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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2019

NASA GIBS and Worldview: Visualizing NASA's Earth Science Data for All to Explore

For more than 20 years, the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) has operated dozens of remote sensing satellites collecting nearly 15 Petabytes of data that span thousands of science parameters. Within these observations are keys the Earth Scientists have used to unlock many discoveries that we now understand about our planet. Also contained within these observations are a myriad of opportunities for learning and education. The challenge is making them accessible to educators and students in intuitive and simple ways so that effort can be spent on lesson enrichment and not overcoming technical hurdles.The NASA Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) system and NASA Worldview interactive mapping site provide a unique view into EOS data through daily full resolution visualizations of hundreds of Earth science parameters. For many of these parameters, visualizations are available within hours of acquisition from the satellite. For others, visualizations are available for the entire mission of the satellite. Accompanying the visualizations are visual aids such as color legends, place names, and orbit tracks. By using these visualizations, educators and students can observe natural phenomena that enrich a scientific education.This presentation will provide an overview of the visualizations available in NASA GIBS and Worldview and how they are accessed. Specific attention will be given to the newer capabilities and accomplishments, including: Support for geostationary sub-daily visualizations, Enhanced support for vector-based visualizations, Improved Worldview tour and snapshot capabilities, New imagery products across a growing set of scientific areas.

Cechini, Matthew↗
NASA NTRS2019

NASA GIBS and Worldview: Leveraging FOSS for NASA Earth Science Data Visualizations

The NASA Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) and Worldview interactive mapping site leverage scientific and community best practices, open source software, and public standards to provide a scalable, compliant, and authoritative source for NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Earth science data visualizations. GIBS and Worldview allow end users to easily and quickly interact with more than 800 full resolution pre-generated raster- and vector-based visualizations. This interactive discovery approach relies on visual observation and identification of phenomena that are not as simply identified otherwise. This eLightning presentation will exhibit the broad set of capabilities and visualization layers made possible through the GIBS and Worldview open source software. Specific dependencies on, and contributions to, open source software will be highlighted. Additionally, opportunities for future improvements for better interoperability and reuse through open source software will be discussed.

NASA Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS)↗
NASA NTRS2007

Cartographic Mapping of Mars Landing Sites: A Historical Perspective

Initial mapping of Mars began with the early Mariner 4, 6 and 7 flybys in the 1960's. Mariner 9 obtained the first global coverage of Mars in 1971. Viking Orbiters 1 and 2 added new and higher resolution global coverage. The US Geological Survey produced the first digital global cartographic map products in black and white and in color, the mosaicked digital image models (MDIMs). In 1989, the Phobos 88 mission added imaging as well as multispectral mapping of Mars in the equatorial region. The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) added to the black and white and color global coverage. The most important development for Mars cartography occurred on MGS with its global coverage of Mars using the Mars Observer Laser Altimeter (MOL A) producing precision ground control in latitude, longitude and radius. The next version of the MDIM was produced at 230 m spatial resolution using MOLA precision cartographic control. The Mars Odyssey mission THEMIS instrument has completed its global infrared mapping of Mars at 100 m spatial resolution. The Mars Express mission is completing its global coverage of Mars in stereo at 100 m spatial resolution or better. MGS, Odyssey and Mars Express continue to provide limited surface coverage at the 1 to 20 m resolution. Currently the new Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is producing images at the 10's of cm level. All of these datasets provide a rich and historic perspective of Mars covering nearly five decades and allow global cartographic map products to be produced in visual and infrared at the 100 m level with specialized cartographic maps being produced for landing sites at the meter or sub-meter spatial resolution level. This work was produced at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAS 7-7120.5d, within the NASA Mars Data Analysis Program and the MGS, Odyssey, Mars Express and MRO Participating Scientist Programs.

