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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2013

Probing the Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Rate with Trigger Simulations of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope

The gamma-ray burst (GRB) rate is essential for revealing the connection between GRBs, supernovae and stellar evolution. Additionally, the GRB rate at high redshift provides a strong probe of star formation history in the early universe. While hundreds of GRBs are observed by Swift, it remains difficult to determine the intrinsic GRB rate due to the complex trigger algorithm of Swift. Current studies of the GRB rate usually approximate the Swift trigger algorithm by a single detection threshold. However, unlike the previously own GRB instruments, Swift has over 500 trigger criteria based on photon count rate and additional image threshold for localization. To investigate possible systematic biases and explore the intrinsic GRB properties, we develop a program that is capable of simulating all the rate trigger criteria and mimicking the image threshold. Our simulations show that adopting the complex trigger algorithm of Swift increases the detection rate of dim bursts. As a result, our simulations suggest bursts need to be dimmer than previously expected to avoid over-producing the number of detections and to match with Swift observations. Moreover, our results indicate that these dim bursts are more likely to be high redshift events than low-luminosity GRBs. This would imply an even higher cosmic GRB rate at large redshifts than previous expectations based on star-formation rate measurements, unless other factors, such as the luminosity evolution, are taken into account. The GRB rate from our best result gives a total number of 4568 +825 -1429 GRBs per year that are beamed toward us in the whole universe.

simulations↗
NASA NTRS2017

Comparison of the Effects of Velocity and Range Triggers on Trajectory Dispersions for the Mars 2020 Mission

Mars 2020, the next planned U.S. rover mission to land on Mars, is based on the design of the successful 2012 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. Mars 2020 retains most of the entry, descent, and landing (EDL) sequences of MSL, including the closed-loop entry guidance scheme based on the Apollo guidance algorithm. However, unlike MSL, Mars 2020 will trigger the parachute deployment and descent sequence on range trigger rather than the previously used velocity trigger. This difference will greatly reduce the landing ellipse sizes. Additionally, the relative contribution of each models to the total ellipse sizes have changed greatly due to the switch to range trigger. This paper considers the effect on trajectory dispersions due to changing the trigger schemes and the contributions of these various models to trajectory and EDL performance.

Dutta, Soumyo↗
NASA NTRS2020

Potential of GPM IMERG Precipitation Estimates to Monitor Natural Disaster Triggers in Urban Areas: the Case of Rio deJaneiro, Brazil

Extreme rainfall can be a catastrophic trigger for natural disaster events at urban scales. However, there remains large uncertainties as to how satellite precipitation can identify these triggers at a city scale. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of satellite-based rainfall estimates to monitor natural disaster triggers in urban areas. Rainfall estimates from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission are evaluated over the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where urban floods and landslides occur periodically as a result of extreme rainfall events. Two rainfall products derived from the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), the IMERG Early and IMERG Final products, are integrated into the Noah Multi-Parameterization (Noah-MP) land surface model in order to simulate the spatial and temporal dynamics of two key hydrometeorological disaster triggers across the city over the wet seasons during 2001-2019. Here, total runoff (TR) and rootzone soil moisture (RZSM) are considered as flood and landslide triggers, respectively. Ground-based observations at 33 pluviometric stations are interpolated, and the resulting rainfall fields are used in an in-situ precipitation-based simulation, considered as the reference for evaluating the IMERG-driven simulations. The evaluation is performed during the wet seasons (November-April), when average rainfall over the city is 4.4mm/day. Results show that IMERG products show low spatial variability at the city scale, generally overestimate rainfall rates by 12-35%, and impacts on TR and RZSM vary spatially mostly as a function of land cover and soil types. Results based on statistical and categorical metrics show that IMERG skill in detecting extreme events is moderate, with IMERG Final performing slightly better for most metrics. By analyzing two recent storms, we observe that IMERG detects mostly hourly extreme events, but underestimates rainfall rates, resulting in underestimated TR and RZSM. An evaluation of normalized time series using percentiles shows that both satellite products have significantly improved skill in detecting extreme events when compared to the evaluation using absolute values, indicating that IMERG precipitation could be potentially used as a predictor for natural disasters in urban areas.

