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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2022

Evaluating the performance of a high resolution SLIM IM module integrated with an Agilent 6560 IM-QTOF MS - CRADA 413 (Final Report)

Developing new technologies that enhance our abilities to identify molecular signatures is important for the health of the public, the environment, and national security. Deploying these novel technologies requires multiple stages of validation and evaluation. This project focused on evaluating a technology developed at PNNL named Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) in the context of a commercially available ion mobility mass spectrometer instrument from Agilent Technologies. There is a benefit to integrating the recently developed SLIM module into a real-world instrument platform. Data from the combined instrument will provide new standards for characterizing samples using ion mobility. These standards, related to both the drift time of ions and their resulting collisional cross sections (CCS) will be of value in characterizing samples from both humans and environmental samples, such as soil microbiomes. Because no previous instrument has been designed and implemented to simultaneously analyze the same sample in both constant and oscillating drift fields, the project will provide a new research capability that will support research in a wide variety of applications. The evaluation approach included measuring the resolving power, mass range, sensitivity, and accuracy of two SLIM variations (constant and oscillating fields). Although SLIM performed similarly to the commercial instrument in terms of sensitivity, mass range, and accuracy the resolving power of SLIM far exceeded that of the commercially-available instrument. This validation will provide critically useful data to our commercial partners which they can use to reach informed decisions on the advantages of the SLIM technology such as the outstanding performance and the low cost of manufacturing.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Novel Mutant Alleles Reveal a Role of the Extra-Large G Protein in Rice Grain Filling, Panicle Architecture, Plant Growth, and Disease Resistance

Plant growth and grain filling are the key agronomical traits for grain weight and yield of rice. The continuous improvement in rice yield is required for a future sustainable global economy and food security. The heterotrimeric G protein complex containing a canonical α subunit (RGA1) couples extracellular signals perceived by receptors to modulate cell function including plant development and grain weight. We hypothesized that, besides RGA1, three atypical, extra-large GTP-binding protein (XLG) subunits also regulate panicle architecture, plant growth, development, grain weight, and disease resistance. Here, we identified a role of XLGs in agronomic traits and stress tolerance by genetically ablating all three rice XLGs individually and in combination using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice. For this study, eight (three single, two double, and three triple) null mutants were selected. Three XLG proteins combinatorically regulate seed filling, because loss confers a decrease in grain weight from 14% with loss of one XLG and loss of three to 32% decrease in grain weight. Null mutations in XLG2 and XLG4 increase grain size. The mutants showed significantly reduced panicle length and number per plant including lesser number of grains per panicle compared to the controls. Loss-of-function of all individual XLGs contributed to 9% more aerial biomass compared to wild type (WT). The double mutant showed improved salinity tolerance. Moreover, loss of the XLG gene family confers hypersensitivity to pathogens. Our findings suggest that the non-canonical XLGs play important roles in regulating rice plant growth, grain filling, panicle phenotype, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. Genetic manipulation of XLG s has the potential to improve agronomic properties in rice.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Vegetation forcing modulates global land monsoon and water resources in a CO 2 -enriched climate

The global monsoon is characterised by transitions between pronounced dry and wet seasons, affecting food security for two-thirds of the world’s population. Rising atmospheric CO 2 influences the terrestrial hydrological cycle through climate-radiative and vegetation-physiological forcings. How these two forcings affect the seasonal intensity and characteristics of monsoonal precipitation and runoff is poorly understood. Here we use four Earth System Models to show that in a CO 2 -enriched climate, radiative forcing changes drive annual precipitation increases for most monsoon regions. Further, vegetation feedbacks substantially affect annual precipitation in North and South America and Australia monsoon regions. In the dry season, runoff increases over most monsoon regions, due to stomatal closure-driven evapotranspiration reductions and associated atmospheric circulation change. Our results imply that flood risks may amplify in the wet season. However, the lengthening of the monsoon rainfall season and reduced evapotranspiration will shorten the water resources scarcity period for most monsoon regions.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

What Is a Polyolefin? A Critical Overview of Ethylene Copolymers Used as Solar Photovoltaic Module Encapsulants

