Special Specification Section 01810S Facility Commissioning Requirements.
Abstract not provided.
Chavez, M. Anthony↗
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Special Specification Section 01453S Construction Inspection Requirements.
Abstract not provided.
Chavez, M. Anthony↗
Nonlinear theory for a terahertz gyrotron with a special cross-section interaction cavity
The fully numerical nonlinear theory for a gyrotron with a special cross-section interaction cavity has been developed in this paper. In this theory, the analytical solution to different modes in the special cross-section interaction cavity is replaced by the numerical solution based on electromagnetic simulation results. A 0.4 THz third harmonic gyrotron with an azimuthally corrugated interaction cavity has been investigated by using this theory and simulation results show that this approach has a significant advantage of developing high harmonic terahertz gyrotrons.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
FPGA Computing
The articles in this special section focus on cutting-edge research on topics that relate to field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) in computing.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
East Asian Studies of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST -AIRC): An overview
As the most populated region of the world, Asia is a major source of aerosols with potential large impact over vast downstream areas, Papers published in this special section describe the variety of aerosols observed in China and their effects and interactions with the regional climate as part of the East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST-AIRC), The majority of the papers are based on analyses of observations made under three field projects, namely, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Mobile Facility mission in China (AMF-China), the East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols: An International Regional Experiment (EAST-AIRE), and the Atmospheric Aerosols of China and their Climate Effects (AACCE), The former two are U,S,-China collaborative projects, and the latter is a part of the China's National Basic Research program (or often referred to as "973 project"), Routine meteorological data of China are also employed in some studies, The wealth of general and speCIalized measurements lead to extensive and close-up investigations of the optical, physical, and chemical properties of anthropogenic, natural, and mixed aerosols; their sources, formation, and transport mechanisms; horizontal, vertical, and temporal variations; direct and indirect effects; and interactions with the East Asian monsoon system, Particular efforts are made to advance our understanding of the mixing and interaction between dust and anthropogenic pollutants during transport. Several modeling studies were carried out to simulate aerosol impact on radiation budget, temperature, precipitation, wind and atmospheric circulation, fog, etc, In addition, impacts of the Asian monsoon system on aerosol loading are also simulated.
Zhangqing, Li↗
Preface to the Special Collection: Recollections in Space Physics
Space Physics is a comparatively young scientific discipline, tightly linked to the era of satellite based investigations and the discoveries that came with it. As such, we as a community are fortunate to have met, been taught and mentored by, and even become friends with, many of those who were around to witness the birth of, and in many cases establish, our field. Each of these "Pioneers" have remarkable stories to tell. These accounts from the dawn of the space age provide a glimpse into that era of scientific discovery and are an important part of our collective history that deserve to be shared and commemorated. These are stories of perseverance, ingenuity, luck, and sometimes failure. We are fortunate to live in an era in which these distinguished scientists are still with us and able to share their experiences.To commemorate the 100th Anniversary of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), we have solicited a special collection of recollection papers to memorialize these experiences. This is not the first such effort to capture these stories. In 1994 (Vol. 99, No. A10, pp. 19,099-19,212) and again in 1996 (Vol. 101, No. A5, pp. 10,477-10,585) JGRSpace Physics published special sections entitled, "Pioneers of Space Physics," in celebration of AGU's 75th anniversary. Later, in 1997, Gilmore and Spreiter (1997) added a set of recollection papers on the discovery of the magnetosphere. Together, these papers containing personal accounts from the pioneers of the space age covered the period of roughly 1958-1967.It is our great honor to present retrospective papers from several of our distinguished colleagues who contributed significantly to the explosion in understanding of space physics and aeronomy that occurred from roughly 1967-1980. We chose to start at the end of the previous set of recollections and cover the decade of the 1970s, during which our field greatly expanded. It is also a time in which the second generation of space scientists entered the field and made foundational discoveries that continue to define our discipline.As with the previous papers, we asked the authors to "recount some of the events leading to the emergence of space physics and to put the events into a professional as well as personal perspective." (Gombosi et al.,1994). The authors of this special collection of recollections were selected following the same guidelines as the previous efforts. We started from a long list of senior colleagues and narrowed the list to roughly two dozen distinguished scientists based on discipline and geographic balance. Some of our colleagues, when asked, felt they would be unable to devote the time or energy to such a recollection and declined. Sadly,in the intervening 25 years since the original effort, some of our colleagues who were most active during the early years of the space age have passed. Therefore, this new special collection, 25 years after the first one, is timely with the AGU centennial celebrations, but late in fully capturing the stories of the pioneers of space physics. This is unfortunate and we encourage future editors of this journal to commission specialsections of legacy perspectives with a faster cadence than a quarter of a century.
