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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2001

Electrical Transmission on the Lunar Surface: DC Transmission - Part 1

This report summarizes a portion of the results from a grant at Auburn University to study the electrical and thermal energy management for lunar facilities. Over the past year (June 1989 to May 1990) the following topics have been investigated: June 1989 to November 1989 - Literature survey, assessment of lunar power needs, and overview study of the requirements of a lunar power system; November 1989 to April 1990 - Develop models for the study of dc electrical power transmission lines for the lunar surface; March 1990 to May 1990 - Develop models for the study of ac electrical power transmission lines for the lunar surface. Because of the large amount of information in the model development and application to a wide parameter space this report is being bound separately. This report specifically contains the model development and parameter study for dc electrical power transmission lines. The end of the funding year (May 1990) will conclude with an annual report including the literature survey, the overview of the requirements of a lunar power system, and summaries of the dc and ac models of electrical transmission lines.

Gordon, Lloyd B.↗
DOE OSTI2025

CPUC Avoided Transmission and Distribution Cost Study to Support the Avoided Cost Calculator: Avoided Transmission Costs Draft Research Plan

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) have been contracted by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Energy Division (ED) to perform a study which explores and selects an improved methodology to estimate avoided electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) infrastructure costs that can be attributed to the presence of distributed energy resources (DERs). PNNL is performing the study for avoided electricity transmission infrastructure costs and LBNL is performing the study for avoided electricity distribution infrastructure costs. This document summarizes CPUC’s research questions related to avoided transmission infrastructure costs and PNNL’s proposed technical approach to answer these questions.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Automated correlative segmentation of large Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM) tomograms using deep learning

Highlights: • A unique automated segmentation approach for large 3D nanotomography datasets obtained by Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM) in an Al-Cu alloy. • Automated segmentation using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture based on a deep learning approach was employed. • This extremely versatile technique is capable of emulating the manual segmentation process effectively. • Quantitative comparison between manual segmentation and CNN architecture established the accuracy of this automated technique. • Its ability to robustly process ultra-large volumes of data in relatively small time frames can exponentially accelerate tomographic data analysis. - Abstract: A unique correlative approach for automated segmentation of large 3D nanotomography datasets obtained using Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM) in an Al-Cu alloy has been introduced. Automated segmentation using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture based on a deep learning approach was employed. This extremely versatile technique is capable of emulating the manual segmentation process effectively. Coupling this technique with post-scanning SEM imaging ensured precise estimation of 3D morphological parameters from nanotomography. The segmentation process as well as subsequent analysis was expedited by several orders of magnitude. Quantitative comparison between segmentation performed manually and using the CNN architecture established the accuracy of this automated technique. Its ability to robustly process ultra-large volumes of data in relatively small time frames can exponentially accelerate tomographic data analysis, possibly opening up novel avenues for performing 4D characterization experiments with finer time steps.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Measurement of transmission efficiency for 400 MeV proton beam through collimator at Fermilab MuCool Test Area using Chromox-6 scintillation screen

The MuCool Test Area (MTA) at Fermilab is a facility to develop the technology required for ionization cooling for a future Muon Collider and/or Neutrino Factory. As part of this research program, feasibility studies of various types of RF cavities in a high magnetic field environment are in progress. As a unique approach, we have tested a RF cavity filled with a high pressure hydrogen gas with a 400 MeV proton beam in an external magnetic field (B = 3 T). Quantitative information about the number of protons passing through this cavity is an essential requirement of the beam test. The MTA is a flammable gas (hydrogen) hazard zone. Due to safety reasons, no active (energized) beam diagnostic instrument can be used. Moreover, when the magnetic field is on, current transformers (toroids) used for beam intensity measurements do not work due to the saturation of the ferrite material of the transformer. Based on these requirements, we have developed a passive beam diagnostic instrumentation using a combination of a Chromox-6 scintillation screen and CCD camera. This paper describes details of the beam profile and position obtained from the CCD image with B = 0 T and B = 3 T, and for high and low intensity proton beams. A comparison is made with beam size obtained from multi-wires detector. Beam transmission efficiency through a collimator with a 4 mm diameter hole is measured by the toroids and CCD image of the scintillation screen. Results show that the transmission efficiency estimated from the CCD image is consistent with the toroid measurement, which enables us to monitor the beam transmission efficiency even in a high magnetic field environment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Investigation of a stripline transmission line structure for gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line high power microwave sources

A stripline gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) was constructed out of yttrium iron garnet ferrite and tested at charge voltages of 35 kV–55 kV with bias fields ranging from 10 kA/m to 20 kA/m. Typically, high power gyromagnetic NLTLs are constructed in a coaxial geometry. While this approach has many advantages, including a uniform transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode, simple interconnection between components, and the ability to use oil or pressurized gas as an insulator, the coaxial implementation suffers from complexity of construction, especially when using a solid insulator. By moving to a simpler transmission line geometry, NLTLs can be constructed more easily and arrayed on a single substrate. This work represents a first step in exploring the suitability of various transmission line structures, such as microstrips and coplanar waveguides. The resulting high power microwave (HPM) source operates in ultra high frequency (UHF) band with an average bandwidth of 40.1% and peak rf power from 2 MW to 12.7 MW.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Atomic physics modeling of transmission spectra of Sc-doped aerogel foams to support OMEGA experiments

