A Novel Ionizing Particle Beam Fluence and Position Detector Array using the Micromegas Technology with Multi-Coordinate Readout
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46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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High speed driver for particle beam deflector
A system, method and apparatus for providing pulsed power comprises a trigger comprising a pulse generator and a photonic transmitter and a multi-stage switch comprising a gate driver circuit, the gate driver circuit further comprising a plurality of transistors connected in series and a plurality of driver stages wherein each of the transistors is turned on and off simultaneously by the plurality of driver stages.
Frolov, Daniil↗
Adaptive tuning of the latent space of encoder-decoder convolutional neural networks for virtual 6D diagnostics of time-varying charged particle beams
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Scheinker, Alexander↗
PyEmittance: A General Python Package for Particle Beam Emittance Measurements with Adaptive Quadrupole Scans
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Miskovich, S. A.↗
Neural Network Solver for Coherent Synchrotron Radiation Wakefield Calculations in Accelerator-Based Charged Particle Beams
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Edelen, A. L.↗
Resonant Emittance Mixing of Flat Beams in Plasma Accelerators
Linear colliders rely on high-quality flat beams to achieve the desired event rate while avoiding potentially deleterious beamstrahlung effects. Here, we show that flat beams in plasma accelerators can be subject to quality degradation due to emittance mixing. This effect occurs when the beam particles' betatron oscillations in a nonlinearly coupled wakefield become resonant in the horizontal and vertical planes. Emittance mixing can lead to a substantial decrease of the luminosity, the main quantity determining the event rate. In some cases, the use of laser drivers or flat particle beam drivers may decrease the fraction of resonant particles and, hence, mitigate emittance deterioration.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Extremum Seeking-Based Control System for Particle Accelerator Beam Loss Minimization
Particle accelerators throughout the world vary widely in terms of age and availability of advanced noninvasive diagnostics that provide varying levels of detail about the accelerated beams. Additionally, beam loss measurements and current monitors are ubiquitous in the accelerator community, they are noninvasive, and they are some of the most important metrics in terms of preventing damage or irradiation of beam pipes and equipment for high-energy machines. However, beam loss and current measurements are difficult to use for feedback tuning because of a lack of a known analytic relationship between scalar loss measurements throughout an accelerator and the hundreds of thousands of parameters that influence the beam and time variation of the beam source itself. In this work, we present a model-independent extremum seeking (ES) controller, which has been implemented for automated tuning and optimization of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) linear ion accelerator based only on scalar quantities, such as beam loss or flux measurements. We demonstrate the approach on various accelerator subsystems, including groups of radio frequency (RF) accelerating cavities, quadrupole magnets, bending magnets, and steering magnets. This tool is now available as a use graphical user interface (GUI) in the LANSCE control room, allowing beam physicists to choose arbitrary groups of parameters and beam loss or current monitors for adaptive tuning.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Gas-filled radio-frequency beam detector
A system for monitoring intensity of a particle beam can include one or more radio-frequency (RF) detectors coupled to a signal analyzer that can be placed outside the radiation field of the particle beam. Each RF detector can include a gas-filled RF cavity coupled to one or more gas-filled waveguides. The signal analyzer can self-calibrate before the particle beam is turned on for determining one or more absolute intensities of the particle beam when the particle beam is present.
