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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 721 records · Page 40

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2017

Combined hydrothermal liquefaction and catalytic hydrothermal gasification system and process for conversion of biomass feedstocks

A combined hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) system and process are described that convert various biomass-containing sources into separable bio-oils and aqueous effluents that contain residual organics. Bio-oils may be converted to useful bio-based fuels and other chemical feedstocks. Residual organics in HTL aqueous effluents may be gasified and converted into medium-BTU product gases and directly used for process heating or to provide energy.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table (PIRT) for Fluoride High-Temperature Reactor (FHR) Neutronics

The deployment of Fluoride (salt-cooled) High Temperature Reactors (FHRs) has many potential benefits such as improved safety, improved economics, and a diversification of the energy portfolio because of its capability to supply industrial process heat. However, significant challenges remain before this class of reactors can be deployed, mostly related to its technology readiness. A recent study identified several areas in need of further development in order to advance the technology. These include the verification and validation of neutronics and thermal hydraulics modeling and simulation tools in support of design, safety analysis and licensing. The focus of this paper is to summarize the issues for verification and validation of neutronics tools. Current tools for neutronics analysis of LWRs are inadequate for the simulation of salt cooled reactors. The methodologies developed for the high temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs) have some relevance for FHRs because of the similarities between the two reactors such as graphite block structure, encapsulated fuel particles, and high operating temperatures. However, they are not sufficient for the accuracy desired of a code for licensing as they have a number of important differences neutronically, such as the use of liquid salt containing beryllium as a coolant and their unique fuel configuration.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Industrial Energy Training and Certification

Compressed air systems, ammonia refrigeration systems, chilled water systems, steam systems, process heating systems, combined heat and power systems, pump systems and fan systems are major industrial energy systems commonly found in manufacturing facilities. Efficiency of these systems contributes significantly to whole facilities' energy performance. On the national, even international level, well-structured training and highly recognized certification programs help develop a highly-skilled and qualified workforce to maintain and improve facilities' energy performance, particularly as technologies within these systems become more advanced. The purpose of this paper is to review currently available training and certification programs focusing on these systems and to identify the gap between market's needs and currently available programs. Three major conclusions are: first, most training programs focus on operations, maintenance, safety and design although some briefly touch the energy performance aspect; second, except CRES by RETA and PSA Certificate and PSAP Master Certification by HI, no other certifications had been found emphasizing on knowledge and skills for improving and maintaining these systems' energy performance; third, developing energy efficiency focused training and ANSI accredited certification programs on these energy systems will fill the gap between market's needs and currently available programs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2017

Industrial Energy Training and Certification

We present compressed air systems, ammonia refrigeration systems, chilled water systems, steam systems, process heating systems, combined heat and power systems, pump systems and fan systems are major industrial energy systems commonly found in manufacturing facilities. Efficiency of these systems contributes significantly to whole facilities' energy performance. On the national, even international level, well-structured training and highly recognized certification programs help develop a highly-skilled and qualified workforce to maintain and improve facilities' energy performance, particularly as technologies within these systems become more advanced. The purpose of this paper is to review currently available training and certification programs focusing on these systems and to identify the gap between market's needs and currently available programs. Three major conclusions are: first, most training programs focus on operations, maintenance, safety and design although some briefly touch the energy performance aspect; second, except CRES by RETA and PSA Certificate and PSAP Master Certification by HI, no other certifications had been found emphasizing on knowledge and skills for improving and maintaining these systems' energy performance; third, developing energy efficiency focused training and ANSI accredited certification programs on these energy systems will fill the gap between market's needs and currently available programs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2018

Hardface coating systems and methods for metal alloys and other materials for wear and corrosion resistant applications

The present disclosure relates generally to hardface coating systems and methods for metal alloys and other materials for wear and corrosion resistant applications. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to hardface coatings that include a network of titanium monoboride (TiB) needles or whiskers in a matrix, which are formed from titanium (Ti) and titanium diboride (TiB 2 ) precursors by reactions enabled by the inherent energy provided by the process heat associated with coating deposition and, optionally, coating post-heat treatment. These hardface coatings are pyrophoric, thereby generating further reaction energy internally, and may be applied in a functionally graded manner. The hardface coatings may be deposited in the presence of a number of fluxing agents, beta stabilizers, densification aids, diffusional aids, and multimode particle size distributions to further enhance their performance characteristics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

A Summary of the Department of Energy’s Advanced Demonstration and Test Reactor Options Study

An assessment of advanced reactor technology options was conducted to provide a sound comparative technical context for future decisions by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) concerning these technologies. Strategic objectives were established that span a wide variety of important missions, and advanced reactor technology needs were identified based on recent DOE and international studies. A broad team of stakeholders from industry, academia, and government was assembled to develop a comprehensive set of goals, criteria, and metrics to evaluate advanced irradiation test and demonstration reactor concepts. Point designs of a select number of concepts were commissioned to provide a deeper technical basis for evaluation. The technology options were compared on the bases of technical readiness and the ability to meet the different strategic objectives. Using the study's evaluation criteria and metrics, an independent group of experts from industry, universities, and national laboratories scored each of the point designs. Pathways to deployment for concepts of varying technical maturities were estimated for the different demonstration systems with regard to cost, schedule, and possible licensing approaches. This study also presents the trade-offs that exist among the different irradiation test reactor options in terms of the ability to conduct irradiations in support of advanced reactor research and development and to serve potential secondary missions. The main findings of the study indicate the following: (1) for industrial process heat supply, a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is the best choice because of the high outlet temperature of the reactor and its strong passive and inherent safety characteristics; (2) for resource utilization and waste management, a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) is best because of the use of a fast flux to destroy actinides; (3) to realize the advantages of a promising but less-mature technology, a fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor and a lead-cooled fast reactor fare about the same; (4) for fulfilling the needs of a materials test reactor, a SFR is considered best because of its ability to produce high fast flux, incorporate test loops, and provide additional large volumes for testing.

Advanced reactors↗

DOE OSTI2018

Combined hydrothermal liquefaction and catalytic hydrothermal gasification system and process for conversion of biomass feedstocks

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2017

Smart Manufacturing Technologies and Data Analytics for Improving Energy Efficiency in Industrial Energy Systems

Smart manufacturing and advanced data analytics can help the manufacturing sector unlock energy efficiency from the equipment level to the entire manufacturing facility and the whole supply chain. These technologies can make manufacturing industries more competitive, with intelligent communication systems, real-time energy savings, and increased energy productivity. Smart manufacturing can give all employees in an organization the actionable information they need, when they need it, so that each person can contribute to the optimal operation of the corporation through informed, data-driven decision making. This paper examines smart technologies and data analytics approaches for improving energy efficiency and reducing energy costs in process-supporting energy systems. It dives into energy-saving improvement opportunities through smart manufacturing technologies and sophisticated data collection and analysis. The energy systems covered in this paper include those with motors and drives, fans, pumps, air compressors, steam, and process heating.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2017

AGR-5/6/7 Fuel Specification

The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Advanced Reactor Technologies (ART) Technology Development Office (TDO) program is developing and qualifying fuel for a first of a kind high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) and associated systems to generate electrical power and produce hydrogen or process heat. One of the critical technology development areas of the program is nuclear fuel development and qualification. Fuel qualification is needed to support licensing, operation, and near term deployment of an HTGR reactor.5 Toward this end, the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) program includes manufacturing fuels for a series of irradiation experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at INL.5 The fifth, sixth, and seventh irradiation experiments, called “AGR 5/6/7,” will use fuel manufactured entirely in engineering scale equipment to demonstrate the performance of fuels fabricated in a production environment. This fuel will be composited from multiple low enriched uranium carbide/oxide (LEUCO) kernel forming runs, multiple tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coating runs, and multiple overcoating runs. The fuel will be composited into lots as kernels, TRISO particles, and compacts. Previous AGR fuel specifications1,2,8,9 provide the basis for most of the following fuel specifications, which are specific to the AGR 5/6/7 experiment, and may not be immediately applicable to fuel produced for an HTGR reactor. Fuel specifications will be influenced by the final reactor design.

