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At least 721 records · Page 40

High-Power Performance of a 100-kW Class Nested Hall Thruster

Operations of a three-channel 100-kW class nested Hall thruster at total power levels from 5 to 102 kW and discharge currents from 16 to 247 A were successful. The thruster was operated in all seven available channel combinations at discharge voltages of 300, 400, and 500 V and at current densities that were 0.60 and 0.95 of the nominal value. Additional test points were also collected at 1.20 the nominal current density. The thruster was throttled through a total of forty-six unique operating conditions. At each condition, thruster performance was measured using a high-power thrust stand designed to measure up to 8 N of thrust. From these thrust measurements, specific impulse and efficiency were calculated. All seven channel combinations showed similar performance at a given discharge voltage and current density. The largest thrust recorded was 5.42 N at 99 kW, 400 V discharge voltage. Total efficiency values 0.54 to 0.67, and total specific impulse ranged from 1800 seconds to 2650 seconds. Discharge current oscillations were also measured. Generally these oscillations increased on the inner and middle channels during multi-channel mode but stayed roughly a constant fraction of the channel discharge current for the outer channel in both single- and multi-channel operation. We also found that the thrust of the three channels firing together was not significantly higher than the sum of each channel _ring individually, a result that differs from what was found previously for nested Hall thrusters.

Hall, Scott J.↗

Novel insights enabled by combining mouse muscle datasets from the Rodent Research-1 mission

Biological space experiments are often expensive and difficult to conduct. As such, it is critical to maximize the value of the data that is collected during these experiments. One way to do this is to combine multiple–previously separate–datasets. This can increase the number of replicates for the conditions of interest (and hence statistical power), allow new multi-factor questions to be asked, and potentially highlight new patterns that otherwise would not have been identified from single-dataset studies. However, the process of combining datasets introduces noise due to inherent technical variations between experiments. To better understand the insights that can be gained from multi-dataset analyses and the problems that may arise from joining multiple datasets, several mouse muscle RNA-Seq datasets from the Rodent Research-1 mission were first selected. Then, using the R package DESeq2, principal component analysis (PCA) plots and differentially expressed gene (DEG) lists between ground and flight muscle samples were generated for individual datasets and for different pairwise combinations of datasets. Several new DEGs were identified in the combined datasets, and patterns in the PCA plots were affected depending on which datasets were joined. Understanding the results of this work will be critical for future studies that seek to perform multi-dataset analyses.

spaceflight↗

Behavioral Health Factors in Long Duration Space Flight: Lessons Learned From Apollo And Their Implications For Artemis

Behavioral health will be a critical factor in future Long Duration Spaceflights (LDSF). As humans venture further from Earth, astronauts will face greater isolation and need to be more autonomous than ever before. Astronauts will face a plethora of stressors, both internally and externally, and it will be mission critical to optimize their mind and bodies to endure and overcome these challenges. Personalities, environmental and physical factors will affect each individual and crew in different ways and it will be important to look at these factors independently and as a whole to maximize the chances of a successful mission. By analyzing environments analogous to space and building upon the lessons learned from the Apollo missions and over 50 years of Low Earth Orbit spaceflight, we hypothesize that a general framework can be developed to optimize crew mental wellbeing.

Nicolas Heft↗

A Study of Precipitation Mean Particle Size with the GPM Combined Radar-Radiometer Algorithm

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission provides quantitative estimates of the mass-weighted mean diameter, Dm, a characteristic parameter of the precipitation particle size distribution (PSD). This study investigates the three-dimensional distribution of Dm retrieved by the GPM Combined Radar-Radiometer Algorithm (CORRA) using observations from GPM’s dual-frequency precipitation radar and microwave imager. We examine Dm in individual precipitation systems in different climate regimes and investigate a six-year global climatology. The vertical structure of Dm is demonstrated with cases of deep convection, frontal rain and snow, and stratocumulus light rain. The Dm values, detectable by GPM, range from appx 0.7 mm in stratocumulus precipitation to >3.5 mm in the ice layers of intense convection. Within the constraint of the 12-dBZ detectability threshold, the smallest climatological mean Dm (~ 0.8 mm) are found in the eastern oceans, and the largest values (~ 2 mm) occur above the melting levels in convection over land in summer. The standard deviation is generally < 0.45 mm below 6 km. Climate regimes are characterized with Dm annual/seasonal variations, its convective/stratiform components, and vertical variabilities (2-10 km). The US Central Plains and Argentina are associated with the largest Dm in a deep layer. Tropical Africa has larger Dm and standard deviation than Amazon. Large convective Dm occurs at high latitudes of Eurasia and North America in summer; the southern hemisphere high latitudes have shallower systems with smaller Dm. Oceanic storm tracks in both hemispheres have relatively large Dm, particularly for convective Dm in winter.