IMERG↗
DOE OSTI2022

Neutrino Interaction Identification for the DUNE Trigger

The DUNE will be a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment using a high purity muon neutrino beam and near detector, both located at the FNAL, and a far detector hosted 1300 km downstream at the SURF. The 10 kt fiducial mass of LAr will allow DUNE to have a rich off-beam neutrino physics programme, including the study of neutrino signals from core collapse supernovae. The SP DUNE FD module will read out ionisation data at a rate of 1.2 TB\textsuperscript{-1} whilst only a total data volume of 30 PB per year can be permanently stored. DUNE will make use of FPGA resources in the front-end of the DAQ as part of the necessitated triggering system. This thesis presents a validation study of the FPGA-based TPG in the front-end DAQ using data collected by the ProtoDUNE experiment hosted at the CERN. The FPGA-based TPG was utilised as the first stage of a baseline SNB trigger whose performance was evaluated using simulated neutrino interactions for a $11.2 m_\odot$ progenitor star. The efficiency of the baseline SNB trigger was determined to have a lower limit of $97.7\substack{+ 0.2\\ -0.3}\%$ for supernovae at a distance of 20kpc, achieving the technical requirements set out for DUNE. To improve the performance of the SNB trigger at greater SNB distances, the use of a bounding box proposal network, YOLOv3, was explored. This was found to improve the efficiency of the SNB trigger to 100\% up to the far side of the Milky Way galaxy and to $92.5\substack{+ 0.5\\ -0.5}\%$ at the Large Magellanic Cloud.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Prediction of pellet mass thresholds for ELM triggering in low-collisionality, ITER-like discharges

Abstract In ITER, pellets are calculated to require more than 8 times the mass than currently planned to reliably trigger edge-localized modes (ELMs). Unmitigated heat flux impulses from ELMs are intolerable in ITER at full power and current. Therefore, ITER operation relies on multiple approaches to control ELM heat fluxes. One method is pellet ELM pacing to instigate small rapid ELMs with low heat flux. Predicting the performance of pellet pacing is critical for ITER, which is expected to operate in a regime with a low-collisionality, peeling-limited pedestal. However, to trigger ELMs the local pressure increase in the expanding pellet cloud pushes the equilibrium over the ballooning stability limit. In this work, linear and nonlinear M3D-C1 simulations are used to predict pellet mass thresholds in DIII-D discharges and ITER scenarios with peeling-limited pedestals. It is found that the distance of the equilibrium’s operational point from the ballooning branch of the pedestal stability boundary strongly changes thresholds. Linear M3D-C1 simulations find a strong dependence of the pellet mass threshold on the poloidal injection location for ITER’s 15 MA, Q = 10 scenario. The required pellet mass at the planned injection locations is 8 to 17 times larger than currently considered. However, such linear simulations do not include pellet ablation physics or time evolution of density and temperature. A new scheme of 2D nonlinear simulations, coupled with linear stability analysis at various steps throughout the nonlinear time evolution, was developed to include such physics and improve on the linear results. These new nonlinear-to-linear simulations confirm previous findings. This result suggests that pellet ELM triggering in ITER could require pellets much larger than those currently planned, which makes ELM-pacing operationally challenging. On the other hand, fueling pellets injected from the high-field side will likely not unintentionally trigger ELMs in an otherwise ELM-stable plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Simulation of triggering and evolution of ELM by pellet injection in EAST under BOUT++ framework