Yonehara, Katsuya↗
Smoothed Retarded Potentials and Fields
This note will follow the derivation of the Liénard–Wiechert potentials for a moving charge, which give the entire electromagnetic field generated by that charge including time delays, while concurrently deriving a version for a smoothed charge. The smoothed charge replaces the delta function charge density ρ ∝ δ 3 (x) by a spherically symmetric function f(|x|), so instead of a potential φ ∝ 1/ |x| for a charge at rest, the potential will be the 3D convolution of f with 1/ |x|. The smoothing will be defined in the ‘laboratory frame’ rather than the rest frame of the particle. If a spherically-symmetric distribution is required in a different rest frame, for example the averaged rest frame of a whole particle beam, the particle histories may be Lorentz boosted and the resulting fields Lorentz boosted back. Another motivation for using the lab frame is that if a beam is uniformly accelerated by an electric field, it maintains its lab frame size, rather than shrinking as a rigid object would (if the beam enters an electric field from the side, the particles maintain their time separation and the length actually increases with the beam velocity). Properly defining a charge distribution of fixed size in the changing reference frame of an accelerating particle is somewhat complicated and relates to the concept of Born rigidity.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Measurement of Piplus - Argon Absorption and Charge Exchange Interactions Using Protodune-sp
ProtoDUNE-SP is a prototype detector for the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). It is a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) with a similar configuration to DUNE's detector, and is designed to provide a test-bed for the future experiment. In addition to serving as a prototype, its 0.3 - 7 GeV/ c charged particle beam line provided the ability to perform physics measurements of pions, protons, kaons, muons, and electrons. Importantly, the LArTPC allowed for the measurement of hadronic interactions on argon nuclei.Pions are often present in the final state of neutrino interactions in the energy range of DUNE's neutrino beam. These particles can undergo various types of interactions with argon nuclei in the detector, and this can interfere with the characterization of neutrino interactions in DUNE's far detector. The rate of these so-called secondary interactionswill be accounted for using Monte Carlo simulation of neutrino interactions. Measurements of secondary interaction rates provide necessary data which can be used to estimate and propagate uncertainties or provide tunes of the secondary interaction model used within DUNE's experimental simulation.This analysis provides a simultaneous measurement of the piplus - Ar absorption and charge exchange cross sections using 1 GeV/ c piplus data taken by ProtoDUNE-SP during its initial run period in Fall 2018. This is one of the first hadronic interaction measurements provided by ProtoDUNE-SP. It is also the first piplus - Ar absorption measurement in 20 years and the first ever piplus - Ar charge exchange measurement.Read
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
PROCSIMA: Diffractionless Beamed Propulsion for Breakthrough Interstellar Missions
The following report describes a new propulsion concept based on self-guiding of combined light and particle beam and explores the physics, technology and design principles needed to implement such a system for an interstellar fly-by mission to Proxima b. While the relevant self-focusing mechanism has been considered in an optical context, this is the first application to space propulsion known to the authors.The purpose of the present study is to provide a broad overview of the pertinent physics and design principles, credibly assess propulsion capabilities, and lay a comprehensive foundation for further, more targeted investigations of critical system elements and processes. Starting from basic principles, this report describes the equations of motion and physical phenomena needed to establish the feasibility of self-guiding and furthermore analyze the production and sustainment of the self-guided beam. Compared with laser or particle beam propulsion alone, the self-guided beam concept introduces a plethora of light-matter interactions and additional complexities, imposing certain constraints on the geometric and physical characteristics of the beam sources. In particular, we have the identified the particle beam as a crucial element of the proposed concept. System constraints are quantitatively analyzed and then explored by developing and applying a mission design process to a Proxima b flyby mission as well as a nearer-term mission to the solar gravitational lens point.
Mechanism↗
Reconstruction of 6D Phase Space
A ‘Phase Space’ is a mathematical representation of all possible physical states of matter of a physical volume or system. Particle beams at Fermilab exist in a six-dimensional phase space: three position dimensions, and three momentum dimensions. To ‘reconstruct’ that space means to take measurement data from virtual detectors along those beams and map out where particles are and how they’re moving, using computational methods. In this experiment, we simulated a particle beam (Fig 1) and used the position distribution of each particle at each detector to map out the magnitude of the beam’s initial momentum.
Shirlee, Jermaine [DuPage Coll.]↗
Working group report on beam plasmas, electronic propulsion, and active experiments using beams
The JPL Workshop addressed a number of plasma issues that bear on advanced spaceborne technology for the years 2000 and beyond. Primary interest was on the permanently manned space station with a focus on identifying environmentally related issues requiring early clarification by spaceborne plasma experimentation. The Beams Working Group focused on environmentally related threats that platform operations could have on the conduct and integrity of spaceborne beam experiments and vice versa. Considerations were to include particle beams and plumes. For purposes of definition it was agreed that the term particle beams described a directed flow of charged or neutral particles allowing single-particle trajectories to represent the characteristics of the beam and its propagation. On the other hand, the word plume was adopted to describe a multidimensional flow (or expansion) of a plasma or neutral gas cloud. Within the framework of these definitions, experiment categories included: (1) Neutral- and charged-particle beam propagation, with considerations extending to high powers and currents. (2) Evolution and dynamics of naturally occurring and man-made plasma and neutral gas clouds. In both categories, scientific interest focused on interactions with the ambient geoplasma and the evolution of particle densities, energy distribution functions, waves, and fields.