+↗

DOE OSTI2017

Advanced Demonstration and Test Reactor Options Study

Global efforts to address climate change will require large-scale decarbonization of energy production in the United States and elsewhere. Nuclear power already provides 20% of electricity production in the United States (U.S.) and is increasing in countries undergoing rapid growth around the world. Because reliable, grid-stabilizing, low emission electricity generation, energy security, and energy resource diversity will be increasingly valued, nuclear power’s share of electricity production has a potential to grow. In addition, there are non electricity applications (e.g., process heat, desalination, hydrogen production) that could be better served by advanced nuclear systems. Thus, the timely development, demonstration, and commercialization of advanced nuclear reactors could diversify the nuclear technologies available and offer attractive technology options to expand the impact of nuclear energy for electricity generation and non-electricity missions. The purpose of this planning study is to provide transparent and defensible technology options for a test and/or demonstration reactor(s) to be built to support public policy, innovation and long term commercialization within the context of the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) broader commitment to pursuing an “all of the above” clean energy strategy and associated time lines. This planning study includes identification of the key features and timing needed for advanced test or demonstration reactors to support research, development, and technology demonstration leading to the commercialization of power plants built upon these advanced reactor platforms. This planning study is consistent with the Congressional language contained within the fiscal year 2015 appropriation that directed the DOE to conduct a planning study to evaluate “advanced reactor technology options, capabilities, and requirements within the context of national needs and public policy to support innovation in nuclear energy”. Advanced reactors are defined in this study as reactors that use coolants other than water. Advanced reactor technologies have the potential to expand the energy applications, enhance the competitiveness, and improve the sustainability of nuclear energy.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Innovative Open-Source Energy Software to Drive and Enable Energy Savings and Process Optimization

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) energy system-analysis software tools have been used for years helping to identify over 170 TBTU/year of energy savings through the Save Energy Now “Energy Savings Assessment” and Better Plants “In-Plant Training” Programs. While most of the fundamental energy savings opportunities do not evolve much with time, computer technology never stops, leaving most of these software tools inoperable on modern computers.This has sparked an initiative to revitalize the DOE energy system analysis tools into a new, open-source, integrated software tool suite - MEASUR. Designed for industrial energy coordinators, engineers, utility-program implementers and individuals who are interested in improving system efficiency, MEASUR can aide users in identifying, assessing, and quantifying energy savings opportunities within pump, fan, process heating, steam, motors, and compressed air systems. In addition, the software contains over 40 equipment and property calculators for simple energy-related calculations and analyses.This paper will present a results comparison for each energy-consuming system using data from past DOE-sponsored energy assessments (to establish the accuracy of the savings algorithms) to validate and verify the accuracy of the energy and cost savings calculated by MEASUR. Additionally, an example highlighting 3rd-party development of the tool’s opensource framework into real-time sensor systems and efficiency-optimization will be presented.

Armstrong, Kristina↗

DOE OSTI2021

Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor: Safety Design Approach

Deployment Objectives Flexibly co-locate with new industry users of nuclear energy Steam and electric cogeneration applications Direct process heat with temperature ranges from 700°C to 950°C Enabling Requirements Meet regulatory dose limits at the Exclusion Area Boundary (EAB) 25 rem Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE) for duration of the release from 10 CFR 50.34 (10 CFR 52.79) at Exclusion Area Boundary (EAB) for design basis accidents EAB is estimated approximately 400 meters from the modular HTGR plant (to support co-location with industrial facilities) Meet safety goals for cumulative individual risk for normal and off-normal operation Design goal: meet EPA Protective Action Guides (PAGs) at EAB 1 rem TEDE for sheltering Design basis and beyond design basis events are considered Realistically evaluated at the EAB Emergency planning and protection

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Combined hydrothermal liquefaction and catalytic hydrothermal gasification system and process for conversion of biomass feedstocks

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Incoherent Dynamics of Intense Proton Beams Under Electron Cooling

The minimum emittance of ion beams achieved using electron cooling is limited by the heating processes of Intra Beam Scattering and diffusion driven by resonance crossing of particles due to space-charge. We describe a new experiment to explore the intense space-charge regime with a transverse tune shift approaching -0.5 using 2.5 MeV protons at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) at Fermilab. We also report on the results from PyORBIT simulations incorporating transverse space-charge and electron cooling with emphasis on the incoherent dynamics of the particles.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2023