A BOUT ++ three-field magnetohydrodynamic model is employed to study the triggering and evolution of edge localized mode (ELM) by Li pellets injected along the outer mid-plane in the EAST configuration. The linear simulation shows that compared with a large deposition on the pedestal top (scenario I), a smaller deposition within the steep-gradient pedestal region (scenario II) can stimulate much larger linear growth rates of all-n peeling-ballooning modes (PBMs). The nonlinear simulation shows that there exists a pellet size threshold for ELM triggering for two deposition locations; the threshold for scenario I predicted in the present study matches the EAST observation well. Comparison of the two scenarios reveals that a smaller deposition is sufficient to trigger an ELM in a much shorter time in scenario II, whose ELM size is comparable to that in scenario I. This conclusion confirms previous DIII-D and ASDEX-Upgrade observations, suggesting that the steep-gradient pedestal region is a favorable deposition location for ELM triggering with minimum pellet size. Simulation analyses also find that the positive radial gradient of the hump-like pressure profile in the outer mid-plane induced by the pellet deposition plays a different role in the two scenarios. In scenario I, the force resulting from the gradient hinders the outflow of core plasmas and in return, the perturbation is suppressed from spreading inwards after ELM crashes. In scenario II, with a sizable deposition, the gradient results in another competitive perturbation growth region during the linear phase, thus dispersing the free energy and reducing the efficiency of destabilizing PBMs by pellet injection. The suppressing effect of saturated zonal flow on other modes, the short ELM fast crash phase, and the restricting transport effect of the positive radial pressure gradient work together to constrain the pedestal energy loss, especially when the pellet deposition amount is high.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of the CMS high-level trigger during LHC Run 2

The CERN LHC provided proton and heavy ion collisions during its Run 2 operation period from 2015 to 2018. Proton-proton collisions reached a peak instantaneous luminosity of 2.1× 10 34 cm -2 s -1 , twice the initial design value, at √(s)=13 TeV. The CMS experiment records a subset of the collisions for further processing as part of its online selection of data for physics analyses, using a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 trigger, implemented in custom-designed electronics, and the high-level trigger, a streamlined version of the offline reconstruction software running on a large computer farm. This paper presents the performance of the CMS high-level trigger system during LHC Run 2 for physics objects, such as leptons, jets, and missing transverse momentum, which meet the broad needs of the CMS physics program and the challenge of the evolving LHC and detector conditions. Sophisticated algorithms that were originally used in offline reconstruction were deployed online. Highlights include a machine-learning b tagging algorithm and a reconstruction algorithm for tau leptons that decay hadronically.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

High-level hadronic tau lepton triggers of the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at √(s) = 13.6 TeV

The trigger system of the CMS detector is pivotal in the acquisition of data for physics measurements and searches. Studies of final states characterized by hadronic decays of tau leptons require the reconstruction and the identification of genuine tau leptons against quark- and gluon-initiated jets at the trigger level. This is a difficult task, particularly as improvements to the LHC have resulted in an increased number of interactions per bunch crossing in recent years. To address this challenge, a series of machine-learning algorithms with high identification efficiency and low computational cost have been incorporated into the high-level trigger for hadronically decaying tau leptons. In this paper, these developments and the trigger performance are summarized using data collected by the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at √(s) = 13.6 TeV in 2022–2023, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 62 fb -1 .

Particle identification methods↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of the CMS high-level trigger during LHC Run 2

The CERN LHC provided proton and heavy ion collisions during its Run 2 operation period from 2015 to 2018. Proton-proton collisions reached a peak instantaneous luminosity of 2.1 $\times$ 10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$, twice the initial design value, at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. The CMS experiment records a subset of the collisions for further processing as part of its online selection of data for physics analyses, using a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 trigger, implemented in custom-designed electronics, and the high-level trigger, a streamlined version of the offline reconstruction software running on a large computer farm. This paper presents the performance of the CMS high-level trigger system during LHC Run 2 for physics objects, such as leptons, jets, and missing transverse momentum, which meet the broad needs of the CMS physics program and the challenge of the evolving LHC and detector conditions. Sophisticated algorithms that were originally used in offline reconstruction were deployed online. Highlights include a machine-learning b tagging algorithm and a reconstruction algorithm for tau leptons that decay hadronically.

