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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Detection of visible-wavelength aurora on Mars

Mars hosts various auroral processes despite the planet’s tenuous atmosphere and lack of a global magnetic field. To date, all aurora observations have been at ultraviolet wavelengths from orbit. We describe the discovery of green visible-wavelength aurora, originating from the atomic oxygen line at 557.7 nanometers, detected with the SuperCam and Mastcam-Z instruments on the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. Near–real-time simulations of a Mars-directed coronal mass ejection (CME) provided sufficient lead-time to schedule an observation with the rover. The emission was observed 3 days after the CME eruption, suggesting that the aurora was induced by particles accelerated by the moving shock front. To our knowledge, detection of aurora from a planetary surface other than Earth has never been reported, nor has visible aurora been observed at Mars. This detection demonstrates that auroral forecasting at Mars is possible, and that during events with higher particle precipitation, or under less dusty atmospheric conditions, aurorae will be visible to future astronauts.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
NASA NTRS1978

Notes on the transonic indicial method

The indicial method for calculating flutter derivatives for two-dimensional airfoils at transonic speeds is discussed, with particular attention given to the effect of a moving shock on the flow variables in the indicial method. An expression for the pressure coefficient is developed on the basis of an explicit treatment of the shock motion; the pressure distribution may then be calculated for general oscillations through use of the indicial method. Explicit inclusion of the shock motion is not necessary if only the lift and pitching moment coefficients are desired.

Nixon, D.↗
NASA NTRS1983

First-order Fermi acceleration in solar flares as a mechanism for the second-step acceleration of prompt protons and relativistic electrons

Solar flare data from June 27, 1980 balloon-based observations were studied in terms of the hard X ray component. A temporal delay of 3 sec was observed for the X ray emissions above 235 keV. The delay occurred relative to the low-energy electrons and indicated a second acceleration stage. An estimation of the acceleration rate of the first-order Fermi process operating in a closed flare loop was found to be in agreement with the resulting data, including the acceleration of both protons and relativistic electrons. Additional support for the first-order Fermi process is noted in the fact that flares generally occur in magnetic loops, a condition which allows energetic particles to continually interact with the upward moving shock fronts. A correlation has also been observed between the delay times and the H-alpha areas, encouraging the interpretation that the delay times are the shock transit times.

Bai, T.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Structure of the November 12, 1978, quasi-parallel interplanetary shock

The jump in plasma parameters exhibited by the intense interplanetary shock event of Nov. 12, 1978 is analyzed using ISEE 1, 2 and 3 data. Magnetic and electric field measurements indicated that the shock magnetic field profile was similar to the earth bow shock profile. Data on the electron and proton densities, temperatures, bulk velocities and alpha particles showed a steady electron temperature increase across the shock on a 12 earth radii scale. The upstream and downstream flow parameters are found to be within 10 percent of Rankin-Hugoniot jump conditions. The shock moved at 614 km/sec and had three dissipative scales, one a few Larmor radii determined by the magnetic field jump, a second 10 earth radii correlated with the electron equilibrium and the other 30 earth radii connected to the energetic proton foreshock.

Kennel, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS1985

A simple, accurate and efficient algorithm for unsteady transonic flow

The derivation of an algorithm for computing an airfoil's response to small unsteady perturbations is described. The analysis of the far-field boundary conditions for the flow field, and the application of the time-linearization technique to develop an accurate description of the flow field are discussed. The treatment of moving shock waves is examined. The alternating direction implicit scheme of Ballhaus and Steger (1975) is utilized for the discretization of the governing equations and boundary conditions. Numerical examples demonstrating the applicability of the time-linearization method to determine the correlation between airfoil and pressure distribution are provided. The effect of wind tunnel walls on unsteady transonic testing is studied.

Fung, K.-Y.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Discovery of cometary kilometric radiations and plasma waves at Comet Halley

The plasma-wave probe carried by the spacecraft Sakigake discovered discrete spectra of emissions from Comet Halley in the frequency range 30-195 kHz. The observed cometary kilometric radiation appears to come from moving shocks in the coma region which are possibly associated with temporal variations of the solar wind. Waves due to plasma instabilities associated with the pick-up of cometary ions by the solar wind were observed within a region almost 10 million km from the comet nucleus.

Oya, H.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Acoustic propagation using computational fluid dynamics

The propagation characteristics of several helicopter airfoil profiles have been investigated using the transonic small disturbance equation. A test case was performed to generate a moving shock that propagated off the airfoil. Various grids were then examined to determine their ability to accurately capture these propagating shock waves. Finally, the case of airfoil-vortex interactions was thoroughly studied over a wide range of Mach numbers and airfoil shapes with particular emphasis on the transonic regime; this results in a highly conplicated fluctuation of lift, drag, and pitching moment. The calculated acoustic intensity levels, along with the details of the computational flow field, provide new insights into the understanding of transonic airfoil-vortex interactions.

