Test methodologies for hydrogen sensor performance assessment: Chamber vs. flow-through test apparatus
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30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “flow testing”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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The EGS Collab Project: Status and Accomplishments
The EGS Collab project, supported by the US Department of Energy, is addressing challenges in implementing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). This includes improving understanding of the stimulation of crystalline rock to create appropriate flow pathways, and the ability to effectively simulate both the stimulation and the flow and transport processes in the resulting fracture network. The project is performing intensively monitored rock stimulation and flow tests at the 10-m scale in an underground research laboratory. Data and observations from the field test are compared to simulations to understand processes and to build confidence in numerical modeling of the processes. In Experiment 1, we examined hydraulic fracturing an underground test bed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, at a depth of approximately 1.5 km. We drilled eight sub-horizontal boreholes in a well-characterized phyllite. Six of the boreholes were instrumented with many sensor types to allow careful monitoring of stimulation events and flow tests, and the other two boreholes were used for water injection and production. We performed a number of stimulations and flow tests in the testbed. Our monitoring systems allowed detailed observations and collection of numerous data sets of processes occurring during stimulation and during dynamic flow tests. Long-term ambient temperature and chilled water flow tests were performed in addition to many tracer tests to examine system behavior. Data were rapidly analyzed, allowing adaptive control of the tests. Numerical simulation was used to answer key experimental design questions, to forecast fracture propagation trajectories and extents, and to analyze and evaluate results. Many simulations were performed in near-real-time in conjunction with the field experiments, with more detailed process study simulations performed on a longer timeframe. Experiment 2 will examine hydraulic shearing in a test bed being built at the SURF at a depth of about 1.25 km in amphibolite under a different set of stress and fracture conditions than Experiment 1. Five sets of fracture orientations were considered in design, and three orientations seem to be consistently observed.
EGS Collab↗
Final report on Technical Demonstration and Economic Validation of Geothermally-Produced Electricity from Coproduced Water at Existing Oil/Gas Wells in Texas
The initial geothermal brine flow rate and temperature from the re-worked well were insufficient, after 2.5 days of flow testing, to justify advancing past Phase I of this project. The flow test was terminated less than 4 hours from the Phase I deadline for activity, and as such, additional flow tests of 2+ months may be undertaken in the future, without government support.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
The EGS Collab project: Outcomes and lessons learned from hydraulic fracture stimulations in crystalline rock at 1.25 and 1.5 km depth
With the goal of better understanding stimulation in crystalline rock for improving enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), the EGS Collab Project performed a series of stimulations and flow tests at 1.25 and 1.5 km depths. The tests were performed in two well-instrumented testbeds in the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, United States. The testbed for Experiment 1 at 1.5 km depth contained two open wells for injection and production and six instrumented monitoring wells surrounding the targeted stimulation zone. Four multi-step stimulation tests targeting hydraulic fracturing and nearly year-long ambient temperature and chilled water flow tests were performed in Experiment 1. The testbed for Experiments 2 and 3 was at 1.25 km depth and contained five open wells in an outwardly fanning five-spot pattern and two fans of well-instrumented monitoring wells surrounding the targeted stimulation zone. Experiment 2 targeted shear stimulation, and Experiment 3 targeted low-flow, high-flow, and oscillating pressure stimulation strategies. Hydraulic fracturing was successful in Experiments 1 and 3 in generating a connected system wherein injected water could be collected. However, the resulting flow was distributed dynamically, and not entirely collected at the anticipated production well. Thermal breakthrough was not observed in the production well, but that could have been masked by the Joule-Thomson effect. Shear stimulation in Experiment 2 did not occur - despite attempting to pressurize the fractures most likely to shear - because of the inability to inject water into a mostly-healed fracture, and the low shear-to-normal stress ratio. The EGS Collab experiments are described to provide a background for lessons learned on topics including induced seismicity, the correlation between seismicity and permeability, distributed and dynamic flow systems, thermoelastic and pressure effects, shear stimulation, local geology, thermal breakthrough, monitoring stimulation, grouting boreholes, modeling, and system management.
