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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

TRUST Testing Procedure Documentation

The TRUST testbed was designed and fabricated to conduct vibration testing and validate the behavior of hyper-elastic foams in a pre-loaded condition. The main goals of this testbed design were to ensure symmetry, proper instrumentation alignment and mounting, simplified geometry to make the data analysis validation process more straightforward, and to apply and monitor the applied pre-load. Based off of the test parameters, a shaker system was purchased. The baseplate was designed to mount directly to the bolt holes provided on the top of the shaker table. It was determined that the specimens will be cylindrical and vary in thickness from 2-10mm. The baseplate riser, center-mass, and testbed cap were designed to be cylindrical to make alignment about the center axis more straightforward. It was determined to fabricate the parts previously mentioned using Aluminum 6061-T6 due to its stiffness in order to reduce the likelihood of the stiff material impacting the data being collected for the foam specimens. The design concept used to apply the pre-load to the testbed was a through bolt/nut configuration. A through hole was included in each piece of the testbed, specimens, and instrumentation large enough to allow for 1/8” clearance between the through bolt and each of these pieces. This was imperative to avoid causing friction and complicating the validation model. A load cell was then purchased and used to measure the pre-load being applied to the testbed. It was also required to collect data for 3 axes at 3 different locations 120° apart on the center-mass. This configuration was required to be placed on the cylindrical face and toward the top and bottom of the center-mass. Slots were milled out in the middle of each sensor block with tight tolerances for mounting each of the accelerometers at 120° apart. This same approach was taken to mount 2 accelerometers on the baseplate at 180° apart. Holes were milled out of the corners of each accelerometer mounting slot to relieve the corner and allow for a flat edge at the back of each slot. Sensor blocks were mounted into the center-mass using 6-32 bolts at the required locations. This initial testbed design was fabricated at the TA53 machine shop.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER ASSET MONITORING ON THE GRID EDGE USING SMART SENSOR DATA

As new loads such as rooftop photovoltaics, electric vehicles and other distributed energy resources become commonplace on the distribution grid, the stress on already aging assets begins to escalate. This increased loading and changing dynamics can exacerbate failure rates. While traditional monitoring efforts focus on transmission and generation assets, utilities are now beginning to pay close attention to distribution assets in order to increase reliability indices and reduce cost from unexpected outages. This research develops low-cost and scalable methods to monitoring the health of a critical distribution grid asset: the service transformer. Existing methods in literature are either invasive and thus difficult to implement or require the device to be tested offline in an expensive lab setting. Data from the ubiquitous smart meter as well as a novel Bluetooth based transformer monitor are leveraged to automatically notify the utility of deteriorating or damaged transformers. Voltage, temperature, and vibration are some of the signals measured and analyzed by the proposed algorithms to predict transformer failures. Furthermore, these algorithms are designed to keep the implementation and processing costs low by taking advantage of edge computing where possible.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

In-Situ Measurement of Power Loss for Crystalline Silicon Modules Undergoing Thermal Cycling and Mechanical Loading Stress Testing

An in-situ method is proposed for monitoring and estimating the power degradation of mc-Si photovoltaic (PV) modules undergoing thermo-mechanical degradation tests that primarily manifest through cell cracking, such as mechanical load tests, thermal cycling and humidity freeze tests. The method is based on in-situ measurement of the module’s dark current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curve during the stress test, as well as initial and final module flash testing on a Sun simulator. The method uses superposition of the dark I-V curve with final flash test module short-circuit current to account for shunt and junction recombination losses, as well as series resistance estimation from the in-situ measured dark I-Vs and final flash test measurements. The method is developed based on mc-Si standard modules undergoing several stages of thermo-mechanical stress testing and degradation, for which we investigate the impact of the degradation on the modules light I-V curve parameters, and equivalent solar cell model parameters. Experimental validation of the method on the modules tested shows good agreement between the in-situ estimated power degradation and the flash test measured power loss of the modules, of up to 4.31 % error (RMSE), as the modules experience primarily junction defect recombination and increased series resistance losses. However, the application of the method will be limited for modules experiencing extensive photo-current degradation or delamination, which are not well reflected in the dark I-V characteristic of the PV module.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Second gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande

The first loading of gadolinium (Gd) into Super-Kamiokande in 2020 was successful, and the neutron capture efficiency on Gd reached 50%. To further increase the Gd neutron capture efficiency to 75%, 26.1 tons of Gd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ∙ 8H 2 O was additionally loaded into Super-Kamiokande (SK) from May 31 to July 4, 2022. As the amount of loaded Gd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ∙ 8H 2 O was doubled compared to the first loading, the capacity of the powder dissolving system was doubled. We also developed new batches of gadolinium sulfate with even further reduced radioactive impurities. In addition, a more efficient screening method was devised and implemented to evaluate these new batches of Gd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ∙ 8H 2 O. Following the second loading, the Gd concentration in SK was measured to be 333.5 ± 2.5 ppm via an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). From the mean neutron capture time constant of neutrons from an Am/Be calibration source, the Gd concentration was independently measured to be 332.7 ± 6.8(sys.) ± 1.1(stat.) ppm, consistent with the AAS result. Furthermore, during the loading the Gd concentration was monitored continually using the capture time constant of each spallation neutron produced by cosmic-ray muons, and the final neutron capture efficiency was shown to become 1.5 times higher than that of the first loaded phase, as expected.

Gadolinium↗
DOE OSTI2023

Extended Low Load Boiler Operation to Improve Performance and Economics of an Existing Coal Fired Power Plant (Final Report)

The overall goal is to improve the performance and economics of existing coal fired power plants by extending low load boiler operation to lower loads than is currently achievable. The objective of this program is to develop and validate sensor hardware and analytical algorithms to lower plant operating expenses (OPEX) for the currently operating pulverized coal utility boiler fleet. Coal fired utility boilers are increasingly under grid dispatch pressure. In some cases, the coal fired cost of generation is noncompetitive with respect to natural gas generation and subsidized renewable sources. To remain profitable and remain fully compliant with existing environmental regulations, the installed coal fired fleet must find technologies which allow it to move into a more flexible cyclic load dispatch model. Today the installed coal fired utility fleet must be cost of generation competitive, fully emissions compliant, and responsive to the variability inherent in renewable energy generation sources. In the Phase I of the project, GE Steam Power, Inc. (GE) performed modeling of different operating scenarios for low load operation using an existing full plant dynamic model developed for a 660MW steam power plant. Sensors and analytic algorithms to enable a stable and steady coal supply for low load pulverizer operation were identified and tested at the Pulverizer Development Facility (PDF) at GE’s Clean Energy Center in Bloomfield, Connecticut. Sensors and analytic algorithms to enable stable combustion for low load operation were identified and tested at the 15 MWth Industrial Scale Burner facility (ISBF) at GE’s Clean Energy Center. A concept was developed to test the sensors and control algorithms, down selected after testing, at a full-scale coal fired power plant. A budget estimate was then developed, and the concept was implemented at an existing utility power plant. The specific objectives of the experimental work were to: • Identify and select sensors and analytic algorithms for monitoring coal pulverizer operation at lower loads to provide stable operation and appropriate coal fineness at lower coal throughput; Identify and select sensors and analytic algorithms for a Boiler Flame Stability Monitor to better balance air and fuel at each burner. This enables a reduction in a coal boiler’s safe low load power level while maintaining stable flame characteristics; Develop a concept in Phase I for low load operation of a full-scale power plant and develop a budget estimate for testing and execute the test plan at an existing plant in Phase II; Validate the capability of the extended low load boiler system to extend the minimum load operating point in a safe and reliable manner on an existing full-scale utility boiler. At the completion of this experimental study, GE has developed a set of sensors and analytic algorithms, down selected after testing, that have the potential to enable safe low load operation of a utility boiler. GE has also identified a host site for testing these identified sensors and analytic algorithms. GE has generated a full set of deliverables that provide sufficient information to proceed with the next step of testing at a host site. This includes a potential host site and budget estimate for concept testing at host site. In the Phase II of the project, a series of field tests were completed to validate the extended low load boiler operation, which consisted of detailed engineering, installation, commissioning, and testing the additional sensors and analytics for the coal-fired combustion system on an existing full-scale utility boiler. The optimization work has been supported by the host plant and endorsed by their engineering and operation staff.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2021