high energy physics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Performance of the missing transverse momentum triggers for the ATLAS detector during Run-2 data taking

The factor of four increase in the LHC luminosity, from 0.5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 to 2.0 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 , and the corresponding increase in pile-up collisions during the 2015–2018 data-taking period, presented a challenge for the ATLAS trigger, particularly for those algorithms that select events with missing transverse momentum. The output data rate at fixed threshold typically increases exponentially with the number of pile-up collisions, so the legacy algorithms from previous LHC data-taking periods had to be tuned and new approaches developed to maintain the high trigger efficiency achieved in earlier operations. A study of the trigger performance and comparisons with simulations show that these changes resulted in event selection efficiencies of > 98% for this period, meeting and in some cases exceeding the performance of similar triggers in earlier run periods, while at the same time keeping the necessary bandwidth within acceptable limits.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Status of the data acquisition, trigger, and slow control systems of the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab

The Mu2e experiment at the Fermilab will search for a coherent neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus with a sensitivity improvement by a factor of 10,000 over existing limits. In this work, the Mu2e Trigger and Data Acquisition System (TDAQ) uses otsdaq framework as the online Data Acquisition System (DAQ) solution. Developed at Fermilab, otsdaq integrates several framework components — an artdaq-based DAQ, an art-based event processing, and an EPICS-based detector control system (DCS), and provides a uniform multi-user interface to its components through a web browser. Data streams from the Mu2e tracker and calorimeter are handled by the artdaq-based DAQ and processed by a one-level software trigger implemented within the art framework. Events accepted by the trigger have their data combined, post-trigger, with the separately read out data from the Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto system. Foundation of the Mu2e DCS, EPICS – an Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System – is an open-source platform for monitoring, controlling, alarming, and archiving. A prototype of the TDAQ and the DCS systems has been built and tested over the last three years at Fermilab’s Feynman Computing Center, and now the production system installation is underway. This work presents their status and focus on the installation plans and procedures for racks, workstations, network switches, gateway computers, DAQ hardware, slow controls implementation, and testing.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Understanding Trigger Linkage Dynamics in Energetic Materials Using Mixed Picramide Nitrate Ester Explosives

The ability to predict the handling sensitivity of new organic energetic materials has been a longstanding goal. We report the synthesis and characterization of six new nitropicramide energetic materials with mixed functional groups that mimic known explosives such as nitroglycerin, erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). The molecules have been studied theoretically using quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to identify the weakest bond in the reactants - the trigger-linkages - which control handling sensitivity, and to quantify their specific enthalpies of explosion. In good accord with the drop weight impact sensitivity data, our calculations predict that the sensitivities of the molecules are very similar owing to the small variations of the energy output and rates of trigger linkage rupture. In addition, both the QMD and DFT calculations point to the nitropicramide N–NO 2 bonds as the trigger linkages rather than the more typical O–NO 2 bonds. We propose that the switch of the trigger linkage from the nitrate esters to the nitramine groups arises from the strongly electron withdrawing character of the adjacent trinitrobenzene groups.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Preliminary Analysis of Source Physics Experiment Explosion-Triggered Microseismicity Using the Back-Projection Method