Dawson, J. M.↗
Integrating a ponderomotive guiding center algorithm into a quasi-static particle-in-cell code based on azimuthal mode decomposition
High fidelity modeling of plasma based acceleration (PBA) requires the use of three dimensional, fully nonlinear, and kinetic descriptions based on the particle-in-cell (PIC) method. In PBA an intense particle beam or laser (driver) propagates through a tenuous plasma whereby it excites a plasma wave wake. Three-dimensional PIC algorithms based on the quasi-static approximation (QSA) have been successfully applied to efficiently model the interaction between relativistic charged particle beams and plasma. In a QSA PIC algorithm, the plasma response to a charged particle beam or laser driver is calculated based on forces from the driver and self-consistent forces from the QSA form of Maxwell's equations. These fields are then used to advance the charged particle beam or laser forward by a large time step. Since the time step is not limited by the regular Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition that constrains a standard 3D fully electromagnetic PIC code, a 3D QSA PIC code can achieve orders of magnitude speedup in performance. Recently, a new hybrid QSA PIC algorithm that combines another speedup technique known as an azimuthal Fourier decomposition has been proposed and implemented. This hybrid algorithm decomposes the electromagnetic fields, charge and current density into azimuthal harmonics and only the Fourier coefficients need to be updated, which can reduce the algorithmic complexity of a 3D code to that of a 2D code. Modeling the laser-plasma interaction in a full 3D electromagnetic PIC algorithm is very computationally expensive due the enormous disparity of physical scales to be resolved. In the QSA the laser is modeled using the ponderomotive guiding center (PGC) approach. We describe how to implement a PGC algorithm compatible for the QSA PIC algorithms based on the azimuthal mode expansion. Here this algorithm permits time steps orders of magnitude larger than the cell size and it can be asynchronously parallelized. Details on how this is implemented into the QSA PIC code that utilizes an azimuthal mode expansion, QPAD, are also described. Benchmarks and comparisons between a fully 3D explicit PIC code (OSIRIS), as well as a few examples related to laser wakefield acceleration, are presented.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
A quasi-static particle-in-cell algorithm based on an azimuthal Fourier decomposition for highly efficient simulations of plasma-based acceleration: QPAD
The three-dimensional (3D) quasi-static particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithm is a very efficient method for modeling short-pulse laser or relativistic charged particle beam–plasma interactions. In this algorithm, the plasma response, i.e., plasma wave wake, to a non-evolving laser or particle beam is calculated using a set of Maxwell’s equations based on the quasi-static approximate equations that exclude radiation. The plasma fields are then used to advance the laser or beam forward using a large time step. The algorithm is many orders of magnitude faster than a 3D fully explicit relativistic electromagnetic PIC algorithm. It has been shown to be capable to accurately model the evolution of lasers and particle beams in a variety of scenarios. Additionally, at the same time, an algorithm in which the fields, currents and Maxwell equations are decomposed into azimuthal harmonics has been shown to reduce the algorithmic complexity of a 3D explicit PIC algorithm to that of a 2D algorithm when the expansion is truncated while maintaining accuracy for problems with near azimuthal symmetry. This hybrid algorithm uses a PIC description in r–z and a gridless description in . We describe a novel method that combines the quasi-static and hybrid PIC methods. This algorithm expands the fields, charge and current density into azimuthal harmonics. A set of the quasi-static field equations is derived for each harmonic. The complex amplitudes of the fields are then solved using the finite difference method. The beam and plasma particles are advanced in Cartesian coordinates using the total fields. Details on how this algorithm was implemented using a similar workflow to an existing quasi-static code, QuickPIC, are presented. The new code is called QPAD for QuickPIC with Azimuthal Decomposition. Benchmarks and comparisons between a fully 3D explicit PIC code (OSIRIS), a full 3D quasi-static code (QuickPIC), and the new quasi-static PIC code with azimuthal decomposition (QPAD) are also presented.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF NONLINEAR INTEGRABLE OPTICS
