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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 721 records · Page 40
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Advanced Non-Tread Materials for Fuel-Efficient Tires

PPG Industries, Inc. proposes to develop a new silica filler that can increase fuel efficiency by 2% while maximizing key performance properties in non-tread tire components compared to current carbon black/silica filler blends. In this project PPG focused on a sidewall compound. The developed compounds/components will reduce energy losses by approximately 25%, with no more than a 5% loss of resistance to degradative forces (targeting better performance). PPG plans to achieve this goal by characterizing the impact the silica filler can have on rubber properties and then tuning the silica morphology and surface chemistry for this end use. PPG will also provide guidance in optimizing the compound formulation to make the best use of this new filler. A key aspect is to understand and maintain, if not improve, the aging performance as evaluated by crack growth resistance under ozone environment. Two key strategies were used to meet the rolling resistance goal while maintaining other performance properties. The first factor was understanding the surface treatments and chemical makeup of the silica and its effects on compound performance. The second factor was using the best performing silicas and determining the optimum compound modifications to achieve the final sidewall compound performance. Using statistical analysis throughout the optimization process, it was determined that changing the silica morphology played a role in improving the reduction of tear strength while reducing rolling resistance and the improvements observed varied depending on the CB type.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Los Alamos National Laboratory Release of Cesium-137 Corrective Action Plan

This Corrective Action Plan (CAP) was developed by a team chartered by John Sarrao, Deputy Director for Science, Technology, and Engineering (DDSTE), to review and respond to the findings of the Joint National Nuclear Security Administration/Triad National Security (NNSA/Triad) Investigation Team (JIT) Joint Investigation Report for the “Sealed Source Recovery at the University of Washington Harborview Training and Research Facility Results in Release of Cesium-137 on May 2, 2019,” dated March 30, 2020. On May 2, 2019, International Isotopes, Inc. (INIS), a subcontractor to Triad National Security, LLC, inadvertently breached a sealed cesium-137 source at the University of Washington (UW), Harborview Medical Center Research and Training (HRT) building in downtown Seattle while attempting to recover the source for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Off-Site Source Recovery Program (OSRP). The source breach resulted in contamination of personnel and the HRT building, as well as a release of radioactive material to the environment

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Real-time Canister Welding Health Monitoring and Prediction System for Spent Fuel Dry Storage

In this report, the salt mist corrosion testing at controlled temperature was carried out successfully on 304L SS submerged arc welded coupons by Unifog Dispersion Tower at ORNL. Corrosion in-situ monitoring system from Intelligent Automation, Inc. (IAI) was setup in the corrosion test and running smoothly to record signals during the corrosion test. Parts and device selection, sensors attachment, and experimental procedures are discussed. There wasn’t any visible corrosion or crack propagation on the weld coupon after about a month of corrosion testing.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Highly Integrated WBG Power Module for Next Generation Plug-In Vehicles

Current inverter technologies used in electric vehicles (EVs) are bulky, heavy, and expensive. The performance of the inverter is also limited by the traditional Si-based semiconductor and packaging technology. These constraints are responsible for extra weight and volume in the vehicle that reduces the driving range along with usable space within the vehicle. Moreover, operating temperature restrictions, and boundaries on the inverter location within the vehicle drastically reduces the inverter performance. Thus an improved inverter design is required for next generation electric vehicles. The objective of this project was to research, develop and demonstrate a highly integrated WBG power module targeting the next generation of plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). This power module needed to be functionally and mechanically optimized for General Motors (GM) traction inverter architecture. General Motors was the prime contractor, led the project, and oversaw the design, build, and test of the integrated power module. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VT) performed modeling and simulation tasks as well as power module design support. Monolith Semiconductor, Inc provided SiC dies and consulted on devices for the inverter. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) performed power module technology evaluations, design evaluations of interconnect options, and performed material analysis and cross-sectioning of die activities.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Wyoming CCUS Study: Regional Electricity and Environmental Markets

This study is accompanies the Leonardo Technologies, Inc. study performed for the Office of Fossil Energy entitled: ''Wyoming Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Report''. In this study, NETL examined the regional electricity and environmental markets impacts of maintaining coal-fired generating units identified for retirement in the 2019 PacifiCorp Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) through retrofit with CCUS. In this study, the authors propose an alternative least cost resource portfolio that includes a CCUS option along with resources identified in the IRP required to meet service obligations. This alternative portfolio is estimated to produce a lower CO 2 emissions footprint and a lower cost to the consumer than the proposed IRP.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Disruption Prediction and Avoidance in High Beta Long Pulse KSTAR Plasmas