A series of four chemical explosions were detonated in a deep borehole within the Yucca Flat Dry Alluvium Geology (DAG) at the Nevada National Security Site between 2018 and 2019. The two larger chemical explosions of 50 tons (DAG-2) and 10 tons (DAG-4) TNT equivalent yield triggered energetic aftershock sequences numbering 1392 and 347 microearthquakes, respectively, within the first 10 days. No significant aftershock activity was observed for the two smaller 1-ton explosions (DAG-1 and DAG-3). Here, we used a back-projection method based on travel-time migration and stacking of signal-to-noise ratio traces to detect, associate and locate aftershocks from a subset of 22-geophones within a larger 2 urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb54910:jgrb54910-math-0001 2 km seismic array surrounding the borehole. The aftershocks located within 300 m of the borehole and the depths were above the working points of 300 and 50 m depths of DAG-2 and DAG-4, respectively, ruling out triggering slip on geologic faults or disturbances beneath neighboring collapse craters. DAG-2 and DAG-4 aftershocks decayed at similar rates, with power-law exponents of p = 1.48 and p = 1.49, respectively. These decay rates are comparable to aftershocks sequences triggered by earthquakes and historical nuclear explosions at Yucca Flat. A smooth power-law aftershock decay within the first 10 days suggests a triggering mechanism from explosion generated stress relaxation due to the diffusion of high gas pressures in the cavity and radial fractures. A more random and episodic aftershock rate would be expected due to cavity collapse or falling rubble in chimney formation.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Recognition competes with hydration in anion-triggered monolayer formation of cyanostar supra-amphiphiles at aqueous interfaces

The triggered self-assembly of surfactants into organized layers at aqueous interfaces is important for creating adaptive nanosystems and understanding selective ion extraction. While these transformations require molecular recognition, the underlying driving forces are modified by the local environment in ways that are not well understood. Herein, we investigate the role of ion binding and ion hydration using cyanosurf, which is composed of the cyanostar macrocycle, and its binding to anions that are either size-matched or mis-matched and either weakly or highly hydrated. We utilize the supra-amphiphile concept where anion binding converts cyanosurf into a charged and amphiphilic complex triggering its self-organization into monolayers at the air–water interface. Initially, cyanosurf forms aggregates at the surface of a pure water solution. When the weakly hydrated and size-matched hexafluorophosphate (PF 6 - ) and perchlorate (ClO 4 - ) anions are added, the macrocycles form distinct monolayer architectures. Surface-pressure isotherms reveal significant reorganization of the surface-active molecules upon anion binding while infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy show the ion-bound complexes are well ordered at the interface. Vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy shows the water molecules in the interfacial region are highly ordered in response to the charged monolayer of cyanosurf complexes. Consistent with the importance of recognition, we find the smaller mis-matched chloride does not trigger the transformation. However, the size-matched phosphate (H 2 PO 4 - ) also does not trigger monolayer formation indicating hydration inhibits its interfacial binding. These studies reveal how anion-selective recognition and hydration both control the binding and thus the switching of a responsive molecular interface.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Deciphering yield modification of hadron-triggered semi-inclusive recoil jets in heavy-ion collisions

Jet quenching is recognized as critical evidence for the existence of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and serves as an essential probe to study its transport properties. Measurements of hadron-triggered semi-inclusive recoil jets have gained popularity due to its capability to probe jets over an extended phase space at low transverse momenta (p T ) and large radii. Recent ALICE measurements showed that the I AA , yield ratio of recoil jets between heavy-ion and p+p collisions, rises with jet p T and exceeds unity at high p T , contradicting conventional expectations that jet quenching should result in I AA values less than one. In this contribution, we re-examine the surface bias and study the effects of energy losses for both trigger hadrons and recoil jets on I AA , employing the Linear Boltzmann Transport (LBT) model to simulate jet-medium interactions. Our findings suggest that a large portion of hadrons used for the triggers undergoes substantial energy loss, despite surface bias. In particular, the energy loss of the trigger hadrons elevates the I AA baseline, corresponding to the case of no energy loss for recoil jets, to be greatly larger than unity. This enhancement of the baseline implies that the measured I AA values being larger than unity could still signal jet quenching.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Bifurcation from L-mode to internal transport barrier triggered by a magnetic island in tokamak plasmas