Kepko, Emil L.↗
A successful start for mLife
mLife made its debut with the publication of the inaugurating issue on March 30, 2022. We are pleased to have published 42 high-quality articles, including reviews, research articles, and application notes, which cover microbial genetics, biochemistry and physiology, ecology and evolution, pathogenic and public health microbiology, and so forth. Nine of the articles concern technical innovations and applications in areas including genome editing, single-cell analysis, and database. To pay tribute to the great microbiologist Carl Woese on the 10th anniversary of his death, the Journal published a special section containing three thought-provoking articles in the last issue of the year. mLife and its collaborating publisher Wiley have made great efforts to increase the Journal's national and continental representation. As a result, the Journal received submissions from over 20 countries in five continents last year. The authors of the published articles are from China, United States, Great Britain, France, Canada, Ger many, Japan, Switzerland, and Austria.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Fourth Collaborative Materials Exercise of the Nuclear Forensics International Technical Working Group
Abstract The Nuclear Forensics International Technical Working Group is a community of nuclear forensic practitioners who respond to incidents involving nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control. The Group is dedicated to advancing nuclear forensic science in part through periodic participation in materials exercises. The Group completed its fourth Collaborative Materials Exercise in 2015 in which laboratories from 15 countries and one multinational organization analyzed three samples of special nuclear material in support of a mock nuclear forensic investigation. This special section of the Journal for Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry is devoted to summarizing highlights from this exercise.
Schwantes, J. M.↗
Second International Symposium on Biomass/Wastes Energy and Environment (BEE 2019), Tianjin, China, May 23–26, 2019
The editorial will preface a special section of Energy and Fuels that showcases some of the work presented at an international conference held in Tianjin, China in Spring 2019. This symposium was chaired by Professor Guanyi Chen and hosted by Tianjin University. More than 400 experts from 11 countries participated, and presented new analyses, new technologies, and new ideas on ways to resolve the inherent tensions between cherishing the earth’s environment and meeting the ever-expanding demands of people and society for energy and other resources. A route to that happy future was described more than 100 years ago by Mr. Arthur D. Little who founded the eponymous company and who was also instrumental in establishing the formal study of chemical engineering in the United States. In 1909, he observed that the rapid growth of technology in the US was accompanied by the wastefulness that America is still, unfortunately, practicing. To encourage improvements in the chemical and energy industries, he reminded his readers that “Every waste that is prevented or turned to profit, … and every more effective process which is developed, makes for better living in the material sense and for more wholesome living in the higher sense.”
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Accelerating Technology Development through Integrated Computation and Experimentation
This special section of Energy & Fuels comprises a selection of papers presented at the topical conference “Accelerating Technology Development through Integrated Computation and Experimentation”, sponsored and organized by the United States Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) as part of the 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting held in Pittsburgh, PA, Oct 28-Nov 2, 2012. That topical conference focused on the latest research and development efforts in five main areas related to fossil energy, with each area focusing on the utilization of both experimental and computational approaches: (1) gas separations (membranes, sorbents, and solvents for CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}, and O{sub 2} production), (2) CO{sub 2} utilization (enhanced oil recovery, chemical production, mineralization, etc.), (3) carbon sequestration (flow in natural systems), (4) advanced power cycles (oxy-combustion, chemical looping, gasification, etc.), and (5) fuel processing (H{sub 2} production for fuel cells).