DoE Grant DE-SC0016409 (Disruption Prediction and Avoidance in High Beta Long Pulse KSTAR Plasmas) supported a collaboration among Columbia University, the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), and the Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) at MIT to conduct research on the KSTAR tokamak at the National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI) in Korea to improve predictive capability for disruptions in tokamaks. This initiative included upgrades to kinetic diagnostics at KSTAR whose measurements form the basis for the disruption prediction models. The major thrust of the PPPL and PSFC work was implementing a capability at KSTAR to allow partially-polarized background light seen by the KSTAR Motional Stark Effect (MSE) diagnostic to be compensated by ‘wavelength interpolation’ rather than the traditional ‘beam modulation’ technique. This objective was completed on time and on budget, and the MSE Background Polychromator is currently functioning at KSTAR. Primary responsibility for maintaining and operating the MSE-BP was transferred to Nova Photonics, Inc. in 2019.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Southwest Wind Power R&D Test Site Development at the National Wind Technology Center (CRADA CRD-12-00472 Final Report)

Southwest Windpower, Inc. (SWWP) has been designing and distributing small wind turbines for more than 22 years and is the recognized global leader in the design, manufacturing and distribution of small wind systems (400-3000 watts). The company has been a pioneer in the development of wind technology and has built and shipped more than 170,000 wind turbines to over 120 countries worldwide. Headquartered in Flagstaff AZ, SWWP has sales representatives in over 88 countries. Applications for SWWP systems include residential homes, commercial properties, micro grids, remote cabins, telecom transmitters, offshore platforms, water pumping and sailboats. In addition, U.S. Department of Defense uses SWWP’s products in Forward Operating Bases (FOB’s), USGS uses them for remote monitoring of glacier movements and the CIA uses them to provide power seismic monitoring. Today, SWWP plans development of new technologies to address distributed energy market needs and become even more aggressive in international markets. This strategy includes extensive Research, Development, Demonstration & Deployment (RDD&D) activities to improve existing production line into more simple, reliable, and cost-effective wind turbine systems. Important part of such activities is the field testing of the new systems, which should provide: (i) validation of the reliable operation of hardware and software; (ii) validation of numerical models of the system and its components; (iii) field comparison of various control and optimization strategies; (iv) customized reliability testing; (v) customized monitoring and analysis testing; and (vi) IEC certification testing (vii) filed demonstration of system performance and reliability. Such field testing facility should encompass multiple towers and appropriate data acquisition systems. SWWP is exploring to move part of the engineering department to Colorado, and execute its RDD&D strategies in this new location. Partnership with NREL will provide great insights into SWWP’s RDD&D processes and more efficient commercialization by utilizing NWTC as the field testing site, and working close with NREL personnel. NWTC is ideally suited to strain the design. NREL is very experienced with customized and IEC testing. During this project, Southwest Windpower aims to improve the value proposition of distributed renewable energy, and make it a competitive choice in the energy markets. As of today, more then 170,000 small wind turbines, manufactured in the U.S., are installed in more then 180 countries. With the improved value proposition, Southwest Windpower wants to create and address new market needs, substantially increase its sales domestically and internationally, which should have positive impact on the creation of American jobs, competitiveness of U.S. economy, export or U.S. products, and the use of renewable energy.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Enhanced Visualization Capabilities in OpenMC: Report of Activities under a DOE GAIN Voucher

This work was performed under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) through the U.S. Department of Energy’s Gateway for Accelerated Innovations in Nuclear (GAIN) program in partnership with Oklo Inc., the industry participant. The broad goal of this project was to improve the visualization capabilities of OpenMC related to model development and simulation results. OpenMC is a Monte Carlo particle transport code that is developed and maintained by a broad community of contributors, of which Argonne National Laboratory plays a leading role.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Empowering Energy Efficiency in Existing Big-Box Retail/Grocery Stores (Final Optimization Report)

The Center for Sustainable Energy (CSE), in partnership with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), TRC Energy Services, P2S Engineering Inc, Walmart, and five innovative technology providers, are to demonstrate the impact of an integrated suite of pre-commercial energy efficiency (EE) technologies in a large, existing, retail building located within an inland disadvantaged community. Proposed technology packages include three categories of advanced EE solutions: heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigerating (HVAC/R); lighting; and integrated system and building level controls. The project is designed to impact Walmart’s future store specifications, which can be replicated and deployed in other buildings across California with similar end-use and system characteristics. The following lists the technologies considered for this project: DualCool (HVAC evaporative cooling); Software Motor Company (SMC) (HVAC and refrigeration fan motor); I2S: DC LED lighting; LocBit: building energy management and optimization; Saya: water monitoring.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