Mei Han↗

Understanding the Global Three-Dimensional Distribution of Precipitation Mean Particle Size with the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission

This study addresses the global distribution of precipitation mean particle size using data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The mass-weighted mean diameter Dm is a characteristic parameter of the precipitation particle size distribution (PSD), estimated from the GPM Combined Radar–Radiometer Algorithm (CORRA) using data from GPM’s dual-frequency precipitation radar and microwave imager. We examine Dm in individual precipitation systems in different climate regimes and investigate a 6-yr (2014–20) global climatology within 70°N–70°S. The vertical structure of Dm is demonstrated with cases of deep convection, frontal rain and snow, and stratocumulus light rain. The Dm values, detectable by GPM, range from ~0.7 mm in stratocumulus precipitation to >3.5 mm in the ice layers of intense convection. Within the constraint of the 12-dBZ detectability threshold, the smallest annual mean Dm (~0.8 mm) are found in the eastern oceans, and the largest values (~2 mm) occur above the melting levels in convection over land in summer. The standard deviation of the annual mean is generally <0.45 mm below 6 km. Climate regimes are characterized with Dm annual/seasonal variations, its convective/stratiform components, and vertical variabilities (2–10 km). The U.S. Central Plains and Argentina are associated with the largest Dm in a deep layer. Tropical Africa has larger Dm and standard deviation than Amazon. Large convective Dm occurs at high latitudes of Eurasia and North America in summer; the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes have shallower systems with smaller Dm. Oceanic storm tracks in both hemispheres have relatively large Dm, particularly for convective Dm in winter. Relatively small Dm occurs over tropical oceans, including ITCZ, requiring further investigation.

Mei Han↗

Orbital Collector Concept

This is a concept for a system that can perform most aspects of recycling/manufacturing in zero-g & low-g space environments. The system consists primarily of a rotating arm that provides artificial gravity, power, data, and mechanical connections to different modules designed for individual aspects of recycling/manufacturing. The modules are designed to contain the materials being processed, thereby preventing the system from generating external debris during recycling/manufacturing. This system is designed to complement the abilities of the Orbital Workshop (see NTR 1662994822).

manufacturing↗

Measures of International Manufacturing and Trade of Clean Energy Technologies

The technologies that produce clean energy, such as solar photovoltaic panels and lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles, are globally manufactured and traded. As demand and deployment of these technologies grows exponentially, the innovation to reach significant economies of scale and drive down energy production costs becomes less in the technology and more in the manufacturing of the technology. Manufacturing innovations and other manufacturing decisions can reduce costs of labor, materials, equipment, operating costs, and transportation, across all the links in the supply chain. To better understand the manufacturing aspect of the clean energy economy, we have developed key metrics for systematically measuring and benchmarking international manufacturing of clean energy technologies. The metrics are: trade, market size, manufacturing value-added, and manufacturing capacity and production. These metrics were applied to twelve global economies and four representative technologies: wind turbine components, crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic modules, vehicle lithium ion battery cells, and light emitting diode packages for efficient lighting and other consumer products. The results indicated that clean energy technologies are being developed via complex, dynamic, and global supply chains, with individual economies benefiting from different technologies and links in the supply chain, through both domestic manufacturing and global trade.

2017↗

ENDF/B-VIII.0 Testing With AMPX and SCALE

As the new ENDF/B-VIII.0 data has continued development from its initial beta release into the final release version, it has subsequently undergone processing and testing at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with AMPX and SCALE. Each of the beta releases has been processed with AMPX to create both multigroup (MG) and continuous-energy (CE) libraries. The MG libraries were all processed using the SCALE 252-group structure. These libraries were then used with the VALID suite for benchmarking the new data library’s performance against the currently distributed ENDF/B-VII.1 (VII.1)-based SCALE libraries. Here, we compare the MG and CE VALID results for the two current ENDF releases, versions VII.1 and the most recent beta release of ENDF/B-VIII.0 as of this writing (VIII.0.β4). Generally, both the MG and CE VALID aggregate results for VIII.0.β4 compare reasonably well with their VII.1-derived counterparts. As can be expected of any new ENDF release, some of the individual cases have substantially different computed neutron multiplicity (k eff ) values between the two releases, although typically the differences are less than 100 percent-milli (pcm). However, changes to the plutonium cross sections have induced much larger changes in the ratio of the computed k eff to the experimental value (C/E) for thermal spectrum plutonium solution critical systems. This paper details the comparative performance of the VII.1 and VIII.0.β4 data for the broad range of test cases covered by the VALID suite. A companion paper at this conference provides details of the baseline validation of SCALE 6.2, including the first release of the VII.1 data.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