TEAMER: Biofouling Analysis for Wave Energy Piston Design - Load Cell Data

Biofouling and corrosion are a major concern for all ocean-deployed components, especially when mechanical motion is involved. Triton has developed the concept of a biofouling mitigation seal as part of the piston sealing assembly for the Triton Wave Energy Converter (TSI-WEC). This mitigation seal has the purpose of preventing the formation of a biofilm on the inside of the piston cylinder. It is hypothesized that the prevention of a biofilm will reduce the amount of macro-biofouling that can occur in the piston assembly. The mitigation seal can also reduce the wear on the main dynamic seal, helping to maintain smooth operation and water-tightness. The cylinder is made from a thermoset composite epoxy, which is resistant to corrosion. However, no studies have researched the material's performance with biofouling. Triton placed two prototype Power Take-Off (PTO) assemblies in a PNNL biofouling tank, one with a biofouling mitigation seal and one without, allowing for an evaluation of seal effectiveness at the prevention of biofouling. In actual WEC operation, wave action would react against the piston, which would drive the linear actuator and electric generator, providing electrical power. In the test setup, this was reversed; a linear actuator was powered to drive the piston in a consistent motion within the cylinder. There are two assemblies: one has a biofouling mitigation seal, the other (control) does not. The following data encompasses a 4 month test period, with load cells being used to monitor piston friction force. Results from this testing will be used to improve seal design and material selection, mitigating risk of premature failure during open water testing and evaluation. This project is part of the TEAMER RFTS 3 (request for technical support) program.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2021

Collective Analysis of Alpha Particle Losses Due to Self-Absorption by Mass Loading on Radioactive Particulate Glass Fiber Filters

In this study, we derived a relationship between filter mass loading and the percent loss during analysis using the mass loading data collected from six previous studies of self-absorption. Components of mass loading include particulate dust, radioactive particulates, and filter material. In a research report published in 1984, Higby calculated a minimum burial depth for an alpha particle to be lost due to absorption (100% loss) of about 3.7 mg/cm 2 based on calculations for the range of 239-Pu alpha particles in glass fiber filters. From there, Higby concluded that a correction factor of 0.85 assumes approximately 15% losses in the count rate of both alpha and beta particles. In 2000, Luetzelschwab et al. recommended assuming a 40% loss at a loading of 3.3 mg/cm 2 and a 28% loss for a loading of 2.3 mg/cm 2 which included the frontal face mass of the filter. More recently, the 100% losses due to absorption were reported to be in the 10 mg/cm 2 range. Presented here is a trinomial relationship method of relating percent loss due to self-absorption to filter mass loading, based on data reported by Higby, Luetzelschwab et al., Huang et al., Barnett et al., Smith et al., and Hogue et al. Under normal operating conditions at the stacks monitored by Effluent Management, the mass loading of sample filters averages 0.09 ± 0.12 (2s) mg/cm 2 (excluding negative values and outliers) and ranges from 0 mg/cm 2 to 0.24 mg/cm 2 . Based on current mass loading results for Effluent Management stack sample filters, the forced-zero trinomial relationship method estimated self-absorption losses of less than 5%. Because American National Standards Institute/Health Physics Society N13.1-2011 guidelines indicate a correction factor should be used when the penetration of radioactive material into the collection media or self-absorption of radiation by the material collected would reduce the count rate by more than 5%, it is possible continued application of a correction factor to the Effluent Management stack samples is no longer necessary. Nevertheless, continuing to assign a correction factor at the 5% threshold (i.e., 0.95) would be a conservative approach.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Microseismic Monitoring of Laboratory Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments in Granitic Rocks for Different Fracture Propagation Regimes