Magnetic islands are believed to be responsible for triggering the internal transport barrier (ITB) around the rational surface and hence improves confinement in magnetic confinement fusion plasma, for more than two decades. Although some recent theoretical or modelling works support this hypothesis, the direct experimental demonstration on the ITB triggered by a magnetic island is still missing. Here, we report the first experimental observation that the increase in the magnetic island width triggers the bifurcation of the plasma transport state from a low confinement mode (L-mode) to an ITB mode in tokamak plasma. At medium island widths, the bifurcation appears with a dithering phase, i.e. plasma transitions from L-mode to ITB or vice versa quasi-periodically. As the island width further increases, the dithering ITB transitions into a steady ITB. The electron temperature gradient inside the ITB increases with island width. The trigger of the ITB and further enhancement of the ITB performance are also demonstrated by locking the island via applying a resonant magnetic perturbation field. The reduction of density fluctuations in the ITB region is observed and indicates turbulence suppression during ITB formation. These findings offer new insights for understanding ITB formation and robust ITB control.

internal transport barrier↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hard-photon-triggered jets in 𝑝−𝑝 and 𝐴−𝐴 collisions

An investigation of high-transverse-momentum (high-𝑝 𝑇 ) photon-triggered jets in proton-proton (𝑝−𝑝) and ion-ion (𝐴−𝐴) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=0.2 and 5.02TeV is carried out, using the multistage description of in-medium jet evolution. Monte Carlo simulations of hard scattering and energy loss in heavy-ion collisions are performed using parameters tuned in a previous study of the nuclear modification factor (𝑅 𝐴⁢𝐴 ) for inclusive jets and high-𝑝𝑇 hadrons. We obtain a good reproduction of the experimental data for photon-triggered jet 𝑅 𝐴⁢𝐴 , as measured by the ATLAS detector, the distribution of the ratio of jet to photon 𝑝 𝑇 (𝑋 𝐽⁢𝛾 ), measured by both CMS and ATLAS, and the photon-jet azimuthal correlation as measured by CMS. We obtain a moderate description of the photon-triggered jet 𝐼 𝐴⁢𝐴 , as measured by STAR. A noticeable improvement in the comparison is observed when one goes beyond prompt photons and includes bremsstrahlung and decay photons, revealing their significance in certain kinematic regions, particularly at 𝑋 𝐽⁢𝛾 >1. Moreover, azimuthal angle correlations demonstrate a notable impact of bremsstrahlung photons on the distribution, emphasizing their role in accurately describing experimental results. This work highlights the success of the multistage model of jet modification to straightforwardly predict (this set of) photon-triggered jet observables. This comparison, along with the role played by bremsstrahlung photons, has important consequences on the inclusion of such observables in a future Bayesian analysis.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Efficient Contingency Analysis in Power Systems via Network Trigger Nodes

Modeling failure dynamics within a power system is a complex and challenging process due to multiple inter-dependencies and convoluted inter-domain relationships. Subject matter experts (SMEs) are interested in understanding these failure dynamics for reducing the impact from future disasters (i.e., losses or failures of power system components, such as transmission lines). Contingency analysis (CA) tools enable such ’what-if’ scenario analyses to evaluate the impacts on the power system. Analyzing all possible contingencies among N system components can be computationally expensive. An important step for performing CA is identifying a set of k ‘trigger’ components, which when failed initially can significantly impact the overall system by causing multiple failures. Currently SMEs focus on identifying these trigger components by running expensive simulations on all possible subsets, which quickly becomes infeasible. Hence finding a relevant set of trigger components (contingencies) rapidly to enable efficient and useful CA is crucial.In a collaboration between computer scientists and power system experts, we propose an efficient method for performing CA by exploiting network inter-dependencies in power system components. First, we construct a network with multiple electric grid infrastructure components and dependencies as connections among them. We reformulate the problem of finding a set of trigger components as a problem of identifying critical nodes in the network, which can cascade power failures through connected nodes and cause significant damage to the network. To guide the practical CA tools, we develop a network-based model with a probabilistic edge-weights setup using intricate domain rules. Then we conduct an empirical study on real power system data in the US for both regional and national levels. Firstly, we use power system datasets for the US to create a national-scale domain-driven model. Secondly, we demonstrate that network-based model outperforms the outputs from a real CA tool and show on average 25 × improved selection of contingencies, thereby showcasing practical benefits to the power experts.

Tabassum, Anika↗