Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Quench”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1996

Investigation of Oxygen-Induced Quenching of Phosphorescence in Photoexcited Aromatic Molecules by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

Platinum OctaEthyl Porphyrin (Pt.OEP) is an efficient phosphor under ultraviolet excitation. The phosphorescent triplet state P(T(Sup 1)) is readily quenched by the oxygen O2 molecules. This phenomenon is being utilized as the basis for global air pressure measurements in aerodynamic facilities at various laboratories. The exact mechanism by which O2 molecules quench the P(T(Sup 1) approaches P(S(Sub O)) transitions is still unknown. The diamagnetic singlet states P(S(Sub n)), which feed P(T(Sub 1)) states via intersystem crossings, would presumably not be affected by O2. It must be only the magnetic P(T(Sub 1)) states, which can interact with the paramagnetic O2 molecules, that are affected. However, our positron lifetime and Doppler broadening studies suggest the formation of O2P(S(Sub n)), complexes which can also eventually reduce the population of the P(T(Sub 1)) states (i.e., quench phosphorescence). This reduction is possible because higher triplet states in (Pt.OEP) are admixed with the P(S(Sub 1)), states via spin orbit interactions. The experimental procedures and the results of various measurements are presented in this paper.

Singh, Jag J.↗
NASA NTRS1996

The Ultrafine Mineralogy of a Molten Interplanetary Dust Particle as an Example of the Quench Regime of Atmospheric Entry Heating

Melting and degassing of interplanetary dust particle L2005B22 at approx. 1200 C was due to flash heating during atmospheric entry. Preservation of the porous particle texture supports rapid quenching from the peak heating temperature whereby olivine and pyroxene nanocrystals (3 nm-26 nm) show partial devitrification of the quenched melt at T approx. = 450 C - 740 C. The implied ultrahigh cooling rates are calculated at approx. 105 C/h-106 C/h, which is consistent with quench rates inferred from the temperature-time profiles based on atmospheric entry heating models. A vesicular rim on a nