Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “imager”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2017

On-Orbit Line Spread Function Estimation of the SNPP VIIRS Imaging System from Lake Pontchartrain Causeway Bridge Images

The visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) instrument was launched 28 October 2011 onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite. The VIIRS instrument is a whiskbroom system with 22 spectral and thermal bands split between 16 moderate resolution bands (M-bands), five imagery resolution bands (I-bands) and a day-night band. In this study we estimate the along-scan line spread function (LSF) of the I-bands and M-bands based on measurements performed on images of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway Bridge. In doing so we develop a model for the LSF that closely matches the prelaunch laboratory measurements. We utilize VIIRS images co-geolocated with a Landsat TM image to precisely locate the bridge linear feature in the VIIRS images as a linear best fit to a straight line. We then utilize non-linear optimization to compute the best fit equation of the VIIRS image measurements in the vicinity of the bridge to the developed model equation. From the found parameterization of the model equation we derive the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) as an approximation of the sensor field of view (FOV) for all bands, and compare these on-orbit measured values with prelaunch laboratory results.

Tilton, James C.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Denoising with Three Dimensional Fourier Transform for Three Dimensional Images, Including Image Sequences

A method of mitigating noise in source image data representing pixels of a 3-D image. The "3-D image" may be any type of 3-D image, regardless of whether the third dimension is spatial, temporal, or some other parameter. The 3-D image is divided into three-dimensional chunks of pixels. These chunks are apodized and a three-dimensional Fourier transform is performed on each chunk, thereby producing a three-dimensional spectrum of each chunk. The transformed chunks are processed to estimate a noise floor based on spectral values of the pixels within each chunk. A noise threshold is then determined, and the spectrum of each chunk is filtered with a denoising filter based on the noise threshold. The chunks are then inverse transformed, and recombined into a denoised 3-D image.

DeForest, Craig E.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Observations from the GOES-R Solar UltraViolet Imager Extended Coronal Imaging Campaign

Solar corona in 17.1nm and 19.5nmwavelengths up to three solar radii from Sun center was observed by the Solar UltraViolet Imager (SUVI) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) –16 and GOES-17. The nominally Sun-pointed SUVI was off-pointed to the left and to the right of the Sun center at a regular cadence and a composite Extended Coronal Imaging (ECI) frame was created. The imaging area in the composite is about three times the nominal image area in the East-West direction (about 5*R(sub Sun) versus 1.6*R(sub Sun) for nominal images). The campaign was conducted in February (4 hours), June (72 hours), and August-September of 2018 (5 weeks). Limited solar CME activity during the 5-week campaign was observed in both the SUVI and LASCO C2 imagers. Some of the observations during this campaign include structures up to a few solar radii off the solar limb, and interesting coronal activity –both on and off the solar disk. They are presented here.

Tadikonda, Sivakumar K.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Extended Coronal Imaging with GOES-R Solar UltraViolet Imager

Solar corona in 17.1nm and 19.5nm wavelengths up to three solar radii from Sun center was observed by the Solar UltraViolet Imager (SUVI) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) – 16 and GOES‐17. The nominally Sun‐pointed SUVI was off‐pointed to the left and to the right of the Sun center at a regular cadence and a composite Extended Coronal Imaging (ECI) frame was created. The imaging area in the composite is about three times the nominal image area in the East‐West direction (about 5*R(sub Sun) versus 1.6*R(sub Sun) for nominal images). The campaign was conducted in February (4 hours), June (72 hours), and August‐September of 2018 (5 weeks). Limited solar CME activity during the 5‐week campaign was observed in both the SUVI and LASCO C2 imagers. Some of the observations during this campaign include structures up to a few solar radii off the solar limb, and interesting coronal activity – both on and off the solar disk. They are presented here.

