SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “origin”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Origins of high strength and ductility combination in a Guinier-Preston zone containing Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloy
Not provided.
On the Origin of Room-Temperature Amplified Spontaneous Emission in CsPbBr 3 Single Crystals
CsPbBr 3 is an all-inorganic halide perovskite with excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties for laser applications. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is a prerequisite for lasing and typically observed from low-dimensional CsPbBr3 nanostructures, where quantum confinement enhances ASE. However, a gain medium for lasing should be prepared into a robust bulk form that works under intense light illumination. Here, we demonstrate that bulk CsPbBr 3 single crystals exhibit highly efficient ASE with a threshold of 46 MWcm -2 at 520 nm, if PL reabsorption via the indirect Rashba gap is properly suppressed by thickness control. Based on a series of spectroscopic and microscopic measurements, we show that this below-the-gap absorption can significantly alter the PL feature and even the apparent color of the crystal depending on the crystal size. Our results show that a thin CsPbBr 3 single crystal can be utilized for lasing applications when engineered into a submillimeter thickness for effective light–matter interaction.
Probing the Origin of Interfacial Carriers in SrTiO 3 –LaCrO 3 Superlattices
Emergent phenomena at complex oxide interfaces could provide the basis for a wide variety of next-generation devices, including photovoltaics and spintronics. To date, detailed characterization and computational modeling of interfacial defects, cation intermixing, and film stoichiometry have helped to explain many of the novel behaviors observed at a single heterojunction. Unfortunately, many of the techniques employed to characterize a single heterojunction are less effective for a superlattice made up of a repeating series of interfaces that induce collective interfacial phenomena throughout a film. However, these repeating interfaces present an untapped opportunity to introduce an additional degree of complexity, such as confined electric fields, that cannot be studied in a single heterojunction. In this work, we explore the properties of SrTiO3-LaCrO3 superlattices to understand the role of defects, including variations in cation stoichiometry of individual layers of the superlattice, intermixing across interfaces, and interfacial oxygen vacancies. Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy electron energy-loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS), we quantify the stoichiometry of individual layers of the superlattice and determine the degree of intermixing in these materials. By comparing these results to both density functional theory (DFT) models and STEM-EELS measurements of the Ti and Cr valence in each layer of the superlattice, we correlate different types of defects with the associated materials properties of the superlattice. We show that a combination of ab initio modeling and complementary structural characterization methods can offer unique insight into structure-property relationships in many oxide superlattice systems.
Understanding the Origin of the Nonpassivating Behavior of Si-Based Anodes during the Initial Cycles
In this contribution, we combined electrochemical cycling and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the nonpassivating behavior of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Si anodes during the first cycles. Based on galvanostatic measurements, we show that the irreversible capacity loss is reduced after the first cycle, and it stays almost constant from the second cycle onwards. XPS was used to determine the root causes of the Coulombic inefficiency, showing that the rate of decomposition of the organic solvents strongly decreased after the first cycle, whereas the rate of salt decomposition is almost unchanged between cycles. We determine that the inhibition of the decomposition reaction of the organic solvent is responsible for the lower Coulombic loss during the second electrochemical cycle in comparison to the first, whereas the nonpassivating behavior toward the salt decomposition is one of the main causes of capacity loss upon cycling. Here, we further revisit the role of cracking in contributing to capacity loss. Whereas high volumetric expansion remains an issue plaguing the performance of Si anodes, our chronoamperometry studies reveal that the SEI formed on Si anodes does not passivate even when the electrode is fully expanded, and no additional surface is exposed. Overall, our work establishes the need to address the chemical and electrochemical instability of the SEI on the Si anode in addition to the more notorious issue of cracking.
Atomic Origins of the Self-Healing Function in Cement–Polymer Composites
Motivated by recent advances in self-healing cement and epoxy polymer composites, we present a combined ab initio molecular dynamics and sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy study of a calcium-silicate-hydrate/polymer interface. On stable, low-defect surfaces, the polymer only weakly adheres through coordination and hydrogen bonding interactions and can be easily mobilized towards defected surfaces. Conversely, on fractured surfaces, the polymer strongly anchors through ionic Ca-O bonds resulting from the deprotonation of polymer hydroxyl groups. In addition, polymer S-S groups are turned away from the cement/polymer interface, allowing for the self-healing function within the polymer. The overall elasticity and healing properties of these composites stem from a flexible hydrogen bonding network that can readily adapt to surface morphology. The theoretical vibrational signals associated with the proposed cement-polymer interfacial chemistry were confirmed experimentally by SFG spectroscopy.