We present synthetic transmission spectra generated with PrismSPECT utilizing both the ATBASE model and the Los Alamos opacity library (OPLIB) to evaluate whether an alternative choice in atomic data will impact modeling of experimental data from radiation transport experiments using Sc-doped aerogel foams (ScSi{sub 6}O{sub 12} at 75 mg/cm{sup 3} density). We have determined that in the 50-200 eV T{sub e} range there is a significant difference in the 1s-3p spectra, especially below 100 eV, and for T{sub e} = 200 eV above 5000 eV in photon energy. Examining synthetic spectra generated using OPLIB with 300 resolving power reveals spectral sensitivity to T{sub e} changes of ∼3 eV.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Interarea Oscillation Damping Control Using High-Voltage DC Transmission: A Survey

High-voltage, direct current (HVDC) transmission lines are increasingly being installed in power systems around the world, and this trend is expected to continue with advancements in power electronics technology. These advancements are also bringing multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) systems closer to practical application. In addition, the continued deployment of phasor measurement units (PMUs) makes dynamic information about a large power system readily available for highly controllable components, such as HVDC lines. All these trends have increased the appeal of modulating HVDC lines and MTDC systems to provide grid services in addition to bulk power transfers. This paper provides a literature survey of HVDC and MTDC damping controllers for interarea oscillations in large interconnected power systems. The literature shows a progression from theoretical research to practical applications. There are already practical implementations of HVDC modulation for lines in point-to-point configuration, although the modulation of MTDC systems is still in the research stage. As a conclusion, this paper identifies and summarizes open questions that remain to be tackled by researchers and engineers.

Elizondo, Marcelo A. (ORCID:000000026621252X)↗
DOE OSTI2019

Surface Temperature Effect on Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients for Jet Impingement Cooling of Electric Machines with Automatic Transmission Fluid: Preprint

In this study, the results of NREL's continued work on experimental characterization of the thermal performance of free-surface jets of automatic transmission fluid impinged on a heated target surface are presented. The measured heat transfer coefficients are useful for understanding factors influencing performance of driveline fluid-based cooling systems for electric machines and help designers in developing high-performance, power-dense and reliable machines. Experiments were carried out for different fluid and target surface temperatures (50 degrees C, 70 degrees C, and 90 degrees C for the fluid and 90 degrees C, 100 degrees C, 110 degrees C, and 120 degrees C for the target surface). Impinging jet velocities (0.5 m/s to 7.5 m/s) and the jet position on the target surface (center versus edge) were also varied. The impinging angle was kept at 90 degrees relative to the target surface. It was found that higher target surface temperature increased heat transfer coefficients, namely, increasing surface temperature from 90 degrees C to 120 degrees C enhanced heat transfer coefficient values at higher impinged jet velocities (7.5 m/s) by up to 15%.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Role of Gas in Determining Image Quality and Resolution During In Situ Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments

As gas-solid heterogeneous catalytic reactions are molecular in nature, a full mechanistic understanding of the process requires atomic scale characterization under realistic operating conditions. While atomic resolution imaging has become a routine in modern high-vacuum (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM), both image quality and resolution nominally degrade when reaction gases are introduced. In this work, we systematically assess the effects of different gases at various pressures on the quality and resolution of images obtained at room temperature in the annular dark field STEM imaging mode using a differentially pumped (DP) gas cell. This imaging mode is largely free from inelastic scattering effects induced by the presence of gases and retains good imaging properties over a wide range of gas mass/pressures. We demonstrate the application of the ESTEM with atomic resolution images of a complex oxide alkane oxidation catalyst MoVNbTeOx (M1) immersed in light and heavy gas environments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Cu2ZnSnSe4 Photovoltaic Absorber Layers Evaluated by Transmission X-Ray Microscopy Tomography: Composition Fluctuations on the Length Scale of Grains

The origins of open-circuit voltage deficits in Cu2ZnSnS(e)4-based solar cells have been an intense topic of research over the past few years as device efficiencies have never approached those of CuInGaSe2 based cells despite the materials sharing similar crystal and electronic structures. In this work, we use transmission X-ray microscopy tomography to investigate the length scales over which elemental fluctuations occur. We find and show evidence of micron-scale Cu to Zn anti-correlations over a previously inaccessible combination of resolution and sample size that is consistent with the length scale of grains in this material. This result yields further insight into the causes of the large open-circuit voltage deficits regularly seen in these devices as well as the challenges of achieving compositional homogeneity in this material.

composition fluctuations↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transmission electron microscopy characterization of the fuel-cladding chemical interactions in HT9 cladded U-10Zr fuel