EUV Solar Corona↗
NASA NTRS2023

Estimating the Subsolar Magnetopause Position from Soft X-Ray Images Using a Low-Pass Image Filter

The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager (LEXI) and Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) missions will image the Earth’s dayside magnetopause and cusps in soft X-rays after their respective launches in the near future, to specify global magnetic reconnection modes for varying solar wind conditions. To support the success of these scientific missions, it is critical to develop techniques that extract the magnetopause locations from the observed soft X-ray images. In this research, we introduce a new geometric equation that calculates the subsolar magnetopause position ( R s ) from a satellite position, the look direction of the instrument, and the angle at which the X-ray emission is maximized. Two assumptions are used in this method: (1) The look direction where soft X-ray emissions are maximized lies tangent to the magnetopause, and (2) the magnetopause surface near the subsolar point is almost spherical and thus R s is nearly equal to the radius of the magnetopause curvature. We create synthetic soft X-ray images by using the Open Geospace General Circulation Model (OpenGGCM) global magnetohydrodynamic model, the galactic background, the instrument point spread function, and Poisson noise. We then apply the fast Fourier transform and Gaussian low-pass filters to the synthetic images to remove noise and obtain accurate look angles for the soft X-ray peaks. From the filtered images, we calculate R 2 and its accuracy for different LEXI locations, look directions, and solar wind densities by using the OpenGGCM subsolar magnetopause location as ground truth. Our method estimates R s with an accuracy of <0.3 R E when the solar wind density exceeds >10 cm -3 . The accuracy improves for greater solar wind densities and during southward interplanetary magnetic fields. The method captures the magnetopause motion during southward interplanetary magnetic field turnings. Consequently, the technique will enable quantitative analysis of the magnetopause motion and help reveal the dayside reconnection modes for dynamic solar wind conditions. This technique will support the LEXI and SMILE missions in achieving their scientific objectives.

Hyangpyo Kim↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multihead Attention U‐Net for Magnetic Particle Imaging–Computed Tomography Image Segmentation

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging noninvasive molecular imaging modality with high sensitivity and specificity, exceptional linear quantitative ability, and potential for successful applications in clinical settings. Computed tomography (CT) is typically combined with the MPI image to obtain more anatomical information. Herein, a deep learning‐based approach for MPI‐CT image segmentation is presented. The dataset utilized in training the proposed deep learning model is obtained from a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer following administration of indocyanine green (ICG)‐conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoworms (NWs‐ICG) as the tracer. The NWs‐ICG particles progressively accumulate in tumors due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The proposed deep learning model exploits the advantages of the multihead attention mechanism and the U‐Net model to perform segmentation on the MPI‐CT images, showing superb results. In addition, the model is characterized with a different number of attention heads to explore the optimal number for our custom MPI‐CT dataset.

Juhong, Aniwat↗
NASA NTRS1976

Development and evaluation of a Hadamard transform imaging spectrometer and a Hadamard transform thermal imager

A spectrometric imager and a thermal imager, which achieve multiplexing by the use of binary optical encoding masks, were developed. The masks are based on orthogonal, pseudorandom digital codes derived from Hadamard matrices. Spatial and/or spectral data is obtained in the form of a Hadamard transform of the spatial and/or spectral scene; computer algorithms are then used to decode the data and reconstruct images of the original scene. The hardware, algorithms and processing/display facility are described. A number of spatial and spatial/spectral images are presented. The achievement of a signal-to-noise improvement due to the signal multiplexing was also demonstrated. An analysis of the results indicates both the situations for which the multiplex advantage may be gained, and the limitations of the technique. A number of potential applications of the spectrometric imager are discussed.

Harwit, M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Image quality prediction - An aid to the Viking lander imaging investigation on Mars

Image quality criteria and image quality predictions are formulated for the multispectral panoramic cameras carried by the Viking Mars landers. Image quality predictions are based on expected camera performance, Mars surface radiance, and lighting and viewing geometry (fields of view, Mars lander shadows, solar day-night alternation), and are needed in diagnosis of camera performance, in arriving at a preflight imaging strategy, and revision of that strategy should the need arise. Landing considerations, camera control instructions, camera control logic, aspects of the imaging process (spectral response, spatial response, sensitivity), and likely problems are discussed. Major concerns include: degradation of camera response by isotope radiation, uncertainties in lighting and viewing geometry and in landing site local topography, contamination of camera window by dust abrasion, and initial errors in assigning camera dynamic ranges (gains and offsets).

