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DOE OSTI2019

SNOLAB Deep Underground Scientific Research Operations

Investigations at the frontiers of particle physics are driving key experiments deep underground to escape cosmic-rays and other backgrounds that overwhelm sensitive searches for dark matter, exotic particles, and neutrino properties. The international neutrino physics community has come together to develop the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a leading-edge experiment for neutrino science and proton decay studies. This experiment, together with the facility that will support it, the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF), will be an internationally designed, coordinated and funded program, hosted at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois. The DUNE experimental facility will be sited deep underground (1.5km) at Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD, and will become the deepest experimental facility operated by Fermilab. SNOLAB is a unique world-class international facility for deep underground scientific research. Located 2 km underground near Sudbury, Ontario, SNOLAB hosts a suite of surface facilities and laboratories. The science program at SNOLAB is primarily focused on subatomic and astroparticle physics, specifically the search for dark matter and neutrino studies. As the second-deepest underground lab facility, SNOLAB has gained considerable experience in deep underground scientific research operations. The purpose of this agreement is to leverage the unique capabilities of both Fermilab and SNOLAB to accomplish the following: Provide Fermilab with additional, direct experience in deep underground scientific research operations at SNOLAB to help improve the operational support for SURF. Provide SNOLAB with an experienced leader to serve as Interim Associate Director for Program Integration & Operations, while SNOLAB conducts its search for a permanent hire.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

The Forward Physics Facility: Sites, Experiments, and Physics Potential

The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) is a proposal to create a cavern with the space and infrastructure to support a suite of far-forward experiments at the Large Hadron Collider during the High Luminosity era. Located along the beam collision axis and shielded from the interaction point by at least 100 m of concrete and rock, the FPF will house experiments that will detect particles outside the acceptance of the existing large LHC experiments and will observe rare and exotic processes in an extremely low-background environment. In this work, we summarize the current status of plans for the FPF, including recent progress in civil engineering in identifying promising sites for the FPF; the FPF experiments currently envisioned to realize the FPF’s physics potential; and the many Standard Model and new physics topics that will be advanced by the FPF, including searches for long-lived particles, probes of dark matter and dark sectors, high-statistics studies of TeV neutrinos of all three flavors, aspects of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD, and high-energy astroparticle physics.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

Snowmass Early Career

The Snowmass 2021 strategic planning process provided an essential opportunity for the United States high energy physics and astroparticle (HEPA) community to come together and discuss upcoming physics goals and experiments. As this forward-looking perspective on the field often reaches far enough into the future to surpass the timescale of a single career, consideration of the next generation of physicists is crucial. The 2021 Snowmass Early Career (SEC) organization aimed to unite this group, with the purpose of both educating the newest generation of physicists while informing the senior generation of their interests and opinions. SEC is the latest in a series of the previously dubbed "Snowmass Young" organizations, from 2013 and 2001. This iteration has expanded on these efforts to significantly increase involvement and broaden the representation of the early career community in the process. Early career physicists are the future of the field. They will design, build, and operate next-generation experiments, and put in the work to usher in new discoveries. They are also disproportionately involved in work to improve the climate within HEPA. This document summarizes the work of SEC in consolidating a huge variety of physics perspectives and community opinions towards a bright, strategic future.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Environmental sustainability in basic research: a perspective from HECAP+

The climate crisis and the degradation of the world's ecosystems require humanity to take immediate action. The international scientific community has a responsibility to limit the negative environmental impacts of basic research. The HECAP+ communities (High Energy Physics, Cosmology, Astroparticle Physics, and Hadron and Nuclear Physics) make use of common and similar experimental infrastructure, such as accelerators and observatories, and rely similarly on the processing of big data. Our communities therefore face similar challenges to improving the sustainability of our research. This document aims to reflect on the environmental impacts of our work practices and research infrastructure, to highlight best practice, to make recommendations for positive changes, and to identify the opportunities and challenges that such changes present for wider aspects of social responsibility.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Basic Scientific Cooperation for Visits and Assignments of Scientific and Technical Personnel

The purpose of this CRADA is to establish the procedures, standards and policies for visits and assignments of scientific and technical personnel, including student exchanges, between Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) and the Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC) to foster cooperation in the area of particle and astroparticle physics and cosmology. The CRADA supports the basic and fundamental research to build collaboration with international partners that can help both share the cost of large-scale projects as well as add valuable capabilities and expertise that may not exist within the U.S.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2026

