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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Clinically applicable 53-Gene prognostic assay predicts chemotherapy benefit in gastric cancer: A multicenter study

BACKGROUND:We previously established a 53-gene prognostic signature for overall survival (OS) of gastric cancer patients. This retrospective multi-center study aimed to develop a clinically applicable gene expression detection assay and to investigate the prognostic value of this signature. METHODS:A TCGA gastric adenocarcinoma cohort (TCGA-STAD) was used for comparing 53-gene signature with other gene signatures. A high-throughput mRNA hybridization gene expression assay was developed to quantify the expression of 53-genes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 540 patients enrolled from three hospitals. 180 patents were randomly selected from two hospitals to build a prognostic prediction model based on the 53-gene signature using leave-p-out (one-third out) cross-validation method together with Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the model was assessed on three validation cohorts. FINDINGS:In the evaluation phase, studies based on TCGA-STAD showed that the 53-gene signature was significantly superior to other three prognostic signatures and was independent of TCGA molecular subtypes and clinical factors. For clinical validation and utility, the prognostic scores were generated using the newly developed assay, which was reliable and sensitive, in 100 sampling training sets and were significantly associated with OS in 100 sampling validation sets. The scores were significantly associated with OS in three independent and combined validation cohorts, and in patients with stages II and III/IV. The multivariate Cox regression demonstrated that the prognostic power of the score was independent of clinical factors, consistent with those findings in the TCGA dataset. Finally, patients with good prognostic scores exhibited significantly a better 5-year OS rate from adjuvant FOLFOX chemotherapy after surgery than from other chemotherapies. INTERPRETATION:The 53-gene prognostic score system is clinically applicable for predicting the OS of patients independent of clinical factors in gastric cancers, which could also be a promising predictive biomarker for FOLFOX regimen. FUNDING:Chinese National Science and Technology, National Natural Science Foundation and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Executive Summary of the American Radium Society Appropriate Use Criteria for Operable Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma: Systematic Review and Guidelines

Limited guidance exists regarding the relative effectiveness of treatment options for nonmetastatic, operable patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). In this systematic review, the American Radium Society (ARS) gastrointestinal expert panel convened to develop Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) evaluating how neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant treatment regimens compared with each other, surgery alone, or definitive chemoradiation in terms of response to therapy, quality of life, and oncologic outcomes.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dietary Methionine Supplementation Exacerbates Gastrointestinal Toxicity in a Mouse Model of Abdominal Irradiation

Identification of appropriate dietary strategies for prevention of weight and muscle loss in cancer patients is crucial for successful treatment and prolonged patient survival. High-protein oral nutritional supplements decrease mortality and improve indices of nutritional status in cancer patients; however, high-protein diets are often rich in methionine, and experimental evidence indicates that a methionine-supplemented diet (MSD) exacerbates gastrointestinal toxicity after total body irradiation. Here, we sought to investigate whether MSD can exacerbate gastrointestinal toxicity after local abdominal irradiation, an exposure regimen more relevant to clinical settings.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Radiation Therapy Adherence Among Patients Experiencing Homelessness

Radiation therapy is a valuable, yet time- and resource-intense therapy. Patients experiencing homelessness (PEH) face many barriers related to the timely receipt of radiation therapy. Owing to a paucity of data regarding cancer treatment and homelessness, clinicians have a limited evidence base when recommending therapy to PEH. This study was performed to evaluate adherence to radiation therapy treatment regimens in PEH with cancer.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hypofractionated Postprostatectomy Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer to Reduce Toxicity and Improve Patient Convenience: A Phase 1/2 Trial

