham↗

Contamination control handbook

Contamination Control Handbook provides technical information on avoiding contamination of physical, chemical or biological systems or products. The book includes control methods for product design, gases and liquids, airborne and surface contamination, radiation, packaging handling, storage and personnel.

Source record↗

Investigation of temperature dependence of development and aging

Temperature dependence of maturation and metabolic rates in insects, and the failure of vital processes during development were investigated. The paper presented advances the general hypothesis that aging in biological systems is a consequence of the production of entropy concomitant with metabolic activity.

Sacher, G. A.↗

Sea urchin egg fertilization and development

The effects of subgravity (much less than unit gravity) on fertilization, cell division, differentiation, and growth of a relatively simple biological system (eggs of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata) were considered. The experiment was flown on Gemini 3 and recovered as scheduled. However, the experiment objectives were not achieved, primarily for mechanical reasons.

Young, R. S.↗

Fluctuations in energy loss and their implications for dosimetry and radiobiology

Serious consideration of the physics of energy deposition indicates that a fundamental change in the interpretation of absorbed dose is required at least for considerations of effects in biological systems. In addition, theoretical approaches to radiobiology and microdosimetry seem to require statistical considerations incorporating frequency distributions of the magnitude of the event sizes within the volume of interest.

Baily, N. A.↗

Study of the Effects of Ultrasonic Waves on the Reproductive Integrity of Mammalian Cells Cultured in Vitro

The effects of monochromatic ultrasonic waves of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and, 3.3 MHz frequency on the colony-forming ability of mammalian cells (M3-1,V79, Chang's and T-1) cultured in vitro have been studied to determine the nature of the action of ultrasonic energy on biological systems at the cellular level. The combined effect of ultrasound and X-rays has also been studied. It is concluded: (1) Ultrasonic irradiation causes both lethal and sublethal damage. (2) There is a threshold dose rate for lethal effects. (3) The effectiveness of ultrasonic waves in causing cell death probably depends on the frequency and the amplitude of the waves for a given cell line, indicating a possible resonance phenomenon.

Martins, B. I.↗

Precambrian paleobiology.

Outline in broad terms of major events in Precambrian biological history. Limitations of the Precambrian fossil record, chemical fossils, and findings of the early, middle, and late Precambrian records are examined. Biological systems originated during the earliest third of geologic time, about four billion years ago. It is generally assumed that the primitive atmosphere was a highly reduced mixture, primarily composed of methane and ammonia, and that the earliest living systems were heterotrophic, using organic matter of abiotic origin as a carbon source. The development of the metazoan grade of organization apparently occurred near the close of the Precambrian. The picture of gradually accelerating early evolutionary development, beginning rather slowly but markedly quickening with the emergence of eucaryotic organization, seems consistent with the fragmentary evidence currently available.

Schopf, J. W.↗

Concepts related to the origin of the genetic apparatus.

Since the genetic apparatus is composed of nucleic acid and protein, the origin of the apparatus involves the origin of polyaminoacids and of polynucleotides, separately or together. Laboratory models for the origins of the separate macromolecular types are considered. The origin of their joint synthesis, believed to have been necessary at a later stage, is also discussed. Proteins and nucleic acids appear to have definite relationships with each other in three major contemporary biological systems, including chromatin, ribosomes, and the protein synthesizing system using nucleic acid templates. Stages considered in connection with the flow of information in the early evolution of the apparatus are environment, protoprotein, protein, RNA, and DNA.

Lacey, J. C., Jr.↗