The implications of fast charge in lithium ion battery performance and life: cell vs. pack

This study investigates the effect of 50-kW (about 2C) direct current fast charging on a full-size battery electric vehicle's battery pack in comparison to a pack exclusively charged at 3.3?kW, which is the common alternating current Level 2 charging power level. Comparable scaled charging protocols are also independently applied to individual cells at three different temperatures, 20?°C, 30?°C, and 40?°C, to perform a comparative analysis with the packs. Dominant cell-level aging modes were identified through incremental capacity analysis and compared with full packs to gain a clear understanding of additional key factors that affect pack aging. While the cell-level study showed a minor impact on performance due to direct current fast charging, the packs showed a significantly higher rate of capacity fade under similar charging protocols. This indicates that pack-level aging cannot be directly extrapolated from cell evaluation. Delayed fast charging, completing shortly before discharge, was found to have less of an impact on battery degradation than conventional alternating current Level 2 charging.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Personal Resiliency Index

A plethora of information exists in literature focusing on different aspects of personal resilience. There are a number of questionnaires available to measure resilience in different aspects of an individual’s life, such as mental health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information on the subject of personal resilience to natural and man-made disasters. A Personal Resiliency Index identifying four key areas of resilience related to natural and man-made disasters will help fill this gap by providing individuals an idea of where the stand comparatively to their peers on this topics. As an increasing amount of man-made disasters, natural disasters and pandemics occur, we realize that preparation is key.?“Crisis can be experienced at individual, group and mass levels and at local, regional, national or supra-national levels.” 1? Dr. Ron Fisher, the principal investigator has over 20 years’ critical infrastructure protection including developing vulnerability assessment methodology, risk and resiliency analyses and infrastructure interdependencies. Dr. Fisher and his team will research and develop a voluntary survey which evaluates the user’s personal resilience level to natural and man-made disasters. The research team is focusing on 4 main categories:? financial resilience, cyber security, physical and mental health, and emergency preparedness.?The web based application will?provide a resilience score for each of the categories and also a comprehensive personal resiliency score based on the voluntary survey. The application will also provide feedback to the user on actions to take to become more resilient to natural and man-made disasters. Through this effort, we will also be able to identify the areas where participants are excelling as well as opportunities for improvement in terms of resilience. This information will provide insight into areas of further investigation and identify potential areas of support needed for the general public to adopt strategies to become more resilient. 1 Lynott, William. “Surviving a Natural (or Man-Made) Disaster: How to Prepare for and Bounce Back? from a Crisis in Your Business | 2018-02-01 | NOLN.” Home Page, NOLN, 1 Feb. 2018, https://www.noln.net/articles/2683-surviving-a-natural-or-man-made-disaster-how-to-prepare-for-and-bounce-back-from-a-crisis-in-your-business.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Magnetic properties of CrFeCoNi based high entropy alloys

Monte Carlo simulations are performed on three high entropy alloys: Cr0.25Fe0.25Co0.25Ni0.25, Cr0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Pd0.2, and Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2, with exchange interactions extracted from The ab initio Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method combined with the coherent potential approximation calculations. Using finite size scaling analyses, we estimate the magnetic phase transition temperature for the four component alloy to be 108(2) K, and although the individual critical exponents are different from 3D Heisenberg universality class, the reduced exponent follows Suzuki weak universality. With the additional Palladium component, the transition temperature elevates to about 200 K. In contrast, we find no magnetic order for the five component alloy with Manganese at any finite temperatures.

Yin, Junqi↗

Accelerate Nuclear Research and Development by Reducing Time and Cost Spend in the Pre-conceptual Design Phase of Advanced Reactor Experiments

