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At least 73 records · Page 4

First high-resolution γ-ray spectroscopy of 41 Si

The first high-resolution in-beam γ -ray spectroscopy is reported for the neutron-rich nucleus 41 Si, a tenant of the N = 28 island of inversion. Excited states were populated in the direct one-proton removal reaction from 42 P projectiles and pn removal from 43 P. Seven γ-ray transitions were observed, only one of which had been reported previously in the literature. Furthermore, this makes 41 Si the most neutron-rich odd-even N = 27 isotone with high-resolution excited-state information. For the one-proton removal, the measured partial cross-section distribution to all observed bound final states is contrasted with results from direct one-proton removal calculations that combine eikonal reaction dynamics with SDPF-MU shell-model spectroscopic factors and assume various possible initial states for the poorly known 42 P projectile. Rather distinct calculated cross-section distributions emerge that, in comparison to the new data, imply that the initial state in 42 P is most likely 3 – or 2 – rather than 1 – or 0 – , the predicted shell-model ground state of 42 P. It is further shown that the level scheme from the novel VS-IMSRG calculation closely agrees with the one of SDPF-MU, the most successful phenomenological shell-model effective interaction in describing the much discussed neighboring isotope 42 Si, perhaps cross-validating these complementary approaches on the quest to model rapid shell evolution away from the valley of β stability.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Simulation of adiabatic quantum computing for molecular ground states

Quantum computation promises to provide substantial speedups in many practical applications with a particularly exciting one being the simulation of quantum many-body systems. Adiabatic state preparation (ASP) is one way that quantum computers could recreate and simulate the ground state of a physical system. In this paper, we explore a novel approach for classically simulating the time dynamics of ASP with high accuracy and with only modest computational resources via an adaptive sampling configuration interaction scheme for truncating the Hilbert space to only the most important determinants. We verify that this truncation introduces negligible error and use this new approach to simulate ASP for sets of small molecular systems and Hubbard models. Furthermore, we examine two approaches to speeding up ASP when performed on quantum hardware: (i) using the complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) wave function instead of the Hartree–Fock initial state and (ii) a nonlinear interpolation between the initial and target Hamiltonians. We find that starting with a CASCI wave function with a limited active space yields substantial speedups for many of the systems examined, while nonlinear interpolation does not. In additional, we observe interesting trends in the minimum gap location (based on the initial state) as well as how state preparation time can depend on certain molecular properties, such as the number of valence electrons. Importantly, we find that the required state preparation times do not show an immediate exponential wall that would preclude an efficient run of ASP on actual hardware.

Kremenetski, Vladimir↗

Soft-hard framework with exact four-momentum conservation for small systems

A new framework, called x-scape, for the combined study of both hard and soft transverse momentum sectors in high-energy proton-proton (𝑝−𝑝) and proton-nucleus (𝑝−𝐴) collisions is set up. A dynamical initial state is set up using the 3d-Glauber model with transverse locations of hotspots within each incoming nucleon. A hard scattering that emanates from two colliding hotspots is carried out using the Pythia generator. Initial state radiation from the incoming hard partons is carried out in a new module called I-matter, which includes the longitudinal location of initial splits. The energy-momentum of both the initial hard partons and their associated beam remnants is removed from the hot spots, depleting the energy-momentum available for the formation of the bulk medium. Outgoing showers are simulated using the matter generator, and results are presented for both cases, allowing for and not allowing for energy loss. First comparisons between this hard-soft model and single inclusive hadron and jet data from 𝑝−𝑝 and minimum bias 𝑝−Pb collisions are presented. Single hadron spectra in 𝑝−𝑝 are used to carry out a limited (in number of parameters) Bayesian calibration of the model. Fair comparisons with data are indicative of the utility of this new framework. Theoretical studies of the correlation between jet 𝑝 𝑇 and event activity at mid and forward rapidity are carried out.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Detecting Spin-Bath Polarization with Quantum Quench Phase Shifts of Single Spins in Diamond

Single-qubit sensing protocols can be used to measure qubit-bath coupling parameters. However, for sufficiently large coupling, the sensing protocol itself perturbs the bath, which is predicted to result in a characteristic response in the sensing measurements. Here, we observe this bath perturbation, also known as a quantum quench, by preparing the nuclear spin bath of a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in polarized initial states and performing phase-resolved spin-echo measurements on the NV electron spin. These measurements reveal a time-dependent phase determined by the initial state of the bath. We derive the relationship between the sensor phase and the Gaussian spin-bath polarization and apply it to reconstruct both the axial and transverse polarization components. Using this insight, we optimize the transfer efficiency of our dynamic nuclear polarization sequence. This technique for directly measuring bath polarization may assist in preparing high-fidelity quantum memory states, improving nanoscale NMR methods, and investigating non-Gaussian quantum baths.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Optimization performance, fidelity, and cost: SIAM VQE