HEMP Testing of Substation Yard Circuit Breaker Control and Protective Relay Circuits

There are concerns about the effects of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulses (HEMP) on the electric power grid. Activities to date tested and analyzed vulnerability of digital protective relays (DPRs) used in power substations, but the effect of HEMP on the greater substation environment is not well known. This work establishes a method of testing the vulnerability of circuit breaker control and protective relay circuits to the radiated E1 pulse associated with HEMP based on coupling to the cables in a substation yard. Two DPRs from Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. were independently tested. The test setup also included a typical cable in a substation yard with return plane to emulate the ground grid and other ground conductors near the yard cable, cabinetry housing the installed DPRs, station battery and battery charger, terminal block elements, and a breaker simulator to emulate a substation yard configuration. The DPRs were powered from the station battery and the transformer inputs energized with a three-phase source to maintain typical operating conditions during the tests. Vulnerability testing consisted of a conducted E1 pulse injected into the center of the yard cable of the DPR circuits. Current measurements on the yard cable and DPR inputs indicated significant attenuation of the conducted pulse arriving at the control house equipment from the emulated substation yard. This reduction was quantified with respect to the equivalent open-circuit voltage on the yard cable. No equipment damage or undesired operation occurred on the tested circuits for values below 180 kV, which is significantly higher than the anticipated coupling to a substation yard cable.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Efficacy and Delivery of Novel FAST Agents for Coronaviruses

We proposed to test and develop advanced delivery for novel agents from our collaborators Facile Accelerated Specific Therapeutics (FAST) platform to reduce coronavirus replication. Sachi Bioworks Inc., Prof. Anushree Chatterjee, and Prof. Prashant Nagpal at the University of Colorado Boulder have developed a bioinformatics and synthesis pipeline to produce sequence specific theranostic agents (agents that can be therapies and/or diagnostics) that are inherently transported into the cytoplasm of mammalian host cells and sequence-specifically interfere in nucleic acid replication. The agent comprises a small nanoparticle (2-5 nm) chosen for ideal cellular transport and/or imaging conjugated to a short, synthetic DNA analog oligomer designed for binding to one or more target viral sequences. The sequence specific binding of the FAST agent to its target prevents nucleic acid replication due to its high affinity binding. While the small nanoparticle facilitates delivery in vitro, we plan to package the FAST agents into a larger nanoparticle (80-300 nm) for future in vivo delivery applications. Our team at Sandia has expertise encapsulating biomolecules including protein, DNA, and RNA into solid lipid nanoparticles (LNP) and lipid coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LC-MSN) and shown successful delivery in mouse models to multiple tissues. Our team focused on formulation parameters for FAST agents into lipid nanoparticles (LNP) and lipid coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LC-MSN) for enhanced delivery and/or efficacy and in vivo translation. We used lipid formulas that have been shown in literature to facility in vitro and more importantly, in vivo delivery. In our work discussed below, we successfully demonstrate loading and release of FAST agents on silica core and stable LC-MSN in a reasonable size range for in vivo testing.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

PLATFORM for Product Launch

Pecan Street Inc. (PSI) and its partners set out in 2017 to validate the PLATFORM for Product Launch, a new model for improving the effectiveness of investments in clean energy technologies and accelerating market entry of disruptive technologies. In partnership with a newly formed Innovation Advisory Council, PSI recruited fourteen companies with new hardware-based technologies that enable or create clean energy opportunities. Pecan Street carried out product evaluations and conducted market research with stakeholders and target customers to develop recommendations on product optimization opportunities for all companies, and created third party performance evaluation reports that include environmental metrics, such as water and energy savings potential, to assist in creating investment confidence and to unlock additional sources of funding, such as impact investments. Pecan Street set-up the product testing environment, performed small-batch field testing, and provided a verified third-party performance report on the product of twelve companies. PSI Street and its partners leveraged the performance evaluations and insights from the newly formed PRI toolkit to raise over $1.5M across five companies, and garner interest for private sector adoption of the PLATFORM for Product Launch.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Oak Ridge Response to Versatile Test Reactor Environmental Impact Statement Data Request