The design process of every new concept, such as advanced nuclear reactors or associated experiments, starts with the pre-conceptual design phase. In this phase, the viability of a wide range of design options needs to be assessed quickly, to understand the operating envelope and its feasibility. A variety of physics models (thermal-hydraulics, neutronics, mechanical design, etc.) has to be considered at this very first design stage and optimum component sizes and materials (e.g. heat exchangers, piping, turbomachinery, coolant type, etc.) have to be chosen for a given set of boundary conditions (e.g. heat source, heat sink, flow rate, etc.). Detailed solutions such as provided by high fidelity methods like computational fluid dynamics (CFD), Monte Carlo methods, etc. and even lower fidelity tools such as system or subchannel codes, etc. are usually not used during the pre-conceptual design due to the relatively long time needed to create input models, the computational time to obtain a solution and the lack of flexibility to quickly investigate different combinations of components, individual component sizes and material properties. High fidelity tools are usually only employed in the conceptual design and later phases once a base concept has been identified during the pre-conceptual design stage. The current practice during the pre-conceptual design stage is that analysts collect the needed equations, material properties, closure laws, etc. and create ad-hoc solutions form scratch for every new problem. There clearly is a lack of a flexible scoping tool that can be used during pre-conceptional design before higher fidelity tools (as described above) come into play. To reduce user errors in ad-hoc solutions and increase fidelity and efficiency, this project aims to investigate and develop a user-friendly scoping tool to address the thermal-hydraulic designing needs during preconceptual experiment design, i.e. Thermal-hydraulic Research Universal Scoping Tool (TRUST). The success of TRUST will provide the nuclear engineers with an easy-to-use and affordable calculator for early reactor system design and optimization.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Devices and methods for increasing the speed and efficiency at which a computer is capable of modeling a plurality of random walkers using a particle method

A method for increasing a speed or energy efficiency at which a computer is capable of modeling a plurality of random walkers. The method includes defining a virtual space in which a plurality of virtual random walkers will move among different locations in the virtual space. The method also includes either assigning a corresponding set of ringed neurons in a spiking neural network to a corresponding virtual random walker, or assigning a corresponding set of ringed neurons to a point in the virtual space. Movement of a given virtual random walker is tracked by decoding differences between states of individual neurons in a corresponding given set of ringed neurons. A virtual random walk of the plurality of virtual random walkers is executed using the spiking neural network.

Aimone, James Bradley↗

Distributed Embedded Energy Converter Technologies (DEEC-Tec)

Distributed Embedded Energy Converter Technologies (also known as DEEC-Tec) is based upon the amalgamation and combining of numerous, relatively small, distributed embedded energy converters (DEECs) that, in aggregate, can form a larger overall energy harvesting-converting structure. Such DEEC-Tec based structures can be employed to harvest and convert marine renewable energy - e.g., ocean waves - into more desirable forms such as electricity. In this way, the DEEC-Tec hierarchy can be viewed via three different technology levels: (1) individual distributed embedded energy converters, (2) DEEC-Tec metamaterials (pseudo-materials made from the interconnection of many DEECs), and (3) DEEC-Tec-based marine energy converters built from DEEC-Tec metamaterials.

BFSF↗

ENDF/B-VIII.0 testing with AMPX and SCALE

As the new ENDF/B-VIII.0 data has continued development from its initial beta release into the final release version, it has subsequently undergone processing and testing at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with AMPX and SCALE. Each of the beta releases has been processed with AMPX to create both multigroup (MG) and continuous-energy (CE) libraries. The MG libraries were all processed using the SCALE 252-group structure. These libraries were then used with the VALID suite for benchmarking the new data library's performance against the currently distributed ENDF/B-VII.1 (VII.1)-based SCALE libraries. Here, we compare the MG and CE VALID results for the two current ENDF releases, versions VII.1 and the most recent beta release of ENDF/B-VIII.0 as of this writing (VIII.0.β4). Generally, both the MG and CE VALID aggregate results for VIII.0.β4 compare reasonably well with their VII.1-derived counterparts. As can be expected of any new ENDF release, some of the individual cases have substantially different computed neutron multiplicity (k{sub eff}) values between the two releases, although typically the differences are less than 100 percent-milli (pcm). However, changes to the plutonium cross sections have induced much larger changes in the ratio of the computed k{sub eff} to the experimental value (C/E) for thermal spectrum plutonium solution critical systems. This paper details the comparative performance of the VII.1 and VIII.0.β4 data for the broad range of test cases covered by the VALID suite. A companion paper at this conference provides details of the baseline validation of SCALE 6.2, including the first release of the VII.1 data. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Measurement of Kinetic Parameters by Oscillated Experiments