This dataset contains files storing results from classically-simulated quantum subroutines within a dynamical mean-field theory workflow, and jupyter notebooks processing the data in these files to generate plots. The files store: (1) Results from variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) simulations searching for optimal parameters allowing parametrized quantum circuits to prepare approximations to ground states of different Anderson impurity models (AIMs) (2) Results from simulations of a quantum Lanczos algorithm (QLA) estimating the Lanczos coefficients defining the continued-fraction representation of an (AIM) Green’s function Description: Any file named vqe_gs_results* stores approximations to the ground state and energy of a given AIM estimated using three different methods: (1) Numerical diagonalization (2) Ideal VQE simulation (3) VQE simulation with sampling noise For each VQE simulations metadata about the optimization (optimization results plus number of quantum circuits that would have been executed on real hardware) is also stored. Any file named qla_dos_results* estimations for the Lanczos coefficients defining the Green’s function of an AIM. The stored estimations are achieved using different methods: (1) Numerical Lanczos algorithm from initial states obtained from numerical diagonalization (2) Simulated quantum Lanczos algorithm from initial states prepared from parametrized quantum circuits yielded by corresponding ideal and noisy VQE subroutines. The dataset is used and described in M. Karabin et al., "Quantum solver for single-impurity Anderson models with particle-hole symmetry", Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033066 (2026). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7ys3-tl4l

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Chirped Laser Pulse Control of Vibronic Wavepackets and Energy Transfer in Phycocyanin 645

Photosynthetic organisms use light-harvesting complexes to increase the spectrum of light that they absorb from solar photons. Recent ultrafast spectroscopic studies have revealed that efficient (sub-ps) energy transfer is mediated by vibronic coherence in the phycobiliprotein phycocyanin 645 (PC645). Here, we report studies that employ broadband pump–probe spectroscopy with linearly chirped excitation pulses to further investigate the relationship between vibronic state preparation and energy transfer dynamics in PC645. Negatively chirped pulse excitation is found to enhance wavepackets of a high-frequency mode (1580 cm –1 ) and increase the rate of downhill energy transfer, while on the other hand, positively chirped pulses suppress these oscillatory features and decrease this rate. Model calculations incorporating the influence of the chirped pump pulse are used to understand its effect on initial state preparation. Furthermore, these results provide mechanistic insight into how the overall nonequilibrium rate of energy transfer is influenced by initial state preparation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Quantum chaos, integrability, and late times in the Krylov basis

Quantum chaotic systems are conjectured to display a spectrum whose fine-grained features (gaps and correlations) are well described by random matrix theory (RMT). We propose and develop a complementary version of this conjecture: quantum chaotic systems display a Lanczos spectrum whose local means and covariances are well described by RMT. To support this proposal, we first demonstrate its validity in examples of chaotic and integrable systems. We then show that for Haar-random initial states in RMTs the mean and covariance of the Lanczos spectrum suffice to produce the full long-time behavior of general survival probabilities including the spectral form factor, as well as the spread complexity. In addition, for initial states with continuous overlap with energy eigenstates, we analytically find the long-time averages of the probabilities of Krylov basis elements in terms of the mean Lanczos spectrum. This analysis suggests a notion of eigenstate complexity, the statistics of which differentiate integrable systems and classes of quantum chaos. Lastly, we clarify the relation between spread complexity and the universality classes of RMT by exploring various values of the Dyson index and Poisson distributed spectra.

Combinatorics↗

Vector measurements using a pulsed, optically pumped atomic magnetometer

An atomic magnetometer, and a method for using same is disclosed. The method for measuring an ambient magnetic field uses an atomic magnetometer that has a probe light beam with a probe axis that probes a polarization vector of an atomic population confined within a vapor cell. The method employs one or more measurement cycles. In each measurement cycle, the polarization vector is prepared in an initial state via an optical pumping pulse. The vapor cell is then subjected to the ambient magnetic field, which results in rotation of the polarization vector by Larmor precession. Within the measurement cycle, at a point in time after the polarization vector has been prepared in the initial state, the ambient magnetic field rotates the direction of the polarization vector, and at least one measurement is made of a projection of the Larmor-rotated polarization vector onto the probe axis during or after application of a magnetic waveform.