SUSY 2025 at UC Santa Cruz (Final Technical Report)

The 32nd International Conference on Supersymmetry and the Unification of Fundamental Interactions (SUSY 2025) took place from August 18--23, 2025. During the week preceding the SUSY 2025 conference, the associated pre-SUSY school took place from August 11--15, 2025. Both events were organized and hosted by the Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The SUSY 2025 conference brought together theorists and experimentalists specializing in particle physics, astroparticle physics, cosmology, mathematical physics, and string theory to discuss recent developments in these areas, with a focus on theoretical aspects and experimental searches associated with phenomena that lie beyond the Standard Model of particle physics and the standard mathematical framework of modern cosmology. The pre-SUSY school provided advanced pedagogical lectures for graduate students and early-career postdoctoral researchers on many of the foundational topics that were subsequently addressed in the main SUSY 2025 conference that followed. DOE support helped increase accessibility for early-career scientists by covering conference support costs that enabled free participation in the pre-SUSY school and substantially reduced registration fees for students attending the conference.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

ProtoDUNE-VD for Beyond the Standard Model Searches: Initial Studies and Future Prospects

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino program designed to address fundamental questions in neutrino and astroparticle physics. ProtoDUNE, operating at the CERN Neutrino Platform, serves as a full-scale prototype for the DUNE Far Detector. In particular, the ProtoDUNE Vertical Drift (ProtoDUNE-VD) detector provides a powerful testbed for validating reconstruction and event selection techniques for future DUNE operations. In addition to detector R&D, ProtoDUNE enables a novel parasitic beam-dump search for beyond-the-Standard-Model (BSM) particles. However, it faces several challenges. Most notably, the ProtoDUNE-VD modules operate on the surface and are consequently exposed to an intense flux of cosmic rays, which requires a dedicated trigger. In addition, standard neutrinos are also produced in the T2 target area from the decay of unstable mesons, constituting a relevant background, which needs to be well understood and characterized a priori. We present the first studies based on 2025 data taken with a trigger designed to identify neutrino candidates at ProtoDUNE-VD. ProtoDUNE-VD’s high-resolution LArTPC imaging allows detailed reconstruction of decay and scattering signatures. This work demonstrates the complementarity of traditional tools such as Pandora and modern machine-learning approaches, providing key input for atmospheric neutrino and rare-event searches in the DUNE Vertical Drift program.

Bagdu, Halit [U. Iowa, Iowa City]↗

DOE OSTI2020

Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory

The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE): groups of at least two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO program embraces testing known CR and CRE scenarios, and preparing to observe unexpected physics, it is also suitable for multi-messenger and multi-mission applications. Perfectly matched to CREDO capabilities, CRE could be formed both within classical models (e.g., as products of photon–photon interactions), and exotic scenarios (e.g., as results of decay of Super-Heavy Dark Matter particles). Their fronts might be significantly extended in space and time, and they might include cosmic rays of energies spanning the whole cosmic-ray energy spectrum, with a footprint composed of at least two extensive air showers with correlated arrival directions and arrival times. As the CRE are predominantly expected to be spread over large areas and, due to the expected wide energy range of the contributing particles, such a CRE detection might only be feasible when using all available cosmic-ray infrastructure collectively, i.e., as a globally extended network of detectors. Thus, with this review article, the CREDO Collaboration invites the astroparticle physics community to actively join or to contribute to the research dedicated to CRE and, in particular, to pool together cosmic-ray data to support specific CRE detection strategies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2017

On Integral Upper Limits Assuming Power-law Spectra and the Sensitivity in High-energy Astronomy

The high-energy non-thermal universe is dominated by power-law-like spectra. Therefore, results in high-energy astronomy are often reported as parameters of power-law fits, or, in the case of a non-detection, as an upper limit assuming the underlying unseen spectrum behaves as a power law. In this paper, I demonstrate a simple and powerful one-to-one relation of the integral upper limit in the two-dimensional power-law parameter space into the spectrum parameter space and use this method to unravel the so-far convoluted question of the sensitivity of astroparticle telescopes.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Neutrino Theory in the Precision Era