The availability of reliable values of the kinetic parameters (effective delayed neutron fraction {beta} and effective mean neutron generation time {Lambda}) is important for reactor kinetic analyses and for reactivity monitoring when adopting the point kinetic approach. The kinetic parameters may be obtained either by simulations (Monte Carlo or deterministic) of the system or by direct measurements. Several methods have been proposed for the direct experimental determination of the kinetic parameters, e.g. control rod drops and noise analysis approaches, e.g. In this work, the problem of the determination of kinetic parameters in subcritical systems is tackled. The system is subjected to an oscillated source and the value of the ratio {beta}/{Lambda} is related to a measurable quantity when the system response reaches an equilibrium condition. In the analysis presented, a pure frequency is considered: when analyzing more complicated source periodic behaviours, a Fourier analysis can allow to isolate the contributions of individual frequencies. The phase difference between the oscillating source and the system response is adopted as the experimental observable. The method for the interpretation of the measurements is based on the standard point kinetic model. The response of the system is obtained by localized neutron detectors and, therefore, spatial and spectral effects may also affect the results. This drawback needs some further discussion and will be considered in the future work. The phase shift between the source signal and the system response may be analytically retrieved by Laplace transforming the point kinetic equations in the presence of an oscillated source. An explicit formula relates the phase shift to the ratio {beta}/{Lambda} and to the frequency of the source. Based on this relationship, the ratio {beta}/{Lambda} can be determined. To validate the technique, the experimental data are simulated by a numerical code solving the time-dependent diffusion equations for a source-driven system. The work allows to assess the possibility of the technique and its limits of applicability. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Tracing the Path of Carbon Export in the Ocean though DNA Sequencing of Individual Sinking Particles

Surface phytoplankton communities were linked with the carbon they export into the deep ocean by comparing 18 S rRNA gene sequence communities from surface seawater and individually isolated sinking particles. Particles were collected in sediment traps deployed at locations in the North Pacific subtropical gyre and the California Current. DNA was isolated from individual particles, bulk-collected trap particles, and the surface seawater. The relative sequence abundance of exported phytoplankton taxa in the surface water varied across functional groups and ecosystems. Of the sequences detected in sinking particles, about half were present in large (>300 μm), individually isolated particles and primarily belonged to taxa with small cell sizes (<50 μm). Exported phytoplankton taxa detected only in bulk trap samples, and thus presumably packaged in the smaller sinking size fraction, contained taxa that typically have large cell sizes (>500 m). The effect of particle degradation on the detectable 18 S rRNA gene community differed across taxa, and differences in community composition among individual particles from the same location largely reflected differences in relative degradation state. Using these data and particle imaging, we present an approach that incorporates genetic diversity into mechanistic models of the ocean's biological carbon pump, which will lead to better quantification of the ocean’s carbon cycle.

Carbon Expert↗

From Existing and New Nuclear and Astrophysical Constraints to Stringent Limits on the Equation of State of Neutron-Rich Dense Matter

Through continuous progress in nuclear theory and experiment and an increasing number of neutron-star (NS) observations, a multitude of information about the equation of state (EOS) for matter at extreme densities is available. To constrain the EOS across its entire density range, this information needs to be combined consistently. However, the impact and model dependency of individual observations vary. Given their growing number, assessing the various methods is crucial to compare the respective effects on the EOS and discover potential biases. For this purpose, we present a broad compendium of different constraints and apply them individually to a large set of EOS candidates within a Bayesian framework. Specifically, we explore different ways of how chiral effective field theory and perturbative quantum chromodynamics can be used to place a likelihood on EOS candidates. We also investigate the impact of nuclear experimental constraints, as well as different radio and x-ray observations of NS masses and radii. This is augmented by reanalyses of the existing data from binary neutron star coalescences, in particular of GW170817, with improved models for the tidal waveform and kilonova light curves, which we also utilize to construct a tight upper limit of 2.39 M ⊙ on the TOV mass based on GW170817’s remnant. Our diverse set of constraints is eventually combined to obtain stringent limits on NS properties. We organize the combination in a way to distinguish between constraints where the systematic uncertainties are deemed small and those that rely on less conservative assumptions. For the former, we find the radius of the canonical 1.4 M ⊙ neutron star to be R 1.4 = 12.2 6 − 0.91 + 0.80 km and the TOV mass at M TOV = 2.2 5 − 0.22 + 0.42 M ⊙ (95% credibility). Including all the presented constraints yields R 1.4 = 12.2 0 − 0.48 + 0.50 km and M TOV = 2.3 0 − 0.20 + 0.07 M ⊙ . When comparing these limits to individual data points, we find that the quoted radius of HESS J1731-347 displays noticeable tension with other constraints. Constraining microphysical properties of the EOS proves more challenging. For instance, the symmetry energy slope is restricted to L sym = 48 − 25 + 21 MeV , where this constraint is mainly dominated by our reanalysis of the PREX-II and CREX experiment. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