15 - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Evolution of Microstructure and Surface Characteristics of FeCrAl alloys when Subjected to Flow Boiling Testing
FeCrAl alloys are candidate materials for manufacturing accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding intended for light water reactors to increase fuel reliability and safety during design-basis and beyond-design-basis accident scenarios. The evolution of the materials' surface characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties when exposed to the Critical Heat Flux (CHF) in flow boiling testing is crucial for safety analysis while providing insights into their thermal-hydraulic performance in nuclear reactors. After CHF, the surface chemistry of two FeCrAl alloys, APMT and C26M, was studied to understand their evolution at the early stage of high-temperature excursions in short time periods. The results indicated a thin layer composed of oxides and hydroxides of Al, Cr, and Fe with varying proportions at different depths in the layer, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and depth profiling. The cross-sections prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) revealed the growth of an oxide layer, in the range of 90-180 nm thick, on the alloys' surfaces. The evolution of the materials' surface chemistry also led to a noticeable post CHF excursion increase in their wettability, with a slight increase in roughness. Further, the investigation of the materials' mechanical properties indicated a modest increase in hardness by 10-15% as well as an increase in their yield strength, as evidenced by the microindentation and ring compression tests conducted before and after CHF testing. Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate microstructural features of the materials and their changes after CHF treatment.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
TEAMER: DAISY Flow-noise Testing (Abstract)
Evaluating impacts of marine energy devices is generally difficult given the dynamic environment where these devices need to be placed. The University of Washington’s (UW) DAISY (The Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstem) is designed to measure radiated noise around marine energy converters operating in energetic waves and currents. In currents, a primary limitation for measurement fidelity at low frequencies (< 100 Hz) is the potential for non-propagating “flow-noise” to mask propagating sound and inflate estimates of the radiated noise from marine energy converters at frequencies that overlap with hearing sensitivities of fish and some marine mammals. While free-drifting measurements help to minimize the relative velocity that produces flow-noise, significant levels were still observed during initial DAISY tests. This motivated the development of a fabric “flow shield” around the hydrophone that disrupts both flow-noise generation mechanisms proposed by the initial tests. First, the flow shield is a source of substantial drag which keeps the hydrophone package moving with the approximate velocity of the surrounding water, compensating for differential wind or current forcing on the surface expression. By minimizing relative velocity around the hydrophone, turbulence shed by the hydrophone is also minimized. Second, the flow shield creates a largely quiescent pocket around the hydrophone, minimizing advection of free stream turbulence over the hydrophone element. Field data collected in these experiments will test effectiveness of these flow shields and provide quantitative data use and deployment.
16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
The EGS Collab Hydroshear Experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility – Siting Criteria and Evaluation of Candidate Sites
The objective of the EGS Collab project is to establish a suite of intermediate-scale (~10-20 m) field test beds coupled with stimulation and interwell flow tests to provide a basis to better understand fracture stimulation methods, resulting fracture geometries, and processes that control heat transfer between rock and stimulated fractures. Experiment 1 of the project is being conducted at a depth of ~1.5 km in the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) on the 4850 Level (ft. below the ground surface). The stimulation method planned for Experiment 2 of this project is hydroshearing of an existing natural fracture. In siting this experiment, there are several key geologic criteria that need to be met. These include: 1) the fracture should be least 10 m in length so that it could be intersected by two boreholes that are spaced that far apart; 2) it should be optimally oriented relevant to the stress field so that it is critically stressed; 3) the site should have appropriate stress conditions (not too shallow a depth); 4) the fracture should have sufficient permeability to allow for prestimulation flow testing, but not too high a permeability that would preclude permeability enhancement via shear stimulation; 5) the fracture should not intersect other features (permeable fractures, boreholes, adjacent drifts) that could serve as major leak-off zones; 6) the site should not be complicated by geology (a single lithology would be preferred). In addition, there are logistical criteria that will also influence site selection, including: 1) site availability/access, 2) logistical support, e.g., power, internet, water, operating rail system; 3) drift size and orientation compatible with drilling and site operations; 4) appropriate ground support. There are only two deep levels at SURF that can be accessed by the Yates Shaft: the 4100 and the 4850, so we limited our search to these two levels. Currently, three candidate sites are being evaluated: the existing Experiment 1 site and its surroundings on the West Drift on the 4850 level, and two locations on the 4100 level. This paper will evaluate advantages, disadvantages, and risks associated with these three options at SURF.