The phase 1 portion of this multicenter, phase 1/2 study of hypofractionated (HypoFx) prostate bed radiation therapy (RT) as salvage or adjuvant therapy aimed to identify the shortest dose-fractionation schedule with acceptable toxicity. The phase 2 portion aimed to assess the health-related quality of life (QoL) of using this HypoFx regimen.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Maximizing Tumor Control and Limiting Complications With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and stereotactic ablative body radiation therapy is being increasingly used for pancreatic cancer (PCa), particularly in patients with locally advanced and borderline resectable disease. A wide variety of dose fractionation schemes have been reported in the literature. This HyTEC review uses tumor control probability models to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of the various SBRT treatment regimens used in the treatment of patients with localized PCa.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Long-Term Outcomes of Patients With Early Stage Nonbulky Hodgkin Lymphoma Treated With Combined Modality Therapy in the Stanford V Trials (the G4 and G5 Studies)

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is standard therapy for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (ESHL). We previously reported excellent outcomes with the abbreviated Stanford V regimen. Herein we report updated results with median follow-up >10 years on survival, therapy-related late effects, and impact of disease risk factors on patient outcomes.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modern Radiation Therapy for Extranodal Nasal-Type NK/T-cell Lymphoma: Risk-Adapted Therapy, Target Volume, and Dose Guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group

In the multidisciplinary management of early-stage extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL), with curative intent, radiation therapy is the most efficacious modality and is an essential component of a combined-modality regimen. In the past decade, utilization of upfront radiation therapy and non–anthracycline-based chemotherapy has improved treatment and prognosis. This guideline mainly addresses the heterogeneity of clinical features, principles of risk-adapted therapy, and the role and appropriate design of radiation therapy. Radiation therapy methods (including target volume definition, dose and delivery methods) are crucial for optimizing cure for patients with early-stage ENKTCL. The application of the principles of involved site radiation therapy in this lymphoma entity often leads to a more extended clinical target volume (CTV) than in other lymphoma types because it usually presents with primary tumor invasion, multifocal lesions, or extensive submucosal infiltration beyond the macroscopic disease. The CTV varies across different primary sites and is classified mainly into nasal, nonnasal upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), and extra-UADT entities. This review is a consensus of the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group regarding the approach to radiation therapy, target-volume definition, optimal dose, and dose constraints in ENKTCL treatment.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Multi-Institutional Phase 2 Trial of High-Dose SAbR for Prostate Cancer Using Rectal Spacer

High-dose SABR for prostate cancer offers the radiobiologic potency of the most intensified radiation therapy regimens but was associated with >90% rates of ulceration of the anterior rectal wall on endoscopic assessment; this infrequently progressed to severe rectal toxicity in prior prospective series. A multi-institutional phase 2 prospective trial was conducted to assess whether placement of a perirectal hydrogel spacer would reduce acute periprostatic rectal ulcer events after high-dose (>40 Gy) SABR.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effects of Single-Dose Versus Hypofractionated Focused Radiation on Vertebral Body Structure and Biomechanical Integrity: Development of a Rabbit Radiation-Induced Vertebral Compression Fracture Model

Vertebral compression fracture is a common complication of spinal stereotactic body radiation therapy. Development of an in vivo model is crucial to fully understand how focal radiation treatment affects vertebral integrity and biology at various dose fractionation regimens. We present a clinically relevant animal model to analyze the effects of localized, high-dose radiation on vertebral microstructure and mechanical integrity. Using this model, we test the hypothesis that fractionation of radiation dosing can reduce focused radiation therapy's harmful effects on the spine.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Moderately Hypofractionated Once-Daily Compared With Twice-Daily Thoracic Radiation Therapy Concurrently With Etoposide and Cisplatin in Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter, Phase II, Randomized Trial

Chemotherapy and concurrent thoracic radiation therapy (CCTRT) followed by prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is the standard of care for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). We aimed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of moderately hypofractionated once-daily CCTRT with that of a standard twice-daily regimen.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Prospective Clinical Investigation of the Efficacy of Combination Radiation Therapy With Immune Checkpoint Inhibition