Baeder, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Charge transfer and X-ray emission from supernova remnants

The X-ray line emission excited by charge transfer between neutral hydrogen and the hydrogenic or fully stripped ions of heavy elements has been computed for a grid of nonequilibrium ionization models for supernova remnants. The effects of charge transfer excitation on the X-ray spectra of supernova remnants are discussed. The charge transfer process depends very sensitively upon the abundance of neutral hydrogen behind the shock. Consequently, a careful treatment of the ionization of hydrogen was required. The model line fluxes are compared with those excited by conventional collisional processes involving electrons. Results are presented in the form of contour plots for both the flux excited by charge transfer and the ratio of the charge transfer flux to that associated solely with collisional processes involving electrons. Charge transfer never contributes more than 10 percent of the flux of the strongest electron collisionally excited lines, and its contribution is typically 0.001 to 10 to the -5th for a shock moving into a medium composed of neutral hydrogen.

Wise, Michael W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Transonic aeroelastic computations on wings using Navier-Stokes equations

Aeroelastic computations are made on fighter type wings in the transonic regime. The flow is modeled using the Navier-Stokes equations and is coupled with structural equations of motion. The flow equations are solved by a time accurate finite difference scheme with moving grids. The coupled aeroelastic equations of motion are solved using the linear acceleration method. The configuration adaptive dynamic grids are time-accurately generated using the aeroelastically deformed shape of the wing. Computations are made for oscillating rigid wings with moving shock waves in the presence of leading edge vortices. The computed results compare well with the experiment. Unsteady computations are made to demonstrate the shock-vortex interaction phenomenon on wings in ramp motion. Effects of flexibility and pitch rate are demonstrated for flows with vortices.

Guruswamy, Guru P.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Numerical simulation of a powered-lift landing, tracking flow features using overset grids, and simulation of high lift devices on a fighter-lift-and-control wing

Attached as appendices to this report are documents describing work performed on the simulation of a landing powered-lift delta wing, the tracking of flow features using overset grids, and the simulation of flaps on the Wright Patterson Lab's fighter-lift-and-control (FLAC) wing. Numerical simulation of a powered-lift landing includes the computation of flow about a delta wing at four fixed heights as well as a simulated landing, in which the delta wing descends toward the ground. Comparison of computed and experimental lift coefficients indicates that the simulations capture the qualitative trends in lift-loss encountered by thrust-vectoring aircraft operating in ground effect. Power spectra of temporal variations of pressure indicate computed vortex shedding frequencies close to the jet exit are in the experimentally observed frequency range; the power spectra of pressure also provide insights into the mechanisms of lift oscillations. Also, a method for using overset grids to track dynamic flow features is described and the method is validated by tracking a moving shock and vortices shed behind a circular cylinder. Finally, Chimera gridding strategies were used to develop pressure coefficient contours for the FLAC wing for a Mach no. of 0.18 and Reynolds no. of 2.5 million.

Chawla, Kalpana↗
NASA NTRS1997

Fully Threaded Tree for Adaptive Refinement Fluid Dynamics Simulations

A fully threaded tree (FTT) for adaptive refinement of regular meshes is described. By using a tree threaded at all levels, tree traversals for finding nearest neighbors are avoided. All operations on a tree including tree modifications are O(N), where N is a number of cells, and are performed in parallel. An efficient implementation of the tree is described that requires 2N words of memory. A filtering algorithm for removing high frequency noise during mesh refinement is described. A FTT can be used in various numerical applications. In this paper, it is applied to the integration of the Euler equations of fluid dynamics. An adaptive mesh time stepping algorithm is described in which different time steps are used at different l evels of the tree. Time stepping and mesh refinement are interleaved to avoid extensive buffer layers of fine mesh which were otherwise required ahead of moving shocks. Test examples are presented, and the FTT performance is evaluated. The three dimensional simulation of the interaction of a shock wave and a spherical bubble is carried out that shows the development of azimuthal perturbations on the bubble surface.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS↗
NASA NTRS1998

Measuring the Radius of a Neutron Star; Origin of High X-Ray Luminosities in Optically Passive Galaxies; Resolving the Source of X-Rays in IC 1613"