While hydraulic fracturing (HF) is a widely employed process, the underlying fracturing processes are still heavily contested. The attributes of the HF generated fracture network can exhibit substantial variation when dealing with specific HF propagation regimes encountered in the field. In this study, HF experiments were performed on true-triaxially loaded Barre granite cubes, with microseismic monitoring, to identify and characterize the fracturing mechanisms associated with different viscosity injection fluids. Utilizing fluids with high (oil/1450 cP) and low (water/1 cP) viscosity represented two key HF propagation regimes: viscosity- and toughness-dominated. The experiments conducted with oil involved higher breakdown pressures, larger fluid volumes, and slower fracture propagation speeds. Furthermore, the frequency–magnitude distribution (b value) for all experiments (1.9–2.3) was similar to those encountered for large-scale operations. Slightly larger b values were encountered during the initiation phase (2.4–2.7) relative to the fracture propagation and post-fracturing phases (1.9–2.2). Techniques such as polarity and moment-tensor inversion were utilized to characterize the source mechanisms. For the HF experiments with oil, tensile fractures were most dominant (92%) in the initiation phase compared to fracture propagation and post-fracturing phases (70–75%). Similar tensile fracturing dominancy was not observed with water, attributable to fluid permeation and leak-off. Regardless of the injection fluid or classification criteria employed, tensile fractures were the dominant type consistently, with fewer occurring in water experiments but the specific ratio of crack types varied with different source mechanism criteria employed.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

COVID-19 trends at the University of Tennessee: predictive insights from raw sewage SARS-CoV-2 detection and evaluation and PMMoV as an indicator for human waste

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become a valuable tool for monitoring the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 on university campuses. However, concerns about effectiveness of raw sewage as a COVID-19 early warning system still exist, and it’s not clear how useful normalization by simultaneous comparison of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) is in addressing variations resulting from fecal discharge dilution. This study aims to contribute insights into these aspects by conducting an academic-year field trial at the student residences on the University of Tennessee, Knoxville campus, raw sewage. This was done to investigate the correlations between SARS-CoV-2 RNA load, both with and without PMMoV normalization, and various parameters, including active COVID-19 cases, self-isolations, and their combination among all student residents. Significant positive correlations between SARS-CoV-2 RNA load a week prior, during the monitoring week, and the subsequent week with active cases. Despite these correlations, normalization by PMMoV does not enhance these associations. These findings suggest the potential utility of SARS-CoV-2 RNA load as an early warning indicator and provide valuable insights into the application and limitations of WBE for COVID-19 surveillance specifically within the context of raw sewage on university campuses.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

High Frequency Monitoring and Nitrate Sourcing Reveals Baseflow and Stormflow Controls on Total Dissolved Nitrogen and Carbon Export Along a Rural‐Urban Gradient

Abstract Efforts to reduce nitrogen and carbon loading from developed watersheds typically target specific flows or sources, but across gradients in development intensity there is no consensus on the contribution of different flows to total loading or sources of nitrogen export. This information is vital to optimize management strategies leveraging source reductions, stormwater controls, and restorations. We investigate how solute loading and sources vary across flows and land‐use using high frequency monitoring and stable nitrate isotope analysis from five catchments with different sanitary infrastructure, along a gradient in development intensity. High frequency monitoring allowed estimation of annual loading and attribution to storm versus baseflows. Nitrate loads were 16 kg/km 2 /yr. from the forested catchment and ranged from 68 to 119 kg/km 2 /yr., across developed catchments, highest for the septic served site. Across developed catchments, baseflow contributions ranged from 40% of N loading to 75% from the septic served catchment, and the contribution from high stormflows increased with development intensity. Stormflows mobilized and mixed many surface and subsurface nitrate sources while baseflow nitrate was dominated by fewer sources which varied by catchment (soil, wastewater, or fertilizer). To help inform future sampling designs, we demonstrate that grab sampling and targeted storm sampling would likely fail to accurately predict annual loadings within the study period. The dominant baseflow loads and subsurface stormflows are not treated by surface water management practices primarily targeted to surface stormflows. Using a balance of green and gray infrastructure and stream/riparian restoration may target specific flow paths and improve management.