2023 JISEA Annual Meeting: JISEA Catalyzer Spotlight - Energy and Atmospheric Systems Catalyzer

The Energy and Atmospheric Systems Catalyzer has been running for 1.5 years, with many successes to report. This presentation reviews the goals and scope of the dual catalyzer themes of climate systems and air quality, summarizes new and ongoing projects, and looks into the future of how catalyzer-enabled capabilities can synergize across NREL and partners. Technical outcomes of catalyzer-supported analysis include (1) quantification of air quality, health, and equity (environmental justice) benefits of H2 substitution for fossil process heat in three industries (steelmaking, petroleum refining, and cement making) and (2) a roadmap for understanding renewable energy feedbacks into climate.

air quality↗

DOE OSTI2015

Characterization of a contaminated facility and associated soils in support of D and D and subsequent soil remediation - 15292

Before starting any D and D field work at a United States Department of Energy (DOE) facility such as the Savannah River Site (SRS), it is recommended that a complete review and understanding of the full nature and extent of any contamination located in or previously associated with that facility is known. An integral aspect of this review and research entails a complete characterization of that facility, including, but not limited to, Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) limits for Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB), radiological, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) and other hazardous chemicals, etc. A thorough characterization of a facility and its underlying soils supports: - establishment of safe working conditions to protect human health and environment - Deactivation and Decommissioning (D and D) methodology - cost estimates to support future budget planning for D and D and soil cleanup A prime example of this is documented in the characterization of the 690-N, Process Heat Exchanger Repair Facility that had a history of PCB and radioactive contamination. Characterization of 690-N included the sampling and analysis of concrete and underlying soils for radiological, PCB and hazardous contaminants. In addition, a sump, the walls of the facility, expansion joint material and the metal base of a drill press were characterized. Results of this comprehensive characterization of the 690-N Building are provided in a detailed report. Analytical results indicate minimal radiological, PCB, or RCRA hazardous contamination is present in the concrete floor slab (industrial exposure levels) and on the steel hut walls. Soils below the concrete floor slab show only trace amounts of radiological contamination and are well below TSCA and RCRA limits. Subsequent decommissioning/demolition activities can be performed safely without harming people or the environment, and cost estimates to perform building demolition can be developed for future budget planning. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

RELAP5-3D Solutions to Exercise 1 of the OECD-NEA HTTF Benchmark

The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is an advanced reactor concept that has received considerable attention over the last 60 years. HTGRs boast high coolant outlet temperatures, passive safety, and large margins to fuel failure. Recent years have seen increasing interest in HTGRs, whether large-scale HTGRs for electricity or process heat applications or as microreactors serving remote communities. HTGRs have considerable potential to fulfill these applications, but modeling and simulation tools typically used for reactor safety analysis have not been validated for HTGR modeling. The High-Temperature Test Facility (HTTF) was constructed at Oregon State University (OSU) to provide validation data for HTGR modeling. Recently, Idaho National Laboratory (INL), OSU, Argonne National Laboratory, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, and the University of Tennessee Knoxville have collaborated to develop an HTGR thermal hydraulics benchmark based on HTTF experiments. This summary presents results from a portion of that benchmark using RELAP5-3D

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Initial development of a generic fluoride salt-cooled reactor model

Fluoride high-temperature reactors (FHRs) are high-temperature, low-pressure reactor concepts that use tri-structural isotropic (TRISO) fuel and molten fluoride salt coolant. These reactors have the potential to provide both electrical power and high-temperature process heat. We used generic FHR parameters for a pebble-bed FHR to develop an initial model with fresh fuel for a generic FHR (gFHR) in MELCOR and SCALE (NEWT and KENO). In this paper, we present the development of our gFHR models, which will serve as the baseline for a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to quantify the range of possible source terms for FHRs in severe accidents. We present MELCOR results for fuel and coolant temperatures through the core, a nodalization study for the steady-state thermal hydraulic model, and development of reactor physics models in SCALE. As this work progresses, these models will be used to calculate source terms for a loss-of-forced-flow accident and to conduct a sensitivity study on this accident to establish a range of possible source terms. SCALE will provide reactor physics parameters like isotopic inventory, decay heat generation, and temperature coefficients of reactivity. Using the uncertainty quantification tools within SCALE, we will generate distributions for those parameters and will use the uncertainty quantification code RAVEN or DAKOTA to sample those distributions in MELCOR to quantify the impact of reactor physics and thermal hydraulic uncertainties on FHR source terms. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