Huck, F. O.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images

The application of digital processing techniques to spacecraft television pictures and radar images is discussed. The use of digital rectification to produce contour maps from spacecraft pictures is described; images with azimuth and elevation angles are converted into point-perspective frame pictures. The digital correction of the slant angle of radar images to ground scale is examined. The development of orthophoto and stereoscopic shaded relief maps from digital terrain and digital image data is analyzed. Digital image transformations and rectifications are utilized on Viking Orbiter and Lander pictures of Mars.

Wu, S. S. C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

NASA Regional Planetary Image Facility image retrieval and processing system

The general design and analysis functions of the NASA Regional Planetary Image Facility (RPIF) image workstation prototype are described. The main functions of the MicroVAX II based workstation will be database searching, digital image retrieval, and image processing and display. The uses of the Transportable Applications Executive (TAE) in the system are described. File access and image processing programs use TAE tutor screens to receive parameters from the user and TAE subroutines are used to pass parameters to applications programs. Interface menus are also provided by TAE.

Slavney, Susan↗
NASA NTRS1988

Comparison of Shuttle Imaging Radar-B ocean wave image spectra with linear model predictions based on aircraft measurements

During October 1984, coincident Shuttle Imaging Radar-B synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and wave measurements from airborne instrumentation were acquired. The two-dimensional wave spectrum was measured by both a radar ocean-wave spectrometer and a surface-contour radar aboard the aircraft. In this paper, two-dimensional SAR image intensity variance spectra are compared with these independent measures of ocean wave spectra to verify previously proposed models of the relationship between such SAR image spectra and ocean wave spectra. The results illustrate both the functional relationship between SAR image spectra and ocean wave spectra and the limitations imposed on the imaging of short-wavelength, azimuth-traveling waves.

Monaldo, Frank M.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Autocorrelation and regularization in digital images. II - Simple image models

The variogram function used in geostatistical analysis is a useful statistic in the analysis of remotely sensed images. Using the results derived by Jupp et al. (1988), the basic second-order, or covariance, properties of scenes modeled by simple disks of varying size and spacing after imaging into disk-shaped pixels are analyzed to explore the relationship betwee image variograms and discrete object scene structure. The models provide insight into the nature of real images of the earth's surface and the tools for a complete analysis of the more complex case of three-dimensional illuminated discrete-object images.

Jupp, David L. B.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Image segmentation by iterative parallel region growing with application to data compression and image analysis

Image segmentation can be a key step in data compression and image analysis. However, the segmentation results produced by most previous approaches to region growing are suspect because they depend on the order in which portions of the image are processed. An iterative parallel segmentation algorithm avoids this problem by performing globally best merges first. Such a segmentation approach, and two implementations of the approach on NASA's Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) are described. Application of the segmentation approach to data compression and image analysis is then described, and results of such application are given for a LANDSAT Thematic Mapper image.

Tilton, James C.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Imaging infrared: Scene simulation, modeling, and real image tracking; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, Mar. 30, 31, 1989

Various papers on scene simulation, modeling, and real image tracking using IR imaging are presented. Individual topics addressed include: tactical IR scene generator, dynamic FLIR simulation in flight training research, high-speed dynamic scene simulation in UV to IR spectra, development of an IR sensor calibration facility, IR celestial background scene description, transmission measurement of optical components at cryogenic temperatures, diffraction model for a point-source generator, silhouette-based tracking for tactical IR systems, use of knowledge in electrooptical trackers, detection and classification of target formations in IR image sequences, SMPRAD: simplified three-dimensional cloud radiance model, IR target generator, recent advances in testing of thermal imagers, generic IR system models with dynamic image generation, modeling realistic target acquisition using IR sensors in multiple-observer scenarios, and novel concept of scene generation and comprehensive dynamic sensor test.