Delesantro, Joseph M.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Neutron Dosimetry for the GE Hitachi 16-10393 Irradiation in ATR

PNNL project 74242 involves the analysis of neutron fluence monitors and melt wires irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory in accordance with MPO 00236287 and Statement of Work (SOW) No. 17370, Rev. 0, PNNL Analysis of NSUF Flux and Melt Wire Capsules. This report is for the GE Hitachi 16-10393 irradiation which was conducted in positions B11 of the ATR. Three other irradiations included in the SOW will be reported separately. The neutron fluence monitors were prepared by PNNL and loaded into the GE Hitachi assemblies prior to irradiation. Following irradiation, the capsules were returned to PNNL for analysis. The neutron dosimetry capsules were opened, the flux wires were removed for gamma analysis. The measured activities were used to determine the activation rates for various activation products. Following suitable corrections, the measured activation rates were used to adjust calculated neutron spectra at each fluence monitor location. The adjusted neutron spectra were then used to determine displacement per atom (dpa) and gas production for irradiated materials.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Neutron Dosimetry for the Colorado School of Mines (CSM 16-10584) Irradiation in ATR

PNNL project 74242 involves the analysis of neutron fluence monitors irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory in accordance with MPO 00236287 and Statement of Work No. 17370, Rev. 0, PNNL Analysis of NSUF Flux and Melt Wire Capsules. This report is for the Colorado School of Mines (CSM 16-10584) experiment which was conducted in position B5 of the ATR. Three other irradiations included in the scope of work are reported separately. The neutron fluence monitors were prepared by PNNL and loaded into the CSM assemblies at INL prior to irradiation. Following irradiation, the capsules were returned to PNNL for analysis. The neutron dosimetry capsules were opened, the flux wires were removed for gamma analysis, and the measured activities were used to determine the activation rates for various activation products. Following suitable corrections, the measured activation rates were used to adjust calculated neutron spectra at 12 fluence monitor locations. The adjusted neutron spectra were then used to determine displacement per atom (dpa) and gas production for irradiated materials.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Neutron Dosimetry for the University of Central Florida (UCF3) Irradiation in ATR

PNNL project 74242 involves the analysis of neutron fluence monitors irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory in accordance with MPO 00236287 and Statement of Work No. 17370, Rev. 0, PNNL Analysis of NSUF Flux and Melt Wire Capsules. This report is for the University of Central Florida (UCF)-3 third stage experiment which was conducted in position B8 of the ATR. Three other irradiations included in the scope of work are reported separately. The neutron fluence monitors were prepared by PNNL and loaded into the UCF-3 assemblies at INL prior to irradiation. Following irradiation, the capsules were returned to PNNL for analysis. The neutron dosimetry capsules were opened, the flux wires were removed for gamma analysis, and the measured activities were used to determine the activation rates for various activation products. Following suitable corrections, the measured activation rates were used to adjust calculated neutron spectra at 8 fluence monitor locations. The adjusted neutron spectra were then used to determine displacement per atom (dpa) and gas production for irradiated materials.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Neutron Dosimetry for the Boise State University JW 15-8242 Irradiation in ATR (Rev.1)