In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) encapsulant films marketed as polyolefins (POs), more specifically as PO elastomers (POEs) and thermoplastic POs (TPOs), have gained significant market share and are projected to become the dominant encapsulation films by 2030. Relative to other industries, there are significant misconceptions about the term PO in the PV industry. Both in the scientific literature as well as in sales and advertising, the terms PO, POE, and TPO are often misused to describe the same type of material with comparable properties, while in reality these may each consist of separate material classes. This paper provides a comprehensive literature and market review, to showcase a broad range of PO and other ethylene copolymer encapsulants from recent studies, and discusses the materials' properties to clarify what constitutes a “polyolefin.” In addition, to promote a clearer comparison of encapsulant properties, we propose a two‐dimensional taxonomy to categorize polymers used in module manufacturing, including POs. In terms of improving the reliability of solar PV modules, PO‐based encapsulants have several advantages (including lower water uptake and ion diffusion), but might come with disadvantages too, such as a more complex processing and a higher sensitivity to the storage conditions and shelf life. All this might prospectively impact adhesion properties of the encapsulant to other materials' interfaces (glass, cells etc.) and end‐product quality. Because the track record of field‐deployed PV modules containing PO encapsulants is also limited, we hope to contribute to better material understanding and precision in communication in PV to secure quality.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS2010

Ultra-Low-Noise W-Band MMIC Detector Modules

A monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) receiver can be used as a building block for next-generation radio astronomy instruments that are scalable to hundreds or thousands of pixels. W-band (75-110 GHz) low-noise receivers are needed for radio astronomy interferometers and spectrometers, and can be used in missile radar and security imagers. These receivers need to be designed to be mass-producible to increase the sensitivity of the instrument. This innovation is a prototyped single-sideband MMIC receiver that has all the receiver front-end functionality in one small and planar module. The planar module is easy to assemble in volume and does not require tuning of individual receivers. This makes this design low-cost in large volumes.

Gaier, Todd C.↗

DOE OSTI2022

K-Modules

K-Modules are capacitive energy modules designed to be stacked together to form a capacitor bank (aka a Marx bank). Discharging the stack produces a single, high voltage, high current pulse that when coupled to an X-ray (or electron) tube, produces energetic X-rays (or an intense electron beam, E-beam). The energetic X-rays are used in Flash X-ray Radiography (FXR), a technique to image objects moving at extremely high speed to measure their speed, shape and internal density profiles. The images help validate computer models for materials behavior under extreme pressure and temperature. FXR is a technology critical to dynamic experiments for the national security mission, and most users are DOE and DOD labs. Febetrons, the X-ray generating devices, are used at these sites and rely on capacitive energy modules for their operation. A stack of the newly developed K-modules will significantly extend the capabilities of these Febetrons

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS2006

Valve Health Monitoring System Utilizing Smart Instrumentation

The valve monitoring system is a stand alone unit with network capabilities for integration into a higher level health management system. The system is designed for aiding in failure predictions of high-geared ball valves and linearly actuated valves. It performs data tracking and archiving for identifying degraded performance. The data collection types are cryogenic cycles, total cycles, inlet temperature, body temperature torsional strain, linear bonnet strain, preload position, total travel and total directional changes. Events are recorded and time stamped in accordance with the IRIG B True Time. The monitoring system is designed for use in a Class 1 Division II explosive environment. The basic configuration consists of several instrumentation sensor units and a base station. The sensor units are self contained microprocessor controlled and remotely mountable in three by three by two inches. Each unit is potted in a fire retardant substance without any cavities and limited to low operating power for maintaining safe operation in a hydrogen environment. The units are temperature monitored to safeguard against operation outside temperature limitations. Each contains 902-928 MHz band digital transmitters which meet Federal Communication Commission's requirements and are limited to a 35 foot transmission radius for preserving data security. The base-station controller correlates data from the sensor units and generates data event logs on a compact flash memory module for database uploading. The entries are also broadcast over an Ethernet network. Nitrogen purged National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA) Class 4 enclosures are used to house the base-station

Jensen, Scott L.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Quantum key distribution using a thermal source

A passive continuous-variable quantum key distribution scheme, where Alice splits the output of a thermal source into two spatial modes, measures one locally and transmits the other mode to Bob after applying attenuation. A secure key can be established based on measurements of the two modes without the use of a random number generator or an optical modulator.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Passive continuous variable quantum key distribution scheme using a thermal source

A passive continuous variable quantum key distribution scheme, where Alice splits the output of a thermal source into two beams, measures one locally and transmits the other mode to Bob after applying attenuation. A secure key can be established based on measurements of the two beams without the use of a random number generator or an optical modulator.