Origins of Lithium/Sodium Reverse Permeability Selectivity in 12-Crown-4-Functionalized Polymer Membranes
Direct lithium extraction via membrane separations has been fundamentally limited by lack of monovalent ion selectivity exhibited by conventional polymeric membranes, particularly between sodium and lithium ions. Recently, a 12- Crown-4-functionalized polynorbornene membrane was shown to have the largest lithium/sodium permeability selectivity observed in a fully aqueous system to date. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal that this selectivity is due to strong interactions between sodium ions and 12-Crown-4 moieties, which reduce sodium ion diffusivity while leaving lithium ion mobility relatively unaffected. Furthermore, the ion diffusivities in the membrane, when scaled by their respective solution diffusivities and free ion fractions, can be collapsed to an almost universal relationship depending on solvent volume fraction.
The Structural Origins of Intense Circular Dichroism in a Waggling Helicene Nanoribbon
We report the synthesis of a new perylene-diimide-based helical nanoribbon, which exhibits the largest molar electronic circular dichroism in the visible range of any molecule. Here, this nanoribbon also displays a substantial increase in molar circular dichroism relative to a smaller helical analogue, even though they share a similar structure: both nanoribbons incorporate two conformationally dynamic double-[4]helicene termini and a rigid [6]helicene-based core within their helical superstructures. Using DFT and TDDFT calculations, we find that the double-[4]helicenes within both nanoribbons orient similarly in solution; as such, conformational differences do not account for the disparities in circular dichroism. Instead, our results implicate the configuration of the double-[6]helicene within the larger nanoribbon as the source of the observed chiroptical amplification.
Origins of Acid-Gas Stability Behavior in Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: The Unique High Stability of ZIF-71
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are promising materials for industrial process separations, but recent literature reports have highlighted their vulnerability to acid gases (e.g., SO 2 , CO 2 , NO 2 , H 2 S), often present in practical applications. While previous work has documented the widely varying stability behavior of many ZIFs under varying (humid and dry) acid gas environments, efforts to explain or correlate these experimental observations via empirical descriptors have not succeeded. A key observation is that ZIF-71 (RHO topology) is an extraordinarily stable ZIF material, retaining both structure and porosity under prolonged humid SO 2 exposure whereas many other well-known ZIFs with different linkers and topologies (such as ZIF-8) were shown to degrade. Through a combination of hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) based methods and statistical mechanical models, we successfully explain this important experimental observation via atomistic investigations of the reaction mechanism. Our holistic approach reveals an ~9 times lower average defect formation rate in ZIF-71 RHO compared to ZIF-8 SOD, leading to the conclusion that the observed experimental stability of this material rises from kinetic effects. Moreover, our analysis reveals that differing stability of the two materials is determined by the distributions of acid gas molecules, which is difficult to capture using empirical descriptors. Furthermore, our results suggest wider applicability of the present approach, toward identifying tuned functional groups and topologies that move the acid gas distributions away from more reactive sites and thus allow enhanced kinetic stability.
Origins of glycan selectivity in streptococcal Siglec-like adhesins suggest mechanisms of receptor adaptation
Bacterial binding to host receptors underlies both commensalism and pathogenesis. Many streptococci adhere to protein-attached carbohydrates expressed on cell surfaces using Siglec-like binding regions (SLBRs). The precise glycan repertoire recognized may dictate whether the organism is a strict commensal versus a pathogen. However, it is currently not clear what drives receptor selectivity. Here, we use five representative SLBRs and identify regions of the receptor binding site that are hypervariable in sequence and structure. We show that these regions control the identity of the preferred carbohydrate ligand using chimeragenesis and single amino acid substitutions. We further evaluate how the identity of the preferred ligand affects the interaction with glycoprotein receptors in human saliva and plasma samples. As point mutations can change the preferred human receptor, these studies suggest how streptococci may adapt to changes in the environmental glycan repertoire.
Atomic Origins of Water-Vapour-Promoted Alloy Oxidation
The presence of water vapor, intentional or unavoidable, is crucial to many materials applications, such as steam generator, turbine engine, fuel cell, catalyst, and corrosion 1-6. Phenomenologically, water vapor has been noticed to accelerate oxidation of metals/alloys 7,8, however, the atomistic mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, through direct in situ atomic-scale transmission electron microscopy observation and density functional theory calculation, we reveal that water vapor enhanced oxidation of Ni-Cr alloy is associated with proton dissolution promoted vacancy formation, migration and clustering. Protons derived from water dissociation occupy interstitial position in the oxide lattice, which consequently leads to the lowering of both vacancy formation energy and the cation diffusion barrier. The atomic scale observations reveal a water vapor derived proton mediated oxide growth mechanism, which provides insights for reckoning many technological processes concerning materials in moist environment at elevated temperatures.
Origin of fast oxide ion diffusion along grain boundaries in Sr-doped LaMnO 3
Enhanced oxide ion diffusion by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude along grain boundary core in Sr-doped LaMnO 3 .