PNNL project 79550 provides for the analysis of neutron fluence monitors irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory in accordance with MPO 00269673and Statement of Work No. 19704, Rev. 0, PNNL Analysis of NSUF Flux Capsules. This report is for the Boise State University (BSU) JW 15-8242 irradiations which were conducted in positions A6, A7 and A8 of the ATR. We previously reported data for this experiment after about 1 dpa in a report issued in January 2021 (1). This report is for longer irradiations to about 3 dpa. Other experiments included in the statement of work for this project will be reported separately. The neutron fluence monitors were prepared by PNNL and loaded into the BSU assemblies prior to irradiation. Following irradiation, the capsules were returned to PNNL for analysis. The neutron dosimetry capsules were opened, the flux wires were removed for gamma or x-ray analysis, and the measured activities were used to determine the activation rates for various activation products. Following suitable corrections, the measured activation rates were used to adjust calculated neutron spectra at each fluence monitor location. The adjusted neutron spectra were then used to determine displacement per atom (dpa) and gas production for irradiated materials.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

In situ monitoring of dislocation, twinning, and detwinning modes in an extruded magnesium alloy under cyclic loading conditions

This work investigates the microscopic deformation mechanisms of an extruded, precipitation-strengthened AZ80 magnesium (Mg) alloy subjected to strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue using in situ neutron diffraction measurements. Results demonstrate that the plastic deformation during cyclic loading is dominated by the alternating {10.2} extension twinning and detwinning mechanisms. The observed deformation mode is strongly texture and precipitate dependent. For the initial texture, the tested material has two major texture components which result in the occurrence of extension twinning during both compression and reverse tension in the first two cycles. The prolonged detwinning process in the following cycles is proposed to relieve the shear stress field of {00.2} grains, leading to the disappearance of twinning. The precipitation strengthening results in an increase of the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) by similar to 33 MPa for the extension twinning in this AZ80 alloy. Here, the synergistic effects of the initial texture, precipitation strengthening, and load sharing of various grain families and phases contribute to the complicated evolution of dominant deformation mechanisms, among which elevated dislocation activities are believed to be responsible for the relatively poor low-cycle-fatigue lifetime when compared to other Mg alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterizing Plug Load Energy Use and Savings Potential in Army Buildings

The Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Energy and Environment) tasked the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to examine plug loads in typical Army buildings. Plug loads (also known as miscellaneous electric loads (MELs)) represent the electricity used by appliances and devices that are plugged in or hardwired and serve functions outside of a building’s core end uses. Common plug loads include computers, printers, copiers, networking devices, refrigerators, and vending machines. They also include personal electronic devices such as televisions, smart phones, tablets, and gaming systems. Examples of hardwired MELs include elevators, air compressors, and fire and security systems. The findings from this study confirm that significant energy is consumed within Army buildings by plug load devices and hardwired MEL equipment. A number of opportunities are identified for reducing unnecessary energy use that could save the Army over $5 million per year when broadly applied. Army regulations clearly spell out expectations for the purchase and operation of information technology equipment (computers, laptops, monitors, printers, and multi-function devices). However, the policies regarding the shutdown or activation of sleep and other lower power modes after 30 minutes of inactivity (15 minutes for monitors) do not appear to be consistently followed. There are many effective approaches and pathways for impacting change as it relates to improving awareness, implementing measures, and adjusting behaviors to identify and reduce plug load energy use. The Army should prioritize and consider deploying all of these to better understand and manage plug load equipment to save energy and enhance resilience across their facilities. Engaging the building occupants who use these devices daily via outreach and education should be a strong component of the strategy. The focus should be on reducing waste without sacrificing productivity or the benefits that many of these devices provide. Continued evaluation of plug loads beyond that performed here is important to gather lessons from additional building and equipment types, and to stay aware of evolving device technology and management options. This will highlight additional needs for policies, best practices, control technologies, and education of personnel to achieve real reductions in energy waste from plug load equipment. It is recommended that this study may serve as the foundation for a broader and sustained focus on plug loads and MELs, towards simultaneously enhancing the productivity, readiness, and resilience of the Army while reducing energy use and demand, and freeing up resources to better support the mission.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