Qi, Bing↗

NASA NTRS2021

Simulation and Modeling Concepts for Secure Airspace Operations

This paper examines cyber security vulnerabilities of Urban Air Mobility operations. With the expected advent of new entrants including Unmanned Aerial Systems, Commercial Launch Vehicles and Urban Air Mobility aircraft, the future United States National Airspace System will have to evolve to include their operations along with the current commercial, general aviation and military operations. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Federal Aviation Administration are working together to provide a vision for aviation operations in the future—2045 and beyond. Their National Airspace System Horizons initiative seeks to provide stakeholders a list of operational scenarios and technologies, concepts and strategies needed for supporting that vision. They have identified cybersecurity as one of the seven strategic interest areas for realizing this vision. Consequently, NASA is studying cyber resiliency for secure airspace operations. While there are many pathways to attack a cyber physical system such as Urban Air Mobility, their effect is expressed in modification or corruption of data/information used for controlling vehicles and making operational decisions. The paper describes cybersecurity technologies of Encryption, Blockchain, Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure, Trusted Platform Module and Anomaly Detection for protecting the data, and the cyber resiliency of the current and future air traffic management system.

Urban Air Mobility↗

NASA NTRS2021

Simulation and Modeling Concepts for Secure Airspace Operations

Urban Air Mobility↗

DOE OSTI2023

List Mode Data from the Modular Vehicle Detector System

In 2022 measurements were made with the Modular Vehicle Detectors (MVD) at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center (NCERC), located in the Device Assembly Facility (DAF) on the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), Nevada. These detectors were supplied by the Naval Information Warfare Center (NIWC) Pacific. The MVDs were connected to an Advanced List Mode Module (ALMM) which records when an MVD detected a neutron. This is a summary of the measurement configurations as well as a list of the list-mode data files from each configuration. In addition to the measurements taken at NCERC additional measurements with the MVDs were taken at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Tool Kit for Generating Simulated Radiation Measurements for Advanced Reactor Safeguards and Security

A tool kit was developed to simulate and analyze passive radiation measurements of molten salt reactor (MSR) operations to support development of nuclear safeguards approaches for this emerging reactor technology. A Transient Simulation Framework of Reconfigurable Modules (TRANSFORM) multiphysics simulation of an MSR produces time-dependent isotopic inventories at user-selected locations within the model. The tool kit implements the Gamma Detector Response and Analysis Software (GADRAS) application programming interface to inject the TRANSFORM isotopic inventories extracted/processed by a Python pipeline into GADRAS models of user-defined geometries. The TRANSFORM inventories are the source terms used to obtain synthetic measurements from GADRAS-defined detectors. The speed of TRANSFORM and GADRAS simulations enables surveying the large design space of MSRs (e.g., fuel type, fuel salt composition, number of loops) and the plethora of measurements (e.g., location, detector type, and collimation) within the reactor. This has enabled timely assessment of the various measurement locations and detectors to identify the most effective and efficient safeguards approach for a specific MSR design. Lastly, the tool kit also simulates extracted samples that can be aged to a desired dose, enabling stakeholders to optimize a measurement plan to use sample analysis as an element within a broader material accountancy plan.

Westphal, Greg↗

DOE OSTI2023

Trust Model System for the Energy Grid of Things Network Communications

Network communication is crucial in the Energy Grid of Things (EGoT). Without a network connection, the energy grid becomes just a power grid where the energy resources are available to the customer uni-directionally. A mechanism to analyze and optimize the energy usage of the grid can only happen through a medium, a communications network, that enables information exchange between the grid participants and the service provider. Security implementers of EGoT network communication take extraordinary measures to ensure the safety of the energy grid, a critical infrastructure, as well as the safety and privacy of the grid participants. With the dynamic nature of network communication of the EGoT, the information provided by the customer or the service provider can be falsified by a malicious attacker. Therefore, a trust model is necessary to monitor any abnormal activities. This paper describes a distributed trust model system that meets the need of the EGoT. This paper describes methods for evaluating and improving the distributed trust model using standard hypothesis testing metrics such as true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative, equal error rate, and F1 score. Example calculations are shown based on generated sample data.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Dual-Phase Malicious User Detection Scheme for IM-OFDMA Systems Using IQ Imbalance