This document summarises discussions on future directions in theoretical neutrino physics, which are the outcome of a neutrino theory workshop held at CERN in February 2025. The starting point is the realisation that neutrino physics offers unique opportunities to address some of the most fundamental questions in physics. This motivates a vigorous experimental programme which the theory community fully supports. \textbf{A strong effort in theoretical neutrino physics is paramount to optimally take advantage of upcoming neutrino experiments and to explore the synergies with other areas of particle, astroparticle, and nuclear physics, as well as cosmology.} Progress on the theory side has the potential to significantly boost the physics reach of experiments, as well as go well beyond their original scope. Strong collaboration between theory and experiment is essential in the precision era. To foster such collaboration, \textbf{we propose to establish a CERN Neutrino Physics Centre.} Taking inspiration from the highly successful LHC Physics Center at Fermilab, the CERN Neutrino Physics Centre would be the European hub of the neutrino community, covering experimental and theoretical activities.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS2003

Beam Tests of the Balloon-Borne ATIC Experiment

The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) balloon-borne experiment is designed to perform cosmic-ray elemental spectra measurement from 50 GeV to 100 TeV for nuclei from hydrogen to iron. These measurements are expected to provide crucial hints about some of the most fundamental questions in astroparticle physics today. ATTIC'S design centers on an 18 radiation length (X(sub Omnicron)) deep bismuth germanate (BGO) calorimeter, preceded by a 0.75 lambda(sub int) graphite target. In September 1999 the ATIC detector was exposed to high-energy beams at CERN's SPS accelerator, within the framework of the development program for the Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for the Space Station (ACCESS). In December 2000 - January 2001, ATIC flew on the first of a series of long duration balloon (LDB) flights from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. We present here results from the 1999 beam-tests, including energy resolutions for electrons and protons at several beam energies from 100 GeV to 375 GeV, as well as signal linearity and collection efficiency estimates. We show how these results compare with expectations based on simulations, and their expected impacts on mission performance.

Ganel, O.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Goddard's Astrophysics Science Divsion Annual Report 2014

The Astrophysics Science Division (ASD, Code 660) is one of the world's largest and most diverse astronomical organizations. Space flight missions are conceived, built and launched to observe the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum, from gamma rays to centimeter waves. In addition, experiments are flown to gather data on high-energy cosmic rays, and plans are being made to detect gravitational radiation from space-borne missions. To enable these missions, we have vigorous programs of instrument and detector development. Division scientists also carry out preparatory theoretical work and subsequent data analysis and modeling. In addition to space flight missions, we have a vibrant suborbital program with numerous sounding rocket and balloon payloads in development or operation. The ASD is organized into five labs: the Astroparticle Physics Lab, the X-ray Astrophysics Lab, the Gravitational Astrophysics Lab, the Observational Cosmology Lab, and the Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Lab. The High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) is an Office at the Division level. Approximately 400 scientists and engineers work in ASD. Of these, 80 are civil servant scientists, while the rest are resident university-based scientists, contractors, postdoctoral fellows, graduate students, and administrative staff. We currently operate the Swift Explorer mission and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. In addition, we provide data archiving and operational support for the XMM mission (jointly with ESA) and the Suzaku mission (with JAXA). We are also a partner with Caltech on the NuSTAR mission. The Hubble Space Telescope Project is headquartered at Goddard, and ASD provides Project Scientists to oversee operations at the Space Telescope Science Institute. Projects in development include the Neutron Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) mission, an X-ray timing experiment for the International Space Station; the Transiting Exoplanet Sky Survey (TESS) Explorer mission, in collaboration with MIT (Ricker, PI); the Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) for the Astro-H mission in collaboration with JAXA, and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), the highest ranked mission in the 2010 decadal survey, is in a pre-phase A study, and we are supplying study scientists for that mission.

Caltech on the NuSTAR mission↗

NASA NTRS2017

POEMMA: Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics

The Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) mission is being designed to establish charged-particle astronomy with ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and to observe cosmogenic tau neutrinos (CTNs). The study of UHECRs and CTNs from space will yield orders-of-magnitude increase in statistics of observed UHECRs at the highest energies, and the observation of the cosmogenic flux of neutrinos for a range of UHECR models. These observations should solve the long-standing puzzle of the origin of the highest energy particles ever observed, providing a new window onto the most energetic environments and events in the Universe, while studying particle interactions well beyond accelerator energies. The discovery of CTNs will help solve the puzzle of the origin of UHECRs and begin a new field of Astroparticle Physics with the study of neutrino properties at ultra-high energies.