EGS Collab, Sanford Underground Research Facility↗
Single-Pass Flow-Through Test Elucidation of Weathering Behavior and Evaluation of Contaminant Release Models for Hanford Tank Residual Radioactive Waste
Contaminant release models are required to evaluate and predict long-term environmental impacts of even residual amounts of high-level radioactive waste after cleanup and closure of radioactively contaminated sites such as the DOE’s Hanford Site. More realistic and representative models have been developed for release of uranium, technetium, and chromium from Hanford Site tanks C-202, C-203, and C-103 residual wastes using data collected with a single-pass flow-through test (SPFT) method. These revised models indicate that contaminant release concentrations from these residual wastes will be considerably lower than previous estimates based on batch experiments. For uranium, a thermodynamic solubility model provides an effective description of uranium release, which can account for differences in pore fluid chemistry contacting the waste that could occur through time and as a result of different closure scenarios. Under certain circumstances in the SPFT experiments various calcium rich precipitates (calcium phosphates and calcite) form on the surfaces of the waste particles, inhibiting dissolution of the underlying uranium phases in the waste. This behavior was not observed in previous batch experiments. For both technetium and chromium, empirical release models were developed. In the case of technetium, release from all three wastes was modeled using an equilibrium Kd model. For chromium release, a constant concentration model was applied for all three wastes.
chromium↗
Robust foil regenerator flow loss and heat transfer tests under oscillating flow condition
A regenerator works as an energy storage component in a Stirling engine. Thus, it is one of the most critical components that makes the Stirling engine highly efficient. Traditionally, the regenerators are made of wire media such as woven screens and random fibers. These wire regenerators experience considerably high flow losses through the regenerator due to the flow separation and the resulting vortices. The high flow losses associated with the flow separation and vortices result in a lower engine efficiency. This research is to test a new robust foil regenerator to investigate its feasibility for free-piston Stirling engine applications. The robust foil regenerator is configured with parallel flow channels and stiffening ribs. Comparing to complex flows patterns in woven screen and random fiber regenerators, the flows in the parallel plates are simple and the flow losses are considerably small, and the heat transfer coefficient is also relatively small. To test the regenerator experimentally, a regenerator test rig was manufactured. To verify the accuracy of the test rig, a woven screen regenerator was made and tested prior to the robust foil regenerator test. The friction factor correlation of the woven screen regenerator shows a good agreement with the published regenerator correlations. The robust foil regenerator tests were conducted under the oscillating flow condition with different Reynolds numbers. The flow losses were measured with dynamic pressure transducers and the friction coefficient was derived from measured pressure drop. The measured temperature difference over the regenerator was used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number. The figure of merit with two methods of NPH/NTU ratio and j/f ratio was calculated to evaluate the suitability of the robust foil regenerator. The results show that the robust foil regenerator has considerably higher figure of merit and therefore, better performance than other types of regenerator.
42 ENGINEERING↗
EGS Collab Project Experiment 1 Overview and Progress
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) offer the potential to extract and use large quantities of clean energy, but questions remain on reservoir creation and sustainability. The EGS Collab project, supported by the US Department of Energy’s Geothermal Technologies Office, is establishing a suite of highly monitored and well-characterized intermediate-scale (~10-20 m) field test beds along with fracture stimulation and interwell flow tests to better understand processes that control formation of effective subsurface heat exchangers. EGS Collab tests will provide a means of testing tools and concepts that could later be employed under geothermal reservoir conditions at DOE’s Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) or enhanced geothermal systems. Key to the project is using numerical simulations in the experiment design and interpretation of results. Our first set of experiments is underway at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota. To date, stepwise stimulations have been performed at two locations, with the final stimulation connecting our injection and production wells. Numerous data have been collected and are currently being analyzed.