Properties of coupled-cluster equations originating in excitation sub-algebras
In this paper we discuss properties of single-reference coupled cluster (CC) equations associated with the existence of nilpotent sub-algebras of excitations that allow one to represent CC equations in a hybrid fashion where the cluster amplitudes associated with these sub-algebras can be obtained by solving corresponding eigenvalue problem. For closed-shell formulations analyzed in this paper, the hybrid representation of CC equations provides a natural way for extending concepts behind actives-spaces and seniority numbers to provide more accurate description of electron correlation effects. Moreover, new representation can be utilized to re-define iterative algorithms used to solve CC equations, especially for though cases defined by the presence of strong static and dynamic correlation effects. We will also explore invariance properties associated with the nilpotent sub-algebras to define a new class of CC approximations referred in this paper to as the nilpotent-flow-based CC methods. We illustrate the performance of these methods on the example of ground- and excited-state calculations for commonly used small benchmark systems.
Direct observation of delithiation as the origin of analog memristance in LixNbO2
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Molecular-level origin of the carboxylate head group response to divalent metal ion complexation at the air-water interface
We exploit gas-phase cluster ion techniques to provide insight into the local interactions underlying divalent metal ion-driven changes in the spectra of carboxylic acids at the air-water interface. This information is used to clarify the experimental findings of surface sensitive spectroscopies that the CO stretching bands of long chain acids appear at very similar energies when the head group is deprotonated by high sub-phase pH or is exposed to relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ divalent metal ions (e.g., Ca2+ and Mg2+). To this end, we report the evolution of the vibrational spectra of size-selected [Ca2+·RCO2¯]+·(H2O)n=0-14 and RCO2¯·(H2O)n=0-14 cluster ions obtained using infrared photofragmentation mass spectrometry toward the features observed at the air-water interface. The carboxylate with R = -CD2CD3 was chosen in order to capture the longer chain behavior and to suppress band congestion that complicates the spectra of the light isotopologue. Surprisingly, not only does stepwise hydration of the RCO2¯ anion and the [Ca2+·RCO2¯]+ contact ion pair yield solvatochromic responses in opposite directions, but in both cases the responses of the two CO bands (?_s^COO and ?_as^COO) to hydration are opposite to each other! The result is that the two CO bands evolve toward their interfacial and bulk asymptotes from opposite directions. Theoretical simulations of the [Ca2+·RCO2¯]+·(H2O)n clusters indicate that the metal ion remains directly bound to the head group in a contact ion pair motif as the asymmetric CO stretch converges at the bulk value by n = 12, establishing that direct metal complexation can account for the interfacial and bulk behavior. We discuss these effects in the context of a qualitative model that invokes the water network-dependent local electric field along the C-C bond connecting the head group to the tail as the key parameter driving the observed trends. M.A.J. and H.C.A. thank the National Science Foundation through the NSF Center for Aerosol Impacts on Chemistry of the Environment (NSF-CAICE), CHE-1305427 for supporting this work. M.A.J. thanks the Air Force Office of Scientific Research for the cryogenic spectrometer used in the gas phase experiments. K.D.J. thanks the Department of Energy under grant no. DE-FG02-00ER15066. C.J. Mundy and S.M. Kathmann are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences. M.D. Baer was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Biomolecular Materials Program at PNNL. PNNL is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05- 76RL01830. Computing resources for the calculation of harmonic spectra were allocated by PNNL’s Institutional Computing program.
The origin of aerobic methanotrophy within the Proteobacteria
ABSTRACT Aerobic methanotrophs play critical roles in the global carbon cycle, but despite their environmental ubiquity, they are phylogenetically restricted. Via bioinformatic analyses, it is shown that methanotrophy likely arose from methylotrophy from the lateral gene transfer of either of the two known forms of methane monooxygenase (particulate and soluble methane monooxygenases). Moreover, it appears that both known forms of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MeDH) found in methanotrophs—the calcium-containing Mxa-MeDH and the rare earth element-containing Xox-MeDH—were likely encoded in the genomes before the acquisition of the methane monooxygenases (MMOs), but that some methanotrophs subsequently received an additional copy of Xox-MeDH-encoding genes via lateral gene transfer. Further, data are presented that indicate the evolution of methanotrophy from methylotrophy not only required lateral transfer of genes encoding for methane monooxygenases, but also likely the pre-existence of a means of collecting copper. Given the emerging interest in valorizing methane via biological platforms, it is recommended that future strategies for heterologous expression of methane monooxygenase for conversion of methane to methanol also include cloning of genes encoding mechanism(s) of copper uptake, especially for expression of particulate methane monooxygenase.