Schwindt, Peter↗

Multiplicity dependence of $D$ and $J/\psi$ production in small collision systems

We discuss open heavy flavor (D-meson) and quarkonium (J/ψ) production in high multiplicity proton-proton (p+p) and proton-nucleus (p+A) collisions at the LHC in the impact parameter dependent saturation model. A key ingredient in our calculations is the fluctuations of the gluon saturation scale at large-x at each impact parameter, reflecting rare parton configurations inside the projectile and target. Such initial state fluctuations have been used to describe the multiplicity distribution of D-meson and J/ψ production yield at mid rapidity in small collision systems at the LHC. In these proceedings, we examine the rapidity dependence of J/ψ production and emphasize its importance in constraining initial state models of high multiplicity events in small systems.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

A Machine Learning-Based Vulnerability Analysis for Cascading Failures of Integrated Power-Gas Systems

This article proposes a cascading failure simulation (CFS) method and a hybrid machine learning method for vulnerability analysis of integrated power-gas systems (IPGSs). The CFS method is designed to study the propagating process of cascading failures between the two systems, generating data for machine learning with initial states randomly sampled. The proposed method considers generator and gas well ramping, transmission line and gas pipeline tripping, island issue handling and load shedding strategies. Then, a hybrid machine learning model with a combined random forest (RF) classification and regression algorithms is proposed to investigate the impact of random initial states on the vulnerability metrics of IPGSs. Extensive case studies are carried out on three test IPGSs to verify the proposed models and algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed models and algorithms can achieve high accuracy for the vulnerability analysis of IPGSs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Prehydrodynamic evolution and its impact on quark-gluon plasma signatures

State-of-the-art hydrodynamic models of heavy-ion collisions have considerable theoretical model uncertainties in the description of the very early prehydrodynamic stage. Here we add a new computational module, K T Iso, that describes the prehydrodynamic evolution kinetically, based on the relativistic Boltzmann equation with collisions treated in the isotropization time approximation. As a novelty, K T Iso allows for the inclusion and evolution of initial-state momentum anisotropies. To maintain computational efficiency K T Iso assumes strict longitudinal boost invariance and allows collisions to isotropize only the transverse momenta. We use it to explore the sensitivity of hadronic observables measured in relativistic heavy-ion collisions to initial-state momentum anisotropies and microscopic scattering during the prehydrodynamic stage.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Constraining the Nucleon Size with Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

The notion of the "size" of nucleons and their constituents plays a pivotal role in the current paradigm of the formation and the fluctuations of the quark-gluon plasma produced in high-energy nuclear collision experiments. Here, we report on state-of-the-art hydrodynamic results showing that the correlation between anisotropic flow, $v^{2}_{n}$, and the mean transverse momentum of hadrons, [$p_t$], possesses a unique sensitivity to the nucleon size in off-central heavy-ion collisions. We argue that existing experimental measurements of this observable support a picture where the relevant length scale characterizing the colliding nucleons is of order 0.5 fm or smaller, and we discuss the broad implications of this finding for future global Bayesian analyses aimed at extracting initial state and medium properties from nucleus-nucleus collision data, including $v^{2}_{n}$-[$p_t$] correlations. Determinations of the nucleon size in heavy-ion collisions will provide a solid independent constraint on the initial state of small system collisions, and will establish a deep connection between collective flow data in nucleus-nucleus experiments and data on deep inelastic scattering on protons and nuclei.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Tracing the Emergence of Collectivity Phenomena in Small Systems

We study initial state momentum correlations and event-by-event geometry in p+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{2}$ = 5.02 TeV by following the approach of extending the IP-Glasma model to 3D using JIMWLK rapidity evolution. On examining the non-trivial rapidity dependence of the observables, we find that the geometry is correlated over large rapidity intervals, while the initial state momentum correlations have a relatively short range in rapidity. Based on our results, we discuss implications for the relevance of both effects in explaining the origin of collective phenomena in small systems.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Measurement of the e + e − → π + π − π 0 cross section in the energy range 0.62–3.50 GeV at Belle II