Enhanced Geothermal Systems, EGS Collab, Stimulati↗
Production Facility Prototype Blower Installation Report with 1000 Hour Test Results
The roots blower in use at ANL for in-beam experiments and also at LANL for flow tests was sized for 12 mm diameter disks and significantly less beam heating. Currently, the disks are 29 mm in diameter, with a 12 mm FWHM Gaussian beam spot at 42 MeV and 2.86 μA on each side of the target, 5.72 μA total. The target design itself is reported elsewhere. With the increased beam heating, the helium flow requirement increased so that a larger blower was needed for a mass flow rate of 400 g/s at 2.76 MPa (400 psig). An Aerzen GM 12.4 blower was selected, and is currently being installed at the LANL facility for target and component flow testing. This report describes this blower/motor/pressure vessel package and the status of the facility preparations. The blower has been operated for 1000 hours as a preliminary investigation of long term performance, operation and possible maintenance issues. The blower performed well, with no significant change in blower head or mass flow rate developed under the operating conditions. Upon inspection, some oil had leaked out of the shaft seal of the blower. The shaft seal and bearing race have been replaced. Test results and conclusions are reported.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Production Facility Prototype Blower 1000 Hour Test Results
The roots blower in use at ANL for in-beam experiments and also at LANL for flow tests was sized for 12 mm diameter disks and significantly less beam heating. Currently, the disks are 29 mm in diameter, with a 12 mm FWHM Gaussian beam spot at 42 MeV and 2.86 μA on each side of the target, 5.72 μA total. The target design itself is reported elsewhere. With the increased beam heating, the helium flow requirement increased so that a larger blower was needed for a mass flow rate of 400 g/s at 2.76 MPa (400 psig). An Aerzen GM 12.4 blower was selected, and is now installed at the LANL facility for target and component flow testing. Two extended tests of >1000 hr operation have been completed. Those results and discussion thereof are reported herein. Also included in Appendix A is the detailed description of the blower and its installation, while Appendix B documents the pressure vessel design analysis. The blower has been operated for 1000 hours as a preliminary investigation of long-term performance, operation and possible maintenance issues. The blower performed well, with no significant change in blower head or mass flow rate developed under the operating conditions. Upon inspection, some oil had leaked out of the shaft seal of the blower. The shaft seal and bearing race have been replaced. Test results and conclusions are in Appendix B.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Production Facility Prototype Blower Installation Report with 1000 Hr Test Results
The roots blower in use at ANL for in-beam experiments and also at LANL for flow tests was sized for 12 mm diameter disks and significantly less beam heating. Currently, the disks are 29 mm in diameter, with a 12 mm FWHM Gaussian beam spot at 42 MeV and 2.86 μA on each side of the target, 5.72 μA total. The target design itself is reported elsewhere. With the increased beam heating, the helium flow requirement increased so that a larger blower was needed for a mass flow rate of 400 g/s at 2.76 MPa (400 psig). An Aerzen GM 12.4 blower was selected, and is currently being installed at the LANL facility for target and component flow testing. This report describes this blower/motor/pressure vessel package and the status of the facility preparations. The blower has been operated for 1000 hours as a preliminary investigation of long-term performance, operation and possible maintenance issues. The blower performed well, with no significant change in blower head or mass flow rate developed under the operating conditions. Upon inspection, some oil had leaked out of the shaft seal of the blower. The shaft seal and bearing race have been replaced.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Project: Advanced Oxy-Combustion Technology Development and Scale Up for New and Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants (Phase II) (Final Report)