Physical-layer security techniques have contributed to the achievement of various security objectives in an efficient and lightweight manner. Thus, these techniques have been widely considered for limited-resource networks such as Internet of Things networks. Among the different security objectives, malicious user detection by exploiting physical-layer parameters has demonstrated efficient performance. In this work, malicious user detection in the recently proposed index modulation-based orthogonal frequency division multiple access (IM-OFDMA) is addressed. The proposed malicious user detection scheme exploits the hardware impairments, especially the in-phase and quadrature imbalance parameters, for both legitimate and malicious users to design a dual-phase efficient detection scheme. The proposed scheme accounts for the special characteristics of IM-OFDMA transmission that are different from other multiple-access techniques. The performance of the proposed scheme was evaluated considering detection probability and false alarm probability performance metrics. Moreover, closed-form expressions of these metrics were derived for both phases and were validated by Monte Carlo simulation results under different configurations of IM-OFDMA systems.

Alaca, Ozgur [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000153713758)↗

NASA NTRS2017

Knowledge Base for Distributed Spacecraft Mission Design Using the Trade-Space Analysis Tool for Constellations (TAT-C)

Opportunities for multi-point measurements, greater revisit frequency, failure robustness, and improved cost effectiveness motivate consideration of Distributed Spacecraft Missions (DSMs) for future Earth science missions. However, careful analysis is required to assess the distributed sensing capabilities of a constellation compared to more mature monolithic spacecraft while also considering other important dimensions such as cost and risk. The large combinatorial DSM design space limits existing mission analysis tools and exploration methods which emphasize monolithic design variables. The Trade-space Analysis Tool for Constellations (TAT-C) under development at Goddard seeks to enumerate and evaluate alternative mission architectures to minimize cost and maximize scientific return for pre-defined goals during pre-phase A analysis.Similar to other model-centric engineering efforts, efficient data management is a significant challenge for DSM mission analysis. In TAT-C, a Knowledge Base (KB) is envisioned as a cumulative central repository of information and meta-information about DSMs. Initial KB concepts store related data for reuse within or across mission analyses; however, over time, the KB is envisioned to be an important layer to coordinate actions of both human analysts and automated design agents to search a large design space for desirable mission alternatives. Preliminary KB research builds on a modern web technology stack to provide the following functionality: 1) storage of trade-space search requests which set requirements and constraints for DSM concepts, 2) storage of analysis results which quantify performance metrics for evaluated DSM concepts, 3) a RESTful application programming interface (API) for scripted access to data from TAT-C modules, 4) web-based graphical user interface (GUI) for manual access to underlying data, and 5) access control and management restrictions relevant to data protection and security. These efforts have culminated in a prototype KB used by the research team during TAT-C development to assess opportunities for future work.

Pattern Recognition↗

NASA NTRS1994

Fiber-Optic Terahertz Data-Communication Networks

Network protocols implemented in optical domain. Fiber-optic data-communication networks utilize fully available bandwidth of single-mode optical fibers. Two key features of method: use of subpicosecond laser pulses as carrier signals and spectral phase modulation of pulses for optical implementation of code-division multiple access as multiplexing network protocol. Local-area network designed according to concept offers full crossbar functionality, security of data in transit through network, and capacity about 100 times that of typical fiber-optic local-area network in current use.

Chua, Peter L.↗

DOE OSTI2024

The Sustainable Decarbonization Challenge

Many countries have decarbonization plans that include transitioning to clean energy. Because of this, PV deployment is projected to at least double or triple in the next ten years. As we ramp up manufacturing and deployment, we aim to sustainably establish secure and just supply chains while reducing environmental impacts. This talk presents our analysis of the virgin material demands, addresses waste concerns regarding quantity and toxicity, and establishes sustainability actions that the PV community can take to ensure sustainability. The takeaway actions are prioritizing reliable, high-quality, and long-lived PV modules and enabling the fast deployment needed for decarbonization via more research and effective communication.

circular economy↗