Gamma-ray astronomy.
Space gamma radiation in form of quanta with extremely high energies, discussing satellite- borne detectors, spark chambers, etc
Fichtel, C. E.↗
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Gamma ray astronomy balloon results
High altitude balloon flight results of gamma rays digitized spark chamber telescope
Fichtel, C. E.↗
Gamma ray astronomy
Detector and spark chamber systems for gamma ray astronomy in first-generation experiments
Fichtel, C. E.↗
Results of gamma-ray balloon astronomy
Gamma ray astronomy using balloon-borne telescope with digitized spark chamber
Fichtel, C. E.↗
Survey of possible sources of cosmic gamma rays above 50 Mev in the Northern Hemisphere
Cosmic gamma radiation sources above 50 Mev investigated by high altitude balloons in Northern Hemisphere with spark chamber system
Frye, G. M., Jr.↗
Evidence for a point source of high energy cosmic gamma rays
High energy cosmic gamma radiation detection from point source in Sagittarius, using balloon mounted spark chamber with Cerenkov telescope
Frye, G. M., Jr.↗
Energetic gamma ray emission from the general direction of the Cygnus constellation
Cygnus constellation energetic gamma ray emission by nuclear emulsion and spark chamber telescope on high altitude balloon
Freier, P. S.↗
Gamma-ray astronomy results at balloon altitudes
Astronomical gamma ray emission measurement by balloon-borne spark chamber, presenting results for discrete and diffuse sources and albedo intensities
Fichtel, C. E.↗
Intensity and energy spectrum of energetic cosmic ray electrons
Cosmic ray electron intensity and energy spectrum from nuclear emulsion-spark chamber combination detector triggered by scintillation and Cerenkov counters on high altitude balloon
Freier, P. S.↗
Cosmic-ray study of properties of nuclear interactions in the 10-300-GeV energy range
Cosmic ray nuclear interactions in 10-300 GeV energy range, using balloon-borne emulsion target, spark chambers and ionization spectrometer
Goza, E. R.↗
The gamma ray experiment for the Small Astronomy Satellite B (SAS-B)
A magnetic core digitized spark chamber gamma ray telescope has been developed for satellite use. The detector has the following characteristics: effective area = 500 cu/cm, solid angle = 1/4 SR; efficiency (high energy) = 0.29; and time resolution of better than two milliseconds.
Fichtel, C. E.↗
Gamma ray satellite to be launched from Africa
The announcement is presented of the launch of NASA's Small Astronomy Satellite B (SAS-B) on 2 Nov. 1972, to study gamma rays. The launch is to be from the Italian-operated San Marco Equatorial Range in the Indian Ocean for ease in acquiring an equatorial orbit. The spacecraft systems described include: stabilization and control, communication, and spark chamber gamma ray telescope. The results of Uhuru (Explorer 42) are also presented.
Allaway, H. G.↗
Techniques for gamma rays.
The detecting systems used in high energy astrophysics are generally more similar to particle detectors than to optical devices. The basic design of the gamma ray instrument depends on whether the energy range is below about 10 MeV and therefore in the region where the Compton effect predominates in the absorption of the gamma-rays, or above that energy where electron-positron pair production is most important. The most usual approach to the detector system in the lower of the two energy intervals is to use a scintillation counter in the center of the detector system to absorb the photons and permit a measure of their energy, and to surround it by another detector which is employed as an active anticoincidence shield to discriminate against charged particles. In the gamma-ray interval above about 10 MeV, the very low flux of gamma rays and the high particle background has directed the development of high energy gamma-ray telescopes towards complicated techniques and large detector arrays. As a result, several investigators have now turned to the spark chamber as the heart of a detector system. Generally, it is surrounded by an anticoincidence system and is triggered by a counter telescope.
Fichtel, C. E.↗
Instrumentation for the measurement of high energy phenomena on NASA spacecraft.
High energy astrophysical observations will be conducted primarily from the Small Astronomy Satellites (SAS) and the High Energy Astronomy Observatories (HEAO). The first satellite (SAS A) will carry a set of collimated proportional counters to conduct a high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, all sky survey for X-ray sources. The objective of SAS B will be to search for celestial gamma-ray sources and regions and to measure the flux and energy spectrum of any sources located. A wire grid digitized spark chamber will be the prime detection instrument. The instrumentation of SAS C will consist of modulation collimators, slot collimators, and proportional counters.
Opp, A. G.↗
Gamma-ray observations of the galactic center and some possible point sources.
A 0.5 x 0.5-m digitized spark-chamber gamma-ray telescope was flown on three balloon flights to look at the galactic center region, Virgo, and the Crab Nebula. An excess flux above atmospheric background of over 4 standard deviations was found for gamma-rays exceeding 100 MeV coming from the galactic center region, but there was no statistically significant excess in the 50-100 MeV interval. As a result, there is only a 6% chance that Compton or synchrotron radiation from electrons with a power-law spectrum having an exponent of 2.6 could make as much as a 50% contribution to the gamma-radiation in this energy range.
Fitchtel, C. E.↗
Superconducting magnetic spectrometer for cosmic ray nuclei.
This paper describes the design, calibration, and operation of a magnetic spectrometer for particle astronomy. The spectrometer consists of a superconducting magnet, optical spark chambers, scintillation detectors, and associated electronics. The instrument has been flown in a balloon gondola to 4.8 g/sq cm residual atmosphere, where it was used to analyze the charge and differential rigidity spectra of primary nuclei from 5 to 100 GeV/c.
Smith, L. H.↗
Search for 1/3e and 2/3e charged quarks in the cosmic radiation at 2750-m altitude.
A scintillation counter telescope consisting of eight liquid scintillation counters and four wide-gap spark chambers was used to search for particles with electric charge 1/3e and 2/3e in cosmic rays at 2750 m above sea level. No such particles were detected during the 1500-hr experimental run. Upper limits on the vertical fluxes are established, and estimates of the corresponding sea-level fluxes are made for comparison with previous results.
Cox, A. J.↗
A search for antihelium in primary cosmic radiation.
A search for anti-alpha-particles in the primary cosmic radiation has been carried out, and a new upper limit for these particles in the range 0.2-4.3 GeV per nucleon has been obtained. At the 95 per cent confidence level the upper limit is found to be 0.14 per cent of the alpha-particle flux. The instrument used for this purpose is a magnetic spectrometer employing spark chambers for determining particle trajectories and time-of-flight measurement for the rejection of upward-moving particles. Implications of these results for various models of the sources of cosmic radiation are discussed.
Evenson, P.↗