The objective of this project was to develop an advanced Oxy-Combustion Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor (Oxy-PFBC) technology and mature it to TRL 6 through pilot testing. Performance goals included demonstrating capture of 90% or greater of the produced carbon dioxide, with no more than a 35% increase in the cost of electricity. A 1 MWth pilot scale plant was designed, built and operated at CanmetENERGY in Ottawa. Extensive support work was carried out on component testing, analysis and commercial planning. The team members included GTI, Linde, Natural Resources Canada (CanmetENERGY), Pennsylvania State University, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and General Electric. Additional research was provided by the University of Ottawa. Funding was provided by the US Department of Energy, Alberta Innovates and each of the team members. The total funding for Phase II was $\$$18.537M with $\$$12.058M. The period of performance for Phase II was from July 1, 2014 through December 31, 2018. Component testing conducted in preparation for pilot testing included cold flow testing at atmospheric and pressurized conditions, and coal and limestone reactivity tests at elevated temperatures and pressures. These tests validated in-bed heat exchanger heat transfer capability, bed stability, and coal particle residence time predictions. They also quantified coal and limestone reactivity at the expected combustor temperatures and pressures. The 1 MWth pilot testing achieved all performance goals with the exception of carbon conversion. The combustor achieved oxy-combustion at the full target pressure of 8 bar. Two key combustor performance goals that were achieved include exceeding the target sulfur capture in the combustor as well as exceeding the acid dewpoint target at full operating pressure. This validates assumptions about the pressures that can be achieved without acid gas condensation and the associated corrosion risks. The ability to achieve target operating pressures supports combustor cost assumptions. In addition, the CO 2 processing unit (CPU), demonstrated a new technology, the deoxidation (DeOxo) reactor. The CPU achieved all of its performance targets, while the DeOxo reactor demonstrated the ability to achieve 100 ppm or less of oxygen in the flue gas stream to meet CO 2 pipeline specs. The pilot combustor was damaged during testing and an incident investigation was conducted. The primary cause of the hardware damage was due to anomalous temperature readings, caused by sensors buried and insulated in bed particles trapped by heat exchanger tubes near the wall. This led to higher gas velocities than intended, which then caused lower fuel residence time, lower carbon conversion, freeboard burning, and undetected excess temperatures in the combustor. As a result, the TRL 6 goal was not achieved. Updated technoeconomic analysis predicts that the Oxy-PFBC can achieve the goal of <35% increase in COE with 90% CO 2 capture if the carbon conversion performance target can be demonstrated in future testing.
20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
BOP-301 and BOP-302R: Test Definitions and Analyses
Following the conclusion of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) coordinated research project (CRP) on analysis of two EBR-II tests, Argonne has continued its EBR-II analysis with additional tests from the Shutdown Heat Removal Test (SHRT) series. The tests selected for this follow-up analysis are BOP-301 and BOP-302R, two unprotected loss of heat of sink tests in which the intermediate sodium pump tripped without scramming the control rods or tripping the primary pumps. The IAEA CRP focused on the SHRT-17 and SHRT-45R tests, the most severe protected and unprotected loss of flow tests performed during the SHRT series. With the primary pumps tripping, flow rates decreased to levels where flowmeter uncertainty was very high. Accurately capturing the progressions of the two tests despite this uncertainty was one of the key modeling and simulation challenges during the CRP. BOP-301 and BOP-302R were selected because the primary sodium pumps did not trip for those tests. Primary flow rate measurements are known with greater certainty. Power and temperature discrepancies can be explored without concern that flow predictions match test measurements but not the actual flow rates from the tests. These two tests were performed during the same test window as SHRT-45R and had the same core load configuration. Therefore, core models created for analysis of SHRT-45R were easily adapted for analysis of BOP-301 and BOP-302R. Another reason for analyzing BOP-301 and BOP-302R is to analyze tests in which the core inlet temperature changed significantly, which did not occur during the loss of flow tests. The transient progression of the unprotected SHRT-45R test was driven by a decreasing core flow rate while the core inlet temperature remained relatively constant. For the BOP tests, the transient progression was driven by an increasing core inlet temperature while the core flow rate was stable. This report defines the BOP-301 and BOP-302R tests and provides a selection of measured test data. Initial predictions from SAS4A/SASSYS-1 simulations of these tests are then presented. Following these simulations, additional analysis was performed with the Dakota uncertainty quantification and optimization toolkit to determine which parameters have the greater impact on the transient results and the optimal values of the most important parameters.