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) lead to durable responses in a subset of patients with cancer, but most patients do not respond to ICI, prompting interest in combining immunotherapy with other therapeutic regimens. Preclinical evidence supports the potential for therapeutic synergy between immunotherapy and radiation therapy through modulation of the tumor microenvironment and antitumor immune responses. Local therapy also has the potential to overcome localized sites of relative immune suppression and resistance. Prospective clinical trials have been initiated to test these hypotheses in the clinic as well as to investigate the toxicities and adverse events associated with combination immunotherapy and radiation therapy. In this review, we discuss the emerging results from prospective clinical trials of combination immunotherapy and radiation therapy, the safety and efficacy of their combination, concordance with preclinical and retrospective data, and some of the remaining open questions to be addressed by future clinical trials.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer: Financial Risk and Expenditures in the United States, 2008 to 2017

Rising cancer care expenditures and technological advancement of shorter radiation therapy regimens have drawn significant attention to the use of hypofractionated radiation therapy in clinical care. We examine the costs of hypofractionated whole breast irradiation (HF-WBI) compared with conventional whole breast irradiation (CF-WBI) in the United States and investigate the influences of patient characteristics and commercial insurance on HF-WBI use.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Utility of Circulating MicroRNA-150 for Rapid Evaluation of Bone Marrow Depletion After Radiation and Efficiency of Bone Marrow Reconstitution

Total body irradiation (TBI) is a common myeloablative preparative regimen used in acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia patients before allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The inefficient clearance of tumor cells and radiation-induced toxicity to normal tissues is attributed to relapse and morbidity in a significant fraction of patients. Developing biomarkers that indicate an individual's physiological response to radiation will allow personalized treatment and follow-up. We investigated the utility of circulating microRNA150-5p (miR150) for evaluation of radiation dose response.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effects of flow on uranium speciation in soils impacted by acidic waste fluids

Radioactive acidic liquid waste is a common byproduct of uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) enrichment and recycling processes whose accidental and planned release has led to a significant input of U into soils and sediments across the world, including at the U.S. DOE's Hanford site (WA, USA). Because of the particularly hazardous nature of U, it is important to predict its speciation when introduced into soils and sediments by acidic waste fluids. Of fundamental importance are the coupled effects of acid-driven mineral transformation and reactive transport on U speciation. To evaluate the effect of waste-fluid residence time and co-associated dissolved phosphate concentrations on U speciation in impacted soils and sediments, uncontaminated surface materials (from the Hanford Site) were reacted with U-containing synthetic acidic waste fluids (pH 2) amended with dissolved phosphate concentrations in both batch (no flow) and flow-through column systems for 7–365 days. By comparing dissolved U behavior and solid phase speciation as a function of flow regimen, we found that the availability of proton-promoted dissolution products (such as Si) to sequester U into uranyl silicates was dependent on waste fluid-sediment contact time as uranyl silicates were not detected in short contact time flow-through systems but were detected in no-flow, long contact time, reactors. Moreover, the dominance of uranyl phosphate as neoprecipitate U scavenger (principally in the form of meta-ankoleite) in phosphate amended systems confirmed the importance of phosphate amendments for an efficient sequestration of U in the soils and sediments. Overall, our experiments suggest that the formation of uranyl silicates in soils impacted by acidic waste fluids is likely to be limited unless reaction products are allowed to accumulate in soil pores, highlighting the importance of investigating soil U speciation in flow-through, transport-driven systems as opposed to no-flow, batch systems. Finally, this study provides insights into uranium speciation and its potential changes under acidic conditions for better prediction of risks and subsequent development of efficient remediation strategies.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Single particle impact explorations on the role of powder heat treatments in cold spray: Effects of strength and oxide structure

In cold spray, the optimization of the powder feedstock for improving the final properties of the coating and for improving the process itself are two different objectives. This paper explores the latter, studying the relationship between powder pre-heat treatment and the kinetic bonding between the individual particles and the substrate. Using a laser-induced particle impact test (LIPIT), we investigate the effect of different heat treatments on the critical adhesion velocity of Al 6061. Although heat treatments change the strength of the powders as well as the thickness of the native oxide layer each by as much as ∼50 %, the critical adhesion velocity remains constant to within only ∼10 %. A deeper analysis reveals that these two factors change in somewhat complementary ways for the heat treatments explored here, leading to counteracting effects. By quantitatively evaluating these two microstructural factors in tandem, we find that they are roughly equally important in determining the critical adhesion velocity. These observations thus provide insight for the development of new heat treatment regimens that might lower the adhesion velocity.