MOLA↗
DOE OSTI2020

Atomic-Scale Structural Mapping of Active Sites in Monolayer PGM-Free Catalysts by Low-Voltage 4D-STEM

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted a large amount of attention in both basic and applied fields, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is often uniquely well-suited for characterizing the atomic-scale structure of these materials [1-4]. As a result, STEM is poised to significantly impact progress on platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts, which are currently under intense development to enable low-cost, commercially viable hydrogen fuel cells [5]. While recent advancements have resulted in fuel cell performance comparable to Pt catalysts by some measures [6], cell durability remains a significant challenge, limiting practical applications [7]. Catalytically active sites in PGM-free materials are proposed to be FeN4 complexes embedded in a graphene lattice (Fig. 1b) within layered or other larger materials, but this is still under debate largely due to the range of potential actives sites predicted by computational methods and lack of methods for directly validating these models [5]. Fundamental insights into the atomic structure and resulting degradation pathways of proposed active sites are therefore needed to fully understand and control cell performance and durability [6].2D materials typically make ideal samples for STEM, but those within PGM-free catalysts present additional challenges since these materials are often defect-rich, with a high density of edges, dopant atoms, etc., which significantly increase susceptibility to beam damage at standard operating voltages. This makes analysis of potential FeN4 active sites particularly challenging, since a large proportion of Fe exists at edge sites where beam-induced atomic displacements can prohibit high-resolution structural characterization [6]. Conventional dark-field imaging compounds this problem by producing less signal for a given dose and being less sensitive to light elements than dose-efficient phase contrast imaging techniques such as those enabled by four-dimensional (4D)-STEM [8-10] (Fig. 1a). Consequently, active site structural analysis is often left to methods such as low-resolution imaging combined with quantum chemical calculations [6], which hinders accurate determination of reaction and degradation mechanisms.Here, we demonstrate direct atomic-scale structural mapping of FeN4 sites by performing low-voltage 4D-STEM on a model PGM-free catalyst system with many exposed monolayer regions. To accomplish this, we pair a 30 keV aberration-corrected probe with a fast pixelated detector that has optimal performance at low beam voltages [11]. This enables us to simultaneously image light and heavy elements with high signal-to-noise by center-of-mass analysis (Fig. 1c) while minimizing beam-induced atomic displacements at sensitive sites. The monolayer nature of these materials additionally allows for experimental validation by direct comparison with multislice simulations [12] of model structures (Fig. 1d-e). This work demonstrates how low-voltage 4D-STEM will provide new insights into the atomic-scale structure and degradation mechanisms of active sites in PGM-free catalysts, facilitating the development of low-cost hydrogen fuel cells and other energy conversion technologies in the future [13].

Zachman, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2019

Planetary Mapping for Landing Sites Selection: The Mars Case Study

The selection of a landing site on a planetary body is a multistep process that involves both the fulfillment of several engineering constraints and the accomplishment of scientific requirements. In this chapter, we will show how the simultaneous production and exploitation of different GIS maps depicting these criteria are pivotal in the landing site selection. Indeed, all of such constraints are presently evaluated through the use of GIS-based software. To show this, we will focus on the Martian site identification outline, providing multiple real examples taken from two ongoing study cases, i.e., the Simud Vallis landing site proposed by Pajola et al. (Icarus 268:355–381, 2016a) for the ESA ExoMars rover and the Eridania landing site proposed by Pajola et al. (Icarus 275:163–182, 2016b) for the NASA Mars 2020 landing site selection.

Planetary mapping↗
NASA NTRS1993

Geology and radiophysical properties of the Venera and Vega landing sites

Geologic maps for all seven Venera and Vega landing sites have been produced. Because the radius of error for each landing site is 150 km, the entire landing circle has been mapped centered about the estimated landing point. Correlations were found between the Magellan imagery and the lander TV panoramas and geochemical measurements made at the landing site. Radiophysical properties, including backscatter cross-sections, altimetry, emissivity, and rms slopes, were determined for each landing circle. After mapping the geology of the landing circles, the regional geology of the seven sites was mapped and the geologic history of theses large regions was determined.

Weitz, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1993

(abstract) Geology of the Venera and Vega Landing Sites

Geologic mapping of the seven Venera/Vega landing sites (radius of error = 150 km) using Magellan data has shown that the dominant type of terrain at these sites is plains. At the Venera 8 and 13 sites, where a nontholeiitic composition was measured for the surface material, the Magellan imagery shows that both these sites have unusual volcanic features associated with them, such as steep sided domes and coronalike features. At the other five sites, where no peculiar volcanic activity occurred within the landing circle, the landers measured geochemical signatures of tholeiitic basalts. This association between unusual volcanic activity and nontholeiitic composition suggests that the geochemistry measured by the landers correlates well with the morphology seen in the Magellan imagery. A strong correlation also exists between the SAR imagery and the TV panoramas taken by the Venera 9, 10, 13, and 14 landers. Based on Magellan data and the lander geochemical and TV panoramas, we have been able to suggest the most likely material in the Magellan imagery sampled by the landers.