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
Summary Report on the Testing of Flow Formed 3013 Outer Containers Manufactured by Dynamic Flowform Inc. as a Supplement to SRS Requirement G-ESR-G000035 Item 7, Container Configuration
The following tests were conducted on containers and storage packages produced from components manufactured by Dynamic Flowform Inc. (DFF). 1) Burst, and 2) Drop. All of the tested containers exhibited burst pressures that were well in excess of the minimum specified design pressure. The tested storage packages remained leak-tight after being dropped from a height of nine meters. Test results demonstrate that the outer containers made from components manufactured by DFF are in compliance with requirements specified in DOE STD 3013 and G-ESR-G-00035. These containers are acceptable for use by LANL for the ARIES Oxide Production (OP) project. This report supplements the information submitted by LANL relative to item 7 previously approved in 2007 to meet the requirements outlined in G-ESR-G-00035. The outer containers, addressed by this report, were produced by DFF using a different manufacturing process than described in drawings and specifications in appendix A of G-ESR-G-00035. LANL is submitting this supplemental item 7 for approval to use the DFF containers for ARIES OP. The DFF containers will be limited to use with ARIES OP material meeting the innocuous definition as outlined in LA-UR-11-04417.
42 ENGINEERING↗
EGS Collab Experiment 1: Microseismic Monitoring
The U.S. Department of Energy's Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) Collab project aims to improve our understanding of hydraulic stimulations in crystalline rock for enhanced geothermal energy production through execution of intensely monitored meso-scale experiments. The first experiment is being performed at the 4850 ft level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), approximately 1.5 km below the surface at Lead, South Dakota. Here we report on microseismic monitoring of repeated stimulation experiments and subsequent flow tests between two boreholes in the Poorman Formation. Stimulations were performed at several locations in the designated injection borehole at flow rates from 0.1 to 5 L/min over temporal durations from minutes to hours. Microseismic monitoring was performed using a dense 3D sensor array including two cemented hydrophone strings with 12 sensors at 1.75 m spacing accompanied by 18 3-C accelerometers, deployed in 6 monitoring boreholes, completely surrounding the stimulation region. Continuous records were obtained over a two-month period using a novel dual recording system consisting of a conventional 96 channel exploration seismograph and a high-performance 64 channel digitizer sampling sensors at 4 and 100 kHz respectively. Using a standard STA/LTA triggering algorithm, we detected thousands of microseismic events with recorded energy in a frequency range generally above 3 kHz and up to 40 kHz. The locations of these events are consistent with creation of a hydraulic fracture and additional reactivation of pre-existing structures. Using manual pick refinement and double-difference relocation we are able to track the fracture growth to high precision. We estimate the times and locations of the fracture intersecting a monitoring and the production borehole using microseismic events. They are in excellent agreement with independent measurements using distributed temperature sensing, in-situ strain observations and measurements of conductivity changes. This submission includes a microearthquake catalog, raw event files, a subset of the continuous microseismic monitoring data collected during stimulations and flow test activity on 05/22/2018, 05/23/2018, 05/24/2018, 05/25/2018, 06/25/2018, 07/19/2018, 07/20/2018, 12/7/2018, 12/20/2018, and 12/21/2018 (in binary format), and a binary file interpreter to read the continuous microseismic monitoring data. A Stanford Geothermal Workshop paper is also included to describe microseismic monitoring activities at SURF during these periods.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
A high-pressure flow through test vessel for neutron imaging and neutron diffraction-based strain measurement of geological materials
Neutron scattering and neutron imaging have emerged as powerful methods for experimentally investigating material deformation and fluid flow in the interior of otherwise inaccessible or opaque structures. This paper describes the design and provides example uses of a pressure cell developed for investigating such behaviors within geological materials. The cell can accommodate cylindrical samples with diameters up to 38.1 mm and lengths up to 154 mm. Additionally, ports in the cell and a pressure isolating sleeve around the sample allow the independent application of confining pressure up to 69 MPa and axial pressure up to 34.5 MPa. Furthermore, two material versions of the cell have been manufactured and used to date. An aluminum version is typically used for temperatures below 40 °C, because of its relative transparency to neutrons, while a titanium version, which is comparatively more neutron attenuating, is used for experiments requiring triaxial pressurization under conditions up to 350 °C. The pressure cells were commissioned at the VULCAN engineering diffractometer at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Spallation Neutron Source, and have since been used at the ORNL high flux isotope reactor CG1-D imaging beamline, National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) BT-2, and NIST NG6 imaging beamlines.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