The Versatile Test Reactor (VTR) is a fast-spectrum test reactor being developed in the United States under the direction of the US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE). The VTR mission is to enable accelerated testing of advanced reactor fuels and materials required for advanced reactor technologies. The conceptual design of the 300 MWth sodium-cooled metallic-fueled pool-type fast reactor has been led by the US National Laboratories in collaboration with General Electric–Hitachi and Bechtel National, Inc. In support of the VTR project, DOE issued a Notice of Intent (NOI) in the Federal Register on August 5, 2019, announcing the intent to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and its implementing regulations. The EIS will evaluate alternatives for a versatile reactor–based fast-neutron source facility and associated facilities for the preparation, irradiation, and post-irradiation examination (PIE) of test/experimental fuels and materials. Specifically, the NOI identified two siting alternatives for the VTR reactor facility: Idaho National Laboratory (INL) or Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). In addition, the NOI also specified two siting alternatives for VTR fuel fabrication: INL and the Savannah River Site (SRS). This report provides information in response to data requests made to ORNL to fill in site-specific knowledge gaps to develop a high-quality EIS. The responses provided are not required to provide full details in every aspect; instead, they adequately bound possible environmental impacts or provide sufficient information to adequately assess likely environmental impacts. This work is being performed under a subcontract from INL to ORNL using DOE-NE funds and is directed by DOE-NE and DOE-ID. Leidos has been contracted by DOE-NE to write the VTR EIS, so most data requests have come from Leidos but were often routed through INL or DOE-ID. DOE-ID is overseeing the NEPA and EIS processes for the VTR project. Leidos will use the information provided in this report to inform the VTR EIS and will also cite this document to establish a clear, publicly available source of the information. Section 2 of this report briefly describes the proposed ORNL VTR Alternative and illustrates the location of the proposed site for the ORNL VTR Alternative. Sections 3 through 7 provide direct responses to data requests received by ORNL. These sections use a tabular format in which data requests are divided into separate items to be addressed; the items are numbered, the data requests are restated with more topical information included, and then the responses are provided. Initial data requests and follow-on requests for additional information (RAIs) are combined under the original data request fields. Finally, Section 8 presents summarized conclusions and describes future work.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of a Combined Raffinate Waste Stream for Mo-99 Production

Niowave, Inc., based in Lansing, Michigan, intends to produce Mo-99 from the fission of low enriched uranium (LEU) targets. In FY20, SRNL was tasked to provide technical assistance in identifying the primary waste raffinate present in Niowave’s commercial scale system and evaluating methods for disposal. Due to limited information on Niowave’s complete flowsheet and isotope recovery plans, a combined raffinate stream including the entire radionuclide inventory from the irradiated fuel was used for this evaluation. Results of the evaluation indicated the majority of the waste generated can be expected to be Class A; however radioisotopes such as Pu-239, Cs-137, Sr-90, and some of the shorter lived (< 5 year half-life) may challenge Niowave’s ability to meet the waste acceptance criteria for land burial. With appropriate waste management strategies, it is probable that Niowave’s waste could meet Class C requirements for all constituents, with the possible exception of Pu-239. More detailed information of Niowave’s processes are needed to form a more accurate understanding required to execute and effective, economic, and feasible waste management strategy.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of Air-Purifying Respirator (APR) and Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Cartridge Performance Testing on a Hanford AP Tank Farm Exhauster Slipstream (Volume 1)

Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS) tested four types of chemical cartridges for use in air-purifying respirators (APR) and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR). These tests were undertaken to determine the period of time that the cartridges would provide adequate performance1 for APRs and PAPRs used to protect workers when exposed to a mixture of Chemicals of Potential Concern (COPC) from vapors exiting the Hanford AP tank farm exhauster slipstream. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) considers cartridge testing to be a valid approach for establishing cartridge change schedules. Testing commonly is applied in situations where mixtures of COPCs exist and where other approaches, such as manufacturer recommendations and modeling, are less reliable. The tests were designed and conducted to assure measurement and/or control of the key variables OSHA identified as important to estimate the cartridge service life, including temperature, humidity, COPC concentration, breathing rate, and cartridge adsorption capacity. Cartridge testing on a slipstream from the Hanford AP tank exhauster was conducted on March 23-24, 2018. This testing focused on both APR and PAPR cartridges. Previous testing of APR cartridges was conducted on the AP exhauster in June of 2016. However, an AP exhauster upgrade was completed in September 2016. In the most recent testing, slipstream vapors from the new AP exhauster were fed to two respirator cartridge test stands, one for the PAPR respirator cartridges and the other for the APR respirator cartridges. Both the APR and PAPR test stands were developed by WRPS in collaboration with HiLine Engineering (Richland, Washington). Multipurpose APR cartridges—SCOTT 7422-SD1 and SCOTT 7422-SC1 (SCOTT Safety, Monroe, North Carolina)—were assessed on separate days using the APR cartridge test stand. Multipurpose PAPR cartridges—MSA OptiFilter TL (MSA Safety Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) and 3M FR-57 (3M Company, Maplewood, Minnesota)—were also tested consecutively over the same two days as the APR cartridge tests, using the PAPR cartridge test stand. Sample media (i.e., sorbent tubes) were used to collect samples of the vapor stream entering and exiting the respirator cartridges, and the samples then were analyzed for COPC concentrations. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory was tasked with conducting an independent analysis of the analytical results and making recommendations based on the results for respiratory cartridge performance and service life. The key conclusions from the analysis are described below.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Sandia National Laboratories Annual Site Environmental Report, 2019: New Mexico

Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration. The National Nuclear Security Administration’s Sandia Field Office administers the contract and oversees contractor operations at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico. Activities at the site support research and development programs with a wide variety of national security missions, resulting in technologies for nonproliferation, homeland security, energy and infrastructure, and defense systems and assessments. DOE and its management and operating contractor are committed to safeguarding the environment, assessing sustainability practices, and ensuring the validity and accuracy of the monitoring data presented in this Annual Site Environmental Report. This report summarizes the environmental protection and monitoring programs in place at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, during calendar year 2019. Environmental topics include air quality, ecology, environmental restoration, oil storage, site sustainability, terrestrial surveillance, waste management, water quality, and implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act. This report is prepared in accordance with and as required by DOE O 231.1B, Admin Change 1, Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting, and has been approved for public distribution.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Sandia National Laboratories Annual Site Environmental Report, 2019: Tonopah Test Range, Nevada and Kaua'i Test Facility, Hawai'i

Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration. The National Nuclear Security Administration’s Sandia Field Office administers the contract and oversees contractor operations at Sandia National Laboratories, Tonopah Test Range (SNL/TTR) in Nevada and Sandia National Laboratories, Kaua‘i Test Facility (SNL/KTF) in Hawai‘i. Activities at SNL/TTR are conducted in support of DOE weapons programs and have operated at the site since 1957. SNL/KTF has operated as a rocket preparation launching and tracking facility since 1962. DOE and its management and operating contractor are committed to safeguarding the environment, assessing sustainability practices, and ensuring the validity and accuracy of the monitoring data presented in this Annual Site Environmental Report. This report summarizes the environmental protection, restoration, and monitoring programs in place at SNL/TTR and SNL/KTF during calendar year 2019. Environmental topics include air quality, ecology, environmental restoration, oil storage, site sustainability, terrestrial surveillance, waste management, water quality, and implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act. This report is prepared in accordance with and as required by DOE O 231.1B, Admin Change 1, Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting, and has been approved for public distribution.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2026

Scale-Up of Electrode Coating and Flow-Field for Commercial Hydrogen Peroxide Electrolyzer: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-17-00687

Hydrogen peroxide is currently produced at central chemical plants via the anthraquinone oxidation process. This process produces environmental pollutants that are costly to remediate, requires hazardous long distance shipping of highly concentrated peroxide (50% or 70%), and necessitates extra handling costs related to storage and dilution. Peroxygen Systems, Inc. (PSi) is developing breakthrough technology for on-site hydrogen peroxide production. PSi’s on-site on-demand electrolyzer can reduce the cost of producing hydrogen peroxide by 50%, while also completely eliminating the cost and safety issues associated with shipping and handling of high concentration hydrogen peroxide. The challenge for PSi is scaling. To support the next step toward commercialization (customer pilot tests), scaling the prototype into larger single cells and 20-40 cell stacks is required. In addition to internal hardware and flow-field design efforts at PSi, NREL will address three critical problems for this scale-up effort: (1) demonstrating a large scale roll-to-roll (R2R) process to coat uniform electrode materials for 100 cm2 and 500 cm2 stack testing, (2) demonstrating an in-line diagnostic to achieve better electrode quality control, and (3) performing in situ cell/stack testing to better understand and optimize the performance of the flow field design.

28 EE - Advanced Manufacturing Office (EE-5A)↗