Triplett, Milton J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

An image recorded by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

The airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) is described, and an example of a false-color image recorded by this device is provided. The AVIRIS is capable of sensing in 209 visible and near-infrared wavebands with an 11km swath and a 20m spatial resolution. Evaluation flights for AVIRIS were made at an altitude of approximately 20km x 10.2km of low-lying and relatively flat irrigated land near Yuba City and Sacramento, California. Raw data were converted from digital numbers to radiance and radiometrically corrected at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Notch filtering in the frequency domain of the image was used to remove periodic noise. The illustration of both spatial and spectral properties on the false-color image are explained. AVIRIS is designed to be flown in an ER-2 aircraft and will serve as a test-bed sensor for the High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS) planned for the Earth Observing System.

Curran, Paul J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Studies on image compression and image reconstruction

During this six month period our works concentrated on three, somewhat different areas. We looked at and developed a number of error concealment schemes for use in a variety of video coding environments. This work is described in an accompanying (draft) Masters thesis. In the thesis we describe application of this techniques to the MPEG video coding scheme. We felt that the unique frame ordering approach used in the MPEG scheme would be a challenge to any error concealment/error recovery technique. We continued with our work in the vector quantization area. We have also developed a new type of vector quantizer, which we call a scan predictive vector quantization. The scan predictive VQ was tested on data processed at Goddard to approximate Landsat 7 HRMSI resolution and compared favorably with existing VQ techniques. A paper describing this work is included. The third area is concerned more with reconstruction than compression. While there is a variety of efficient lossless image compression schemes, they all have a common property that they use past data to encode future data. This is done either via taking differences, context modeling, or by building dictionaries. When encoding large images, this common property becomes a common flaw. When the user wishes to decode just a portion of the image, the requirement that the past history be available forces the decoding of a significantly larger portion of the image than desired by the user. Even with intelligent partitioning of the image dataset, the number of pixels decoded may be four times the number of pixels requested. We have developed an adaptive scanning strategy which can be used with any lossless compression scheme and which lowers the additional number of pixels to be decoded to about 7 percent of the number of pixels requested! A paper describing these results is included.

Sayood, Khalid↗
NASA NTRS1994

Technical guidance for the development of a solid state image sensor for human low vision image warping

This report surveys different technologies and approaches to realize sensors for image warping. The goal is to study the feasibility, technical aspects, and limitations of making an electronic camera with special geometries which implements certain transformations for image warping. This work was inspired by the research done by Dr. Juday at NASA Johnson Space Center on image warping. The study has looked into different solid-state technologies to fabricate image sensors. It is found that among the available technologies, CMOS is preferred over CCD technology. CMOS provides more flexibility to design different functions into the sensor, is more widely available, and is a lower cost solution. By using an architecture with row and column decoders one has the added flexibility of addressing the pixels at random, or read out only part of the image.

Vanderspiegel, Jan↗
NASA NTRS1994

Correcting the distortion of images taken with the ultraviolet imaging telescope

The Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) cameras include two-stage magnetically focused image intensifiers that introduce small but significant geometrical distortions into the data. These distortions, which create positional offsets as large as 25 arcsec at the field edges, are corrected by the procedure described here to 2-3 arcsec, approximately the resolution of the images. The distortion is measured by comparing and correcting UIT images to digitized Guidestar survey plates of the same fields. Two-dimensional third-order polynomials are used to model the distortion. The models assume that the distortion is an instrumental effect, independent of mission elapsed time and target, and that the effect of distortion is an instrumental effect, independent of mission elapsed time and target, and that the effect of distortion in the center of each field is minimal. The models are used to improve computed astrometric plate solutions and to remove the geometric distortion while transforming the image to a standard north-up, ease-left orientation.

Greason, M. R.↗