State-of-the-art accelerators at energy and intensity frontiers require increasingly bright and powerful particle beams. In conventional linear lattices, intense beams suffer from collective instabilities, resulting in beam losses and maximum beam intensity limits. This thesis presents experimental studies of a novel lattice design concept, the nonlinear integrable optics (NIO), aimed at enhancing beam stability limits with little to no beam dynamics degradation. Single-particle beam dynamics measurements of two NIO devices, the quasi-integrable octupole system and the fully integrable Danilov-Nagaitsev system, were carried out at the purpose-built Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) at Fermilab. Their simulation, hardware design, and commissioning process are presented. Extensive model and analysis algorithm development and benchmarking is described. Electron beam data from two scientific runs is analyzed, yielding frequency and phase space dynamics consisten t with m odels. These results demonstrate viability and advantages of the NIO design, providing the groundwork for proton studies in the strong space-charge regime and future integrable accelerators.
Kuklev, Nikita↗
Space plasma physics results from Spacelab 1
The Spacelab 1 payload carried several instrument systems which together investigated a number of space plasma phenomena. These experiments used the Space Shuttle Orbiter as a platform for making controlled particle-beam, plasma and neutral gas inputs to the ionosphere and magnetosphere and for observing the outputs produced. Spacelab 1 space-plasma investigations included the Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC), Phenomena Induced by Charged Particle Beams (PICPAB), Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging (AEPI) and the Low Energy Electron Spectrometer and Magnetometer. Among the major phenomena investigated both singly and jointly by these experiments are vehicle charging and neutralization, beam-plasma and wave-particle interactions, anomalous ionization phenomena produced by neutral-gas and plasma injections and several phenomena induced by modulated particle beam injections.
Burch, J. L.↗
Plasma-based particle sources
High-brightness particle beams generated by advanced accelerator concepts have the potential to become an essential part of future accelerator technology. In particular, high-gradient accelerators can generate and rapidly accelerate particle beams to relativistic energies. The rapid acceleration and strong confining fields can minimize irreversible detrimental effects to the beam brightness that occur at low beam energies, such as emittance growth or pulse elongation caused by space charge forces. Due to the high accelerating gradients, these novel accelerators are also significantly more compact than conventional technology. Advanced accelerators can be extremely variable and are capable of generating particle beams with vastly different properties using the same driver and setup with only modest changes to the interaction parameters. So far, efforts have mainly been focused on the generation of electron beams, but there are concepts to extend the sources to generate spin-polarized electron beams or positron beams. The beam parameters of these particle sources are largely determined by the injection and subsequent acceleration processes. Although, over the last decade there has been significant progress, the sources are still lacking a sufficiently high 6-dimensional (D) phase-space density that includes small transverse emittance, small energy spread and high charge, and operation at high repetition rate. This is required for future particle colliders with a sufficiently high luminosity or for more near-term applications, such as enabling the operation of free-electron lasers (FELs) in the X-ray regime. Major research and development efforts are required to address these limitations in order to realize these approaches for a front-end injector for a future collider or next-generation light sources. In particular, this includes methods to control and manipulate the phase-space and spin degrees-of-freedom of ultrashort plasma-based electron bunches with high accuracy, and methods that increase efficiency and repetition rate. These efforts also include the development of high-resolution diagnostics, such as full 6D phase-space measurements, beam polarimetry and high-fidelity simulation tools. A further increase in beam luminosity can be achieve through emittance damping. Emittance cooling via the emission of synchrotron radiation using current technology requires kilometer-scale damping rings. For future colliders, the damping rings might be replaced by a substantially more compact plasma-based approach. Here, plasma wigglers with significantly stronger magnetic fields are used instead of permanent-magnet based wigglers to achieve similar damping performance but over a two orders of magnitude reduced length.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