This recently expired grant has supported the work of the PI, his students, and his collaborators on a variety of ROSAT projects over the past three years. Annual reports have summarized much of the work accomplished; here we provide a brief review of the work resulting from this effort, and a summary of the personnel who have benefited from its support. A high resolution ROSAT HRI X-ray image of the Local Group dwarf IC1613 revealed that the principal source of X-ray emission in this direction arises in a background cluster of galaxies, as first suggested by Eskridge (1995). In addition, however, we found a bright X-ray source coincident with the only known supernova remnant in this galaxy, S # 8. Extensive ground-based follow-up observations in the radio and optical regimes were conducted. We confirmed the nonthermal radio spectral index of the source and measured its extent to be approx. 3 sec at 20 cm. Imaging spectrophotometric observations taken with the multi-pupil spectrograph of the Special Astrophysical Observatory in the FSU allowed us to determine the density and velocity distribution of the gas in the remnant. The simultaneous presence of luminous X-ray and optical emission suggests a relatively young remnant in which the outward-moving shock has recently encountered dense material. Many of this object's properties are similar to those of the brightest optical remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud, N49. Another potential source of X-rays in this galaxy which featured prominently in our original proposal, an Oxygen Wolf-Rayet star with a large surrounding wind-blown bubble, was not detected.

Helfand, David J.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Transonic Correction to Theodorsen's Theory for Oscillating Airfoil in Pitch and Plunge Toward Flutter

This paper presents a transonic correction method for an oscillating airfoil in pitch and plunge. The proposed method applies correction functions to the Theodorsen’s theory to capture the transonic nonlinear aero- dynamics. These correction functions apply necessary corrections to the amplitudes and the phase angles of the unsteady lift and pitching moment coefficients to account for transonic aerodynamics. The proposed method also postulates a correction for the motion of the aerodynamic center which could be induced by moving shocks. A series of unsteady RANS CFD simulations of the airfoil at the mean aerodynamic chord of the Transonic Truss-Braced Wing aircraft are conducted using FUN3D to provide data to construct these transonic correction functions. The computed responses of the unsteady lift and pitching moment coefficients using these transonic correction functions match the CFD simulation results very well even when the pitching moment coefficient is highly nonlinear. A flutter analysis of an airfoil in pitch and plunge illustrates the potential use of the proposed transonic correction method.

Transonic Flutter↗
NASA NTRS1994

Motion of the heliospheric termination shock 3: Incident interplanetary shocks

In this paper the response of the heliospheric termination shock to an incident interplanetary shock is examined. This paper is an extension of a recent study by Barnes (1993), which treated the analogous problem for an incident contact discontinuity. The termination shock is treated as a strong gas-dynamic shock. The post-interaction configuration consists of a moving termination shock, a postshock contact discontinuity, and either a shock or rarefaction wave propagating the disturbance signal into the downstream medium. For a decrease in dynamic pressure a rarefaction wave propagates downstream, and the new termination shock propagates inward, while, for an enhancement of dynamic pressure, the termination shock moves outwards and a weak outer shock propagates into the downstream medium; speeds of motion of the termination shock are typically of the order of approximately 100 km/s. The results are similar to those presented by Barnes (1993) indicating that the results of that paper are robust within the gas-dynamic model, in the sense of being independent of the details of the initial disturbance.

Naidu, Kamcilla↗
DOE OSTI2022

A particle resolved simulation approach for studying shock interactions with moving, colliding solid particles

This work applies a new combination of techniques for the fully resolved simulation of compressible, gas–particle multiphase flows. Here, the adaptive wavelet collocation method is used to dynamically, and efficiently, adapt the computational grid to localized flow features and the particles. A characteristic-based volume penalization method that imposes arbitrary Dirichlet, Neumann, or Robin-type immersed boundary conditions, is used to enforce the no-slip condition at particle surfaces. A hard-sphere collision model is applied to capture the particle–particle collisions. Proof of concept test cases are presented, showcasing the dynamic grid adaptation and fully resolved two-way coupling between the phases that is possible with this approach. Results for a shock-driven single cylinder under viscous and inviscid conditions are presented along with a demonstration of a shock interacting with a cloud of randomly distributed cylinders and spheres.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1973

Theory of shock waves in a moving medium

The generalization is presented of the known gas dynamic Brinkly-Kirkwood method for the case of plane shock wave propagation in a steady-state moving medium.

Klimishin, I. A.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

High-Order Shock Fitting with Finite Element Methods

A moving-grid, shock-tracking, finite element method has been implemented that can achieve high-order accuracy for flow simulations with shocks. In this approach, element edges in the computational mesh are fitted to the shock front and moved with the shock throughout the simulation. The Euler equations are solved on the moving mesh in an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian framework. Three different methods for specifying the shock motion have been tested,and the order of accuracy of the resulting solutions was verified. It was found that one of the methods is applicable only for problems with a constant upstream flow state, whereas the other two methods converge to the expected solution for general shock problems. When using a finite element method with polynomial degree p, the two general shock motion methods converged with the expected order of accuracy of (p+1). Finally, accurate solutions are obtained for supersonic nozzle and blunt body bow shock problems. Based on the results, it is concluded that the shock tracking method can preserve high-order solution accuracy in the vicinity of a shock wave.

Luke D'Aquila↗