Venera↗
NASA NTRS2022

Optimizing Terrain Mapping and Landing Site Detection for Autonomous UAVs

The next generation of Mars rotorcrafts requires on-board autonomous hazard avoidance landing. To this end, this work proposes a system that performs continuous multi- resolution height map reconstruction and safe landing spot detection. Structure-from-Motion measurements are aggregated in a pyramid structure using a novel Optimal Mixture of Gaus- sians formulation that provides a comprehensive uncertainty model. Our multiresolution pyramid is built more efficiently and accurately than past work by decoupling pyramid filling from the measurement updates of different resolutions.To detect the safest landing location, after an optimized hazard segmentation, we use a mean shift algorithm on multiple distance transform peaks to account for terrain roughness and uncertainty. The benefits of our contributions are evaluated on real and synthetic flight data.

Brockers, Roland↗
NASA NTRS1974

A catalog system for remote-sensing data

The Practical System for Cataloging, Indexing, and Retrieval of Remote Sensing Data developed by the Interdisciplinary Remote Sensing Group at the University of Wisconsin consists of a card catalog, a site-index-map, a site-index-file, an industry-index-file, and a project-index-file. The system is designed for retrieval of remote-sensing data which include imagery, magnetic tapes, flight logs, maps, ground-truth reports, and research reports containing raw data. It can be operated by conventional library methods, but provision has been made for digitizing the system for computer retrieval.

Singh, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

New results for geologic units mapping of Utah test sites using Landsat TM data

This paper continues a study on the accuracy of geological mapping using Landsat Thematic Mapper data (Short, 1984). In June 1976, both the White Mountain alteration zone and the Waterpocket Fold sedimentary rock sites in Utah were surveyed by the Bendix 24-band scanner on a NASA NC-130B aircraft. Mid-June 1984 TM data for these two sites have been processed like the 1976 data to test the quality of simulation of TM data. Principal-components (PC) color composite images for White Mountain show close correspondence to the Bendix PC images. At this site carbonate strata are uniquely discriminated in both Bendix and TM composites that use an inverted PC 3 image. Alunite/kaolinite and hematite/limonite alteration zones developed on volcanic flows are also sharply separated, but iron oxide and silicified zones are less so. The accuracy of rock-units mapping at the Waterpocket Fold site by supervised classification of the June TM data is significantly better, reaching 70 percent in the best case, than for January 1983 data for that site.

Short, N. M.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Standardized and Cost-Effective Benthic Habitat Mapping Tools for Marine and Hydrokinetic Site Environmental Assessments

A variety of techniques have been used for baseline benthic habitat characterization and monitoring at marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) sites. A lack of standardization has led to expensive efforts that can be confusing for regulators and stakeholders evaluating these sites. Benthic habitat maps have traditionally been developed from a suite of geophysical data, including ultibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter, side scan sonar, imagery from deployed camera systems, and/or sediment sample chemical and biological data. Integral is developing a computer vision (CV) system for automating the measurement of key physical and biological features in sediment profile image (SPI) and seafloor plan view (PV) imagery so that image-derived data can be efficiently integrated with other data sets to create standardized benthic habitat maps at MHK facilities.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2017

Evaluation of Story Maps to Enhance Public Engagement and Communication at Legacy Management Sites – 17334

Story Maps are being used in both public and private sectors to convey information to stakeholders, create enterprise platforms, and assist in decision making. Story Maps are web applications that combine maps, narrative text, images, and multimedia content to provide information. These applications provide a user-friendly platform to share the remarkable history of our sites, the complexity of their contamination and remediation, successes we achieve in our LTS&M activities, and even the challenges we face as we aim to fulfill our mission.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2021

Multi-Resolution Elevation Mapping and Safe Landing Site Detection with Applications to Planetary Rotorcraft