Fuel cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) is a key phenomenon needs to be better understood to establish the design basis for U-10Zr metallic fuel performance. Characterizing the microstructure and chemical composition of FCCI at micron and sub-micron scale is critically important toward a more mechanistic understanding of FCCI phenomenon and its potential effects on cladding integrity and metallic fuel performance. This paper, by using transmission electron microscopy, investigated the FCCI region in HT9 cladded U-10Zr fuel irradiated to 5.7% FIMA burnup at a peak inner cladding temperature of 615 °C in Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF). Four distinct layers are identified in the FCCI region. The migration of Fe into the fuel side leads to the formation of several U-Zr-Fe ternary phases, including ?-Fe0.5Zr0.32U0.18, e-Fe0.3Zr0.4U0.3, and ?-Fe0.06Zr0.23U0.71, mingled with UFe2, U6Fe, and U phase at various Fe penetration depth up to ~ 150 µm. On the cladding side, grain coarsening and significant lanthanides infiltration along grain boundaries are observed. Laves phase, (Fe,Cr)2(Mo,W), which typically does not exist in fresh HT9, is identified in a wide radial range in the cladding. The typical HT9 martensitic lath structure and pre-existing M23C6 precipitates disappear, partially or completely, depending on the radial distance from the fuel-cladding interface. Those microstructural and compositional changes could cause mechanical degradation in the HT9 cladding. The present characterization results will improve the understanding of FCCI phenomenon and facilitate the development of microstructure-informed FCCI modeling for metallic fuel.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2015

In Situ Heater Design for Nanoscale Synchrotron-Based Full-Field Transmission X-Ray Microscopy

Abstract The oxidation of nickel powder under a controlled gas and temperature environment was studied using synchrotron-based full-field transmission X-ray microscopy. The use of this technique allowed for the reaction to be imaged in situ at 55 nm resolution. The setup was designed to fit in the limited working distance of the microscope and to provide the gas and temperature environments analogous to solid oxide fuel cell operating conditions. Chemical conversion from nickel to nickel oxide was confirmed using X-ray absorption near-edge structure. Using an unreacted core model, the reaction rate as a function of temperature and activation energy were calculated. This method can be applied to study many other chemical reactions requiring similar environmental conditions.

in situ↗
DOE OSTI2020

An Open-Cell Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Technique for In Situ Characterization of Samples in Aqueous Liquid Solutions

The desire to image specimens in liquids has led to the development of open-cell and closed-cell techniques in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The closed-cell approach is currently more common in TEM and has yielded new insights into a number of biological and materials processes in liquid environments. The open-cell approach, which requires an environmental TEM (ETEM), is technically challenging but may be advantageous in certain circumstances due to fewer restrictions on specimen and detector geometry. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach to open-cell liquid TEM, in which we use salt particles to facilitate the in situ formation of droplets of aqueous solution that envelope specimen particles coloaded with the salt. This is achieved by controlling sample temperature between 1 and 10°C and introducing water vapor to the ETEM chamber above the critical pressure for the formation of liquid water on the salt particles. Our use of in situ hydration enables specimens to be loaded into a microscope in a dry state using standard 3 mm TEM grids, allowing specimens to be prepared using trivial sample preparation techniques. Furthermore, our future aim will be to combine this technique with an in situ light source to study photocorrosion in aqueous environments.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Phase Transitions in Metal–Organic Frameworks Directly Monitored through In Situ Variable Temperature Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy and In Situ X-ray Diffraction

Zr 6 -based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with tetratopic organic linkers have been extensively investigated owing to their versatile structural tunability. While diverse topologies and polymorphism in the resulting MOFs are often encountered with tetratopic linkers and Zr 6 nodes, reports on phase transitions within these systems are rare. Thus, we have a limited understanding of polymorph transformations, hindering the rational development of pure phase materials. In this study, a phase transition from a microporous MOF, scu-NU-906, to a mesoporous MOF, csq-NU-1008, was discovered and monitored through in situ variable temperature liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (VT-LCTEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and in situ variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction (VT-PXRD). Furthermore, it was found that the microporous- to-mesoporous transformation in the presence of formic acid occurs via a concomitant dissolution–reprecipitation process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Defects in paramagnetic Co-doped ZnO films studied by transmission electron microscopy

We study planar defects in epitaxial Co:ZnO dilute magnetic semiconductor thin films deposited on c-plane sapphire (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}), as well as the Co:ZnO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} interface, using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Co:ZnO samples that were deposited using pulsed laser deposition and reactive magnetron sputtering are both found to contain extrinsic stacking faults, incoherent interface structures, and compositional variations within the first 3–4 Co:ZnO layers next to the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} substrate. The stacking fault density is in the range of 10{sup 17} cm{sup −3}. We also measure the local lattice distortions around the stacking faults. It is shown that despite the relatively high density of planar defects, lattice distortions, and small compositional variation, the Co:ZnO films retain paramagnetic properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