Olinto, Angela V.↗

NASA NTRS2019

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station: Results from the First Two Years On Orbit

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a high-energy astroparticle physics space experiment installed on the International Space Station (ISS), developed and operated by Japan in collaboration with Italy and the United States. The CALET mission goals include the investigation of possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons, of the details of galactic particle acceleration and propagation, and of potential signatures of dark matter. CALET measures the cosmic-ray electron+positron flux up to 20 TeV, gamma-rays up to 10 TeV, and nuclei with Z=1 to 40 up to 1,000 TeV for the more abundant elements during a long-term observation aboard the ISS. Starting science operation in mid-October 2015, CALET performed continuous observation without major interruption with close to 20 million triggered events over 10 GeV per month. Based on the data taken during the rst two-years, we present an overview of CALET observations: 1) Electron+positron energy spectrum, 2) Nuclei analysis, 3) Gamma-ray observation including a characterization of on-orbit performance. Results of the electromagnetic counterpart search for LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave events are discussed as well.

Y Asaoka↗

DOE OSTI2015

CALOR2012 XVth International Conference on Calorimetry in High Energy Physics

The International Conferences on Calorimetry in High Energy Physics, or the CALOR series, have always been where the calorimeter experts come together to review the state of calorimetry and bring forth new ideas every two years. The fteenth conference, CALOR2012, in Santa Fe was no exception. Although they were built roughly a decade ago, we are now witnessing the exceptional power of the LHC calorimeters and the crucial role they have been playing in the discovery of the 125 GeV Higgs-like boson. As we ruminate on the coming generation of experiments at the next (linear) collider and on the upgrades at the LHC, we are heartened by the substantial advances we made in calorimetry in the last decade. These advances will certainly help uncover new physics in the years to come, not only at colliders but also in astroparticle experiments that take advantage of natural elements such as air, water, and ice. The proceedings were published by the IOP in Journal of Physics, Vol 404 2011. The conference web site is calor2012.ttu.edu.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2015

The Intermediate Neutrino Program

The US neutrino community gathered at the Workshop on the Intermediate Neutrino Program (WINP) at Brookhaven National Laboratory February 4-6, 2015 to explore opportunities in neutrino physics over the next five to ten years. Scientists from particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics participated in the workshop. The workshop examined promising opportunities for neutrino physics in the intermediate term, including possible new small to mid-scale experiments, US contributions to large experiments, upgrades to existing experiments, R&D plans and theory. The workshop was organized into two sets of parallel working group sessions, divided by physics topics and technology. Physics working groups covered topics on Sterile Neutrinos, Neutrino Mixing, Neutrino Interactions, Neutrino Properties and Astrophysical Neutrinos. Technology sessions were organized into Theory, Short-Baseline Accelerator Neutrinos, Reactor Neutrinos, Detector R&D and Source, Cyclotron and Meson Decay at Rest sessions.This report summarizes discussion and conclusions from the workshop.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2017

The Intermediate Neutrino Program

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2016

The Escaramujo Project: Instrumentation Courses During a Road Trip Across the Americas

The Escaramujo Project was a series of eight hands-on laboratory courses on High Energy Physics and Astroparticle Instrumentation, in Latinamerican Institutions. The Physicist Federico Izraelevitch traveled on a van with his wife and dogs from Chicago to Buenos Aires teaching the courses. The sessions took place at Institutions in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia at an advanced undergraduate and graduate level. During these workshops, each group built a modern cosmic ray detector based on plastic scintillator and silicon photomultipliers, designed specifically for this project. After the courses, a functional detector remained at each institution to be used by the faculty to facilitate the training of future students and to support and enable local research activities. The five-days workshops covered topics such as elementary particle and cosmic ray Physics, radiation detection and instrumentation, low-level light sensing with solid state devices, front-end analog electronics and object-oriented data analysis (C++ and ROOT). Throughout this initiative, about a hundred of talented and highly motivated young students were reached. With the detector as a common thread, they were able to understand the designing principles and the underlying Physics involved in it, build the device, start it up, characterize it, take data and analyze it, mimicking the stages of a real elementary particle Physics experiment. Besides the aims to awaken vocations in science, technology and engineering, The Escaramujo Project was an effort to strengthen the integration of Latinamerican academic institutions into the international scientific community.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