We report a measurement of the e + e − → π + π − π 0 cross section in the energy range from 0.62 to 3.50 GeV using an initial-state radiation technique. We use an e + e − data sample corresponding to 191 fb − 1 of integrated luminosity, collected at a center-of-mass energy at or near the ϒ ( 4 S ) resonance with the Belle II detector at the SuperKEKB collider. Signal yields are extracted by fitting the two-photon mass distribution in e + e − → π + π − π 0 γ events, which involve a π 0 → γ γ decay and an energetic photon radiated from the initial state. Signal efficiency corrections with an accuracy of 1.6% are obtained from several control data samples. The uncertainty on the cross section at the ω and ϕ resonances is dominated by the systematic uncertainty of 2.2%. The resulting cross sections in the 0.62–1.80 GeV energy range yield a μ 3 π = [ 48.91 ± 0.23 ( stat ) ± 1.07 ( syst ) ] × 10 − 10 for the leading-order hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment. This result differs by 2.5 standard deviations from the most precise current determination. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Adachi, I. (ORCID:0000000322870173)↗

Diesel Fuel Consumption in Prominent U.S. Open-Pit Mines: Site-Level Estimates

This report presents a comprehensive framework for estimating diesel fuel consumption and prices at open-pit mines in the United States. The framework includes transparent methods for calculating site-level diesel energy use when direct reporting is unavailable, and a structured confidence evaluation for each method. The framework is demonstrated to estimate current diesel consumption at 21 open-pit mines in the United States. Initial findings support ongoing efforts to strengthen the competitiveness and security of the U.S. industrial base by supporting data-driven supply chain analysis and decision-making, improved transparency in mining sector energy use, and targeted deployment of energy innovation and cost-reduction strategies. Future updates to the dataset—coupled with expanded data transparency and method validation—will help ensure that the findings remain relevant as the sector continues to evolve.

02 PETROLEUM↗

Chemical significance of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy binding energy shifts: A Perspective

The principal intent of this Perspective is to review the mechanisms that are responsible for the shifts of binding energies, ΔBE, observed in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and so to relate the shifts to the electronic structure and the chemical bonding in the systems studied. To achieve this goal, several theoretical considerations are necessary beyond just the calculation of XPS BEs. Though briefly discussed here, we are not primarily interested in absolute values of BE or quantitation using relative intensities. Within the molecular orbital (MO) theory framework, it is shown that the analysis of orbital properties is critical for the correct interpretation of XPS. In particular, rigorous definitions are given for the initial state and final state contributions to BEs and to BE shifts, ΔBE. It is first shown how the BEs of core levels are related to the electronic structure by consideration of the BEs for a model atomic system to establish the origins and magnitudes of BE shifts. The mechanisms established for the model system are then applied to a review of XPS measurements and MO theory on a set of real examples. An important focus of the paper is to demonstrate that, in many cases, initial state mechanisms allow for a definitive interpretation of the XPS BE shifts and that an important role of theory is to provide qualitative explanations rather than quantitative agreement with XPS measurements. The mechanisms established are a guide to the interpretation of XPS measurements and consideration of these mechanisms may suggest additional calculations that would be useful. It is concluded that there is still a bright future for the coupling of ab initio MO theory with XPS measurements.

Materials Science↗

Fast-forwarding quantum evolution

We investigate the problem of fast-forwarding quantum evolution, whereby the dynamics of certain quantum systems can be simulated with gate complexity that is sublinear in the evolution time. We provide a definition of fast-forwarding that considers the model of quantum computation, the Hamiltonians that induce the evolution, and the properties of the initial states. Our definition accounts for any asymptotic complexity improvement of the general case and we use it to demonstrate fast-forwarding in several quantum systems. In particular, we show that some local spin systems whose Hamiltonians can be taken into block diagonal form using an efficient quantum circuit, such as those that are permutation-invariant, can be exponentially fast-forwarded. We also show that certain classes of positive semidefinite local spin systems, also known as frustration-free, can be polynomially fast-forwarded, provided the initial state is supported on a subspace of sufficiently low energies. Last, we show that all quadratic fermionic systems and number-conserving quadratic bosonic systems can be exponentially fast-forwarded in a model where quantum gates are exponentials of specific fermionic or bosonic operators, respectively. Our results extend the classes of physical Hamiltonians that were previously known to be fast-forwarded, while not necessarily requiring methods that diagonalize the Hamiltonians efficiently. We further develop a connection between fast-forwarding and precise energy measurements that also accounts for polynomial improvements.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Collectivity in Ultra-peripheral Heavy-ion and \(e+A\) Collisions

We review recent theoretical progress in describing collective effects in photon+nucleus collisions. The approaches considered range from the color glass condensate, where correlations are encoded in the initial state, to hydrodynamic frameworks, where a strong final-state response to the initial geometry of the collision is the key ingredient to generate momentum-space correlations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