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Results for “transmission availability”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Numerical simulations of enhanced ion current losses in the inner magnetically insulated transmission line of the Z accelerator
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Efficient kinetic particle simulations of space charge limited emission in magnetically insulated transmission lines using reduced physics models
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A review of United States energy-only generator interconnection service policy and considerations for reform
Grid interconnection has emerged as a significant obstacle to the development of new electricity resources. There is growing interest in energy-only interconnection, which is an interconnection service option meant to allow the interconnection of new generators without ensuring their energy deliverability during all hours through the transmission system to customers. This approach potentially avoids upfront congestion-related transmission upgrades but could increase curtailment risk. Interest in energy-only interconnection is shaped by incomplete understanding of how interconnection policy functions in different jurisdictions, a knowledge gap that makes it difficult to determine how energy-only interconnection might be better used or re-designed. In this paper, we provide a regulatory review of energy-only interconnection in U.S. interconnection policy and practice, identifying jurisdictions in which rules are close to -or farther from-the theoretical concept of energy-only interconnection service. We find substantial jurisdictional differences in how energy-only interconnection is implemented, driven by differences in resource adequacy frameworks, real-time transmission operations, and state-level procurement practices. U.S. regulators have preferred local jurisdictional flexibility over federal prescription of interconnection study methods and procedures, which also contributes to differences among regions. Such findings raise fundamental questions about whether competition policies in electricity markets should extend beyond spot energy markets and into more prescriptive guidelines around interconnection rules and market entry. This paper sheds light on tensions that energy-only interconnection raises in allowing generators to access the transmission system on an as available basis and discusses how controlling thresholds for congestion-related network upgrades may be a barrier to electricity market entry.
Towards time-resolved MicroED grid preparation using mix-and-inject gas dynamic virtual nozzles
Recent progress in gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) technologies in combination with high-brilliance synchrotron and X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has allowed the visualization of protein dynamics in crystallo by mixing macromolecular protein crystals with a substrate using tunable mixing times on the order of milliseconds to seconds prior to serial X-ray diffraction data collection. This has become the method of choice for high-resolution structure determination of intermediate states. However, such experiments require large counts of crystals of proper sizes for high-resolution data collection, and premium beam times for screening efforts. Cryogenic microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) represents a complementary technique that may be a more accessible avenue for time-resolved nanocrystallography compared with serial X-ray diffraction experiments. MicroED can produce full diffraction datasets from just a few submicrometre-thick crystals, and the approach is more readily accessible, requiring standard cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipment available at many universities and institutes. Cryogenic MicroED, like other forms of cryo-EM, begins with rapidly freezing biological material on electron microscopy grids. In the case of MicroED, micro- to nano-crystals (<500 nm thick) are deposited onto electron microscopy grids and plunge-frozen for subsequent electron diffraction data collection. Here, we have incorporated GDVN technology developed originally for XFEL experiments into the freezing process as a first step towards time-resolved studies. We describe the limited deposition efficiency of the model MicroED protein proteinase K on TEM grids using GDVNs, preceding sample vitrification and successful MicroED data collection. We discuss both the initial results from such experiments and the methodological challenges in developing this approach into a reliable workflow for millisecond-to-second time-resolved structural studies of macromolecules. Our results promise a strategy to deposit crystals on grids using GDVNs and determine high-resolution structures by MicroED, constituting a first step towards development of time-resolved MicroED experiments.
Non-Thermal Plasma as a Novel Strategy for Treating or Preventing Viral Infection and Associated Disease
Pathogenic viruses cause many human, animal, and plant diseases that are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and socio-economic impact. Although effective strategies for combatting virus transmission and associated disease are available, global outbreaks of viral pathogens such as the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate that there is still a critical need for new approaches that can be used to interrupt the chain of viral infection and mitigate virus-associated pathogenesis. Recent studies point to non-thermal plasma (NTP), a partly ionized gas comprised of a complex mixture of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species along with physical effectors, as the potential foundation for new antiviral approaches. A more thorough understanding of the antiviral properties and safety of NTP has stimulated explorations of NTP as the basis for treatments of viral diseases. The recently described immunomodulatory properties of NTP are also being evaluated for potential use in immunotherapies of viral diseases as well as in antiviral vaccination strategies. In this review, we present the current state-of-the-art in addition to compelling arguments that NTP merits further exploration for use in the prevention and management of viral infections and associated diseases.
AutoDetect-mNP: An Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithm for Automated Analysis of Transmission Electron Microscope Images of Metal Nanoparticles
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Building and validating a Large-Scale combined transmission & distribution synthetic electricity system of Texas
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Simulating near‐field enhancement in transmission of airborne viruses with a quadrature‐based model
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Life-Cycle Cost and Optimization of PV Systems Based on Power Duration Curve with Variable Performance Ratio and Availability
A new derivation of Power Duration Curve is presented and applied to analysis of photovoltaic system life cycle cost. The effect of non-unity Performance Ratio and non-unity Availability on the power duration curve are illustrated. The effect of these two key performance indicators on calculation of life cycle cost and PV system design optimization (optimal DC/AC ratio) are illustrated as example applications of the method.
Coupled transmission and distribution simulations to assess distributed generation response to power system faults
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High sensitivity of a future search for effects of P -odd/ T -odd interactions on the 0.75 eV p -wave resonance in n ⃗ + 139 La ⃗ forward transmission determined using a pulsed neutron beam
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West Coast Offshore Wind Transmission Study
As a primary federal investigation of the utility of transmission to support offshore wind emergence in the Western Interconnect, the West Coast Offshore Wind Transmission study evaluates five distinct West Coast-wide transmission scenarios and trades the economic benefits and costs of six development pathways from 2035 to 2050. In this time, 33 GW of OSW generation and supporting transmission are explored within the context of 350 additional GW of generation to support 100% clean electricity. Geospatial analysis informed plausible transmission topologies and cost estimates. All pathways to intraregional or interregional coordination transmission builds showed more than $\$$14 billion in present value cost savings, with a maximum of $\$$25 billion of savings in the interregional case. These savings are primarily driven by fuel costs and increased availability of power flows enabled by new transmission networks. Key considerations of clean, dispatchable generation options, geographic disaggregation of costs, system reliability reinforcements, resilience, and community values are also presented and discussed.
Understanding Solar Photovoltaic System Performance: An Assessment of 75 Federal Photovoltaic Systems
This report presents a performance analysis of 75 photovoltaic systems based on PV system production data collected as part of a FEMP Federal PV Performance Assessment project combined with co-incident insolation, and ambient temperature to analyze how actual performance compares with a performance model. FEMP collaborated with 17 Federal agencies and sub-agencies to collect the information required to analyze the performance of each system. The systems represent a total capacity of 30,714 kW and range in size from 1 kW to 4,043 kW, with an average size of 410 kW, and were installed between 2011 and 2020. The data is analyzed for Key Performance Indicators, Availability, Performance Ratio and Energy Ratio by comparing the measured production data to model production data. The System Advisor Model (SAM) combines a description of the system (such as inverter capacity, de-rating for temperature, balance-of-system efficiency) with environmental parameters (coincident solar and temperature data) to calculate predicted performance. The performance metrics are calculated by lining up the measured production data with the model estimate on an hour-by-hour, day-by-day, or month-by-month basis (depending on the interval resolution of the production data). A report with system description, photo of the system, special assumptions made for the site, graph of measured production and model production, table of key performance indicators, and links to O&M resources that might improve performance was produced and delivered to site and agency staff with a short on-line briefing.