08 HYDROGEN↗
East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Clouds, Precipitation, and Climate (EAST-AIR CPC )
Aerosols have significant and complex impacts on regional climate in East Asia. Cloud-aerosol-precipitation interaction (CAPI) remains most challenging in climate studies. The quantitative understanding of CAPI requires good knowledge of aerosols, ranging from their formation, composition, transport, as well as their radiative, hygroscopic, and microphysical properties. A comprehensive review is presented here centered on the CAPI based chiefly, but not limited to, publication in the special section named as EAST-AIRcpc, concerning (1) observation of aerosol loading and properties; (2) any relationships between aerosols and meteorological variables affecting CAPI; (3) mechanisms behind CAPI; and (4) quantification of CAPI and their impact on climate. Heavy aerosol loading in East Asia has significant radiative effects by reducing surface radiation, increasing air temperature, and lowering the boundary layer height. A key factor is aerosol absorption which is particularly strong in central China. This absorption can have a wide range of impacts such as creating an imbalance of aerosol radiative forcing at the top and bottom of the atmosphere, leading to inconsistent retrievals of cloud variables from space-borne and ground-based instruments. Aerosol radiative forcing can delay or suppress the initiation and development of convective clouds whose microphysics can be further altered by the microphysical effect of aerosols. For the same cloud thickness, the likelihood of precipitation is influenced by aerosol: suppressing light rain and enhancing heavy rain, delaying but intensifying thunderstorms, and reducing the onset of isolated showers in most parts of China. Rainfall has become more inhomogeneous and more extreme in the heavily polluted urban regions.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Acid–base catalysis over perovskites: a review
We present that perovskite catalysts have been extensively studied for reduction–oxidation (redox) reactions; however, their acid–base catalytic properties are still under-explored. This review collects work aiming to study the acid–base catalytic properties of perovskites. Reports regarding combined acid–base/redox catalysis over perovskites lie beyond the scope of the present review. For the characterization of acid–base properties, researchers have studied the interaction of probe molecules with perovskite surfaces by means of multiple techniques that provide information about the density, strength and type of adsorption sites. The top-surface composition of perovskites, which relates to the abundance of the acid–base sites, has been studied by means of low energy ion scattering (LEIS), and, the less surface sensitive, conventional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Probe reactions, with the conversion of 2-propanol as the common choice, have also been employed for characterizing the acid–base catalytic properties of perovskites. The complex nature of perovskite surfaces, which explains the still absent fundamental relations between the structure of the catalyst and reaction rates/selectivity, encounters a great challenge due to the surface reconstruction of these materials. In this review, we devote a special section to highlight recent publications that report the impact of surface reconstruction and particle shape on acid–base catalysis over perovskites. In addition, we review promising catalytic performances of perovskite catalysts for other reactions of interest. Challenges in acid–base catalysis over perovskites focus on the development of time-resolved monolayer-sensitive characterization of surfaces under operando conditions and the discernment of combined acid–base/redox reaction mechanisms. Finally, opportunities lay on tuning the acid–base characteristics of perovskites with computation-based catalytic descriptors to achieve desired selectivities and enhanced rates.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Focus on superconductivity in Fe-based systems
The past four years of incredibly intense research into Fe-based superconductors have brought about many unexpected surprises. Our understanding of their behavior and physical properties is constantly evolving. Unlike any other superconductors, those containing iron span diverse groups of materials: pnictides, chalcogenides, intermetallics and oxides. Some major properties of the materials are quite similar, yet each group has its own distinct features. Significant effort has been put into identifying new superconducting compositions, modifying the existing ones with new dopants and treatments, and producing single crystals, thin films, wires and polycrystalline bulk material. A wide array of experimental techniques was applied to study Fe-based superconductors and the result is a tremendous amount of data collected over a period of less than four years. Theoretical debates are still lively, and there is an ongoing search for possible universalities and commonalities with other unconventional superconductors, like high-Tc cuprates or heavy fermion materials. The three-dimensional electronic structures of Fe-based superconductors, as well as their extreme sensitivity to disorder, present serious challenges for both theoretical analysis and the interpretation of experiments. However, some key properties emerge from multiple studies. Unconventional, multiband superconductivity originating from an electronic mechanism has found both experimental and theoretical support. There has been great progress in the understanding of various anisotropies of superconducting gap structures, including the possibility of gap nodes even if the gap symmetry is s-wave. Similar to high-Tc cuprates, the superconducting phase has a dome-like shape on T-doping or T-pressure phase diagrams. The anisotropy of the superconducting gap evolves with doping and is likely to become stronger at the dome';s edge. In many Fe-based superconductors there is a range where superconductivity coexists and competes with long-range magnetic order, and magnetic fluctuations are considered by some to be of the utmost importance for the pairing mechanism. Others argue that orbital fluctuations, possibly in combination with phonons, are crucial for the pairing. Fe-based superconductors show extremely large upper critical fields and relatively low electronic anisotropy, which are crucial aspects for power applications. The expectations are high, though it remains unclear what maximal current densities can be supported by a properly designed bulk material with optimal pinning centers. This focus issue of Superconductor Science and Technology is a snapshot of some of the recent progress in materials preparation, experiments and theory. It includes articles on the search for new Fe-based superconductors and on the search for superconductivity at extreme conditions. Particular attention is devoted to: the effects of chemical substitutions; the development of thin films; the introduction of artificial defects to increase critical current density; and a general analysis of vortex physics. The articles on fundamental aspects of superconductivity include: the discussion of various experimental problems; an in-depth analysis of the nodal and nodeless pairing states; the discussion of the pairing mechanism; and the effects of pair-breaking due to disorder. Also discussed are nematic correlations and the coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity. The papers collected in this issue present a detailed review of the accomplishments of the last four years of research into Fe-based superconductors, up to and including last-minute developments. We hope that this combination will make this special section of Superconductor Science and Technology both interesting and useful to a broad spectrum of physicists and materials scientists.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Unlocking Flexibility: Energy Systems Integration [Guest Editorial]
The articles in this special section focus on energy systems integration (ESI). Electric power systems around the world are experiencing great changes, including the retirement of coal and nuclear plants along with a rapid increase in the use of natural gas turbines and variable renewable technologies such as wind and solar. There is also much more use of information and communications technologies to enhance the visibility and controllability of the grid. Flexibility of operation, the ability of a power system to respond to change in demand and supply, is critical to enable higher levels of variable generation. One way to unlock this potential flexibility is to tap into other energy domains. This concept of interconnecting energy domains is called ESI. ESI is the process of coordinating the operation and planning of energy systems across multiple pathways and/or geographical scales to deliver reliable, cost-effective energy services with minimal impact on the environment. Integrating energy domains adds flexibility to the electrical power system. ESI includes interactions among energy vectors and with other large-scale infrastructures including water, transport, and data and communications networks, which are an enabling technology for ESI.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
On the Sunny Side : Integrating Solar Energy at Increasing Rates [Guest Editorial]
The articles in this special section address the issues involved with the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the electric grid.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Going to the Next Level: The Growth of Distributed Energy Resources [Guest Editorial]
The six articles in this special section focus on distributed energy resources (DERs). Since the first issue in this magazine on DER grid integration in the summer of 2009, DERs, specifically, solar PV-based systems, have evolved considerably to meet the needs of the power system from a planning and operations perspective. The result of this evolution is the theme of this issue: DERs play a major role in the power system. When relatively small numbers of PVs were first being installed, they were often showcases or demonstrations for the underlying technology, which was still quite expensive. The grid integration of these systems was a great research project, but many impacts we now see regularly simply did not exist at the earlier low-penetration levels. Now, nearly every distribution utility has experienced at least a few instances and challenges of DER integration within its service territory.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