In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient approach to provide an autonomous UAV with an on-board perception method to detect safe, hazard-free landing sites during flights over complex 3D terrain. We aggregate 3D measurements acquired from a sequence of monocular images by a Structure-from-Motion approach into a local, robot-centric, multi-resolution elevation map of the overflown terrain, which fuses depth measurements according to their lateral surface resolution (pixel-footprint) in a probabilistic framework based on the concept of dynamic Level of Detail. Map aggregation only requires depth maps and the associated poses, which are obtained from an on-board Visual Odometry algorithm. An efficient landing site detection method then exploits the features of the underlying multi-resolution map to detect safe landing sites based on the slope, roughness, and quality of the reconstructed terrain surface. The evaluation of the performance of the mapping and landing site detection modules are analyzed independently and jointly in simulated and realworld experiments in order to establish the efficacy of the proposed approach.

Brockers, Roland↗
DOE OSTI2018

Optimizing Travel Time to Outpatient Interventional Radiology Procedures in a Multi-Site Hospital System Using a Google Maps Application

The purpose of this study is to determine whether a custom Google Maps application can optimize site selection when scheduling outpatient interventional radiology (IR) procedures within a multi-site hospital system. The Google Maps for Business Application Programming Interface (API) was used to develop an internal web application that uses real-time traffic data to determine estimated travel time (ETT; minutes) and estimated travel distance (ETD; miles) from a patient’s home to each a nearby IR facility in our hospital system. Hypothetical patient home addresses based on the 33 cities comprising our institution’s catchment area were used to determine the optimal IR site for hypothetical patients traveling from each city based on real-time traffic conditions. For 10/33 (30%) cities, there was discordance between the optimal IR site based on ETT and the optimal IR site based on ETD at non-rush hour time or rush hour time. By choosing to travel to an IR site based on ETT rather than ETD, patients from discordant cities were predicted to save an average of 7.29 min during non-rush hour (p = 0.03), and 28.80 min during rush hour (p < 0.001). Using a custom Google Maps application to schedule outpatients for IR procedures can effectively reduce patient travel time when more than one location providing IR procedures is available within the same hospital system.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
NASA NTRS1977

Geology of the Imbrium Basin Apennine Mountains and relation to the Apollo 15 landing site

Detailed mapping of the Imbrium Basin Apennine Mountains has emphasized several important factors in the geologic evolution of this region. Pre-Imbrian topography was composed of two types of landforms: (1) the nearby Serenitatis, South Imbrium, Aestuum, and Vaporum basins which produced widely spaced regional lows and a sequence of basin deposits; (2) pre-Imbrian craters that reworked existing basin deposits and produced local topographic lows. The sequence of events during the Imbrium impact can be summarized as follows: intensive structural uplift along the Apennine Front occurred prior to the emplacement of ballistic ejecta. Ejecta became more discontinuous toward the backslope and produced radial texture by sedimentary erosional and depositional processes. Post-ejecta-emplacement downfaulting exposed pre-Imbrian deposits along the front and caused severe seismic disturbances that reworked many of the previous units and accentuated pre-basin structures. Tectonic mapping and orbital geophysical data support the idea that little structural modification has occurred in the Apennines since their formation 3.9 b.y. ago.

Spudis, P.↗
DOE OSTI2020

A 3.4-Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human coronavirus spike trimer computationally derived from vitrified NL63 virus particles

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is an enveloped pathogen of the family Coronaviridae that spreads worldwide and causes up to 10% of all annual respiratory diseases. HCoV-NL63 is typically associated with mild upper respiratory symptoms in children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. It has also been shown to cause severe lower respiratory illness. NL63 shares ACE2 as a receptor for viral entry with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Here we present the in situ structure of HCoV-NL63 spike (S) trimer at 3.4-Å resolution by single-particle cryo-EM imaging of vitrified virions without chemical fixative. It is structurally homologous to that obtained previously from the biochemically purified ectodomain of HCoV-NL63 S trimer, which displays a 3-fold symmetric trimer in a single conformation. In addition to previously proposed and observed glycosylation sites, our map shows density at other sites, as well as different glycan structures. The domain arrangement within a protomer is strikingly different from that of the SARS-CoV-2 S and may explain their different requirements for activating binding to the receptor. Overall, this structure provides the basis for future studies of spike proteins with receptors, antibodies, or drugs, in the native state of the coronavirus particles.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