Al 6061↗
DOE OSTI2025

HIV drug resistance during antiretroviral therapy scale-up in Uganda, 2012–19: a population-based, longitudinal study

Background With scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa, increasing pretreatment HIV drug resistance has been reported; however, the broader effect of ART expansion on population-level resistance patterns remains insufficiently quantified. We aimed to estimate the longitudinal prevalence of drug resistance and resistance-conferring mutations. Methods This study used data collected as part of the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS), an open population-based census and cohort study conducted in southern Uganda. At each survey round, residents aged 15–49 years are invited to participate and receive a structured questionnaire that obtains sociodemographic, behavioural, and health information, including self-reported past and current ART use. Voluntary HIV testing is conducted using a rapid test algorithm and a venous blood sample. People with HIV provide samples for viral load quantification and deep sequencing. We analysed RCCS survey, HIV viral load, and deep sequencing (which was used to predict resistance) data from five survey rounds. The key outcomes were the population prevalence of viraemic people with HIV with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), protease inhibitor, or multiclass resistance among all participants (regardless of HIV serostatus) in the 2015 and 2017 surveys. Prevalence of class-specific resistance and resistance-conferring substitutions were estimated using robust log-Poisson regression. Findings Between Aug 10, 2011, and Nov 4, 2020, there were 43 361 participants in the RCCS and 7923 (18·27%) people with HIV. Over five survey rounds, 93 622 participant visits occurred, among which 17 460 (18·65%) were from people with HIV. Over the analysis period, the median age of study participants remained similar (28 years [22–35] in 2012 and 29 years [21–38] in 2019). Sufficient data were available to reliably genotype 4072 (90·03%) of 4523 participant visits from 3407 people with HIV for at least one drug. Overall population prevalence of resistance contributed by viraemic pretreatment people with HIV decreased between 2012 and 2017 from 0·56% (95% CI 0·42–0·75) to 0·25% (0·18–0·33) for NNRTI and from 0·24% (0·15–0·37) to 0·05% (0·02–0·10) for NRTI (prevalence ratio 0·44 [0·29–0·68] for NNRTI and 0·21 [0·09–0·47] for NRTI). Between 2012 and 2017, NNRTI resistance among viraemic pretreatment people with HIV increased from 4·86% (3·69–6·42) to 9·61% (7·27–12·7; prevalence ratio 1·98 [1·34–2·91]). The prevalence of NNRTI and NRTI resistance was substantially higher among viraemic treatment-experienced people with HIV (51·49% [46·24–57·34] for NNRTI and 36·46% [30·06–44·22] for NRTI in 2017) than among pretreatment people with HIV. NNRTI and NRTI resistance was predominantly attributable to rtK103N and rtM184V. inT97A was observed at a similar prevalence among viraemic treatment-experienced (9·96% [6·41–15·48]) and viraemic pretreatment (10·56% [8·01–13·93]) people with HIV; no major dolutegravir resistance mutations were observed. Interpretation Despite rising NNRTI resistance among pretreatment people with HIV, overall population prevalence of pretreatment HIV drug-resistant viraemia decreased due to increasing ART uptake and viral suppression. This finding underscores the crucial role of achieving and maintaining high ART coverage in reducing transmission of drug-resistant HIV. The high prevalence of mutations conferring resistance to components of first-line ART regimens among viraemic people with HIV is potentially concerning. Funding National Institutes of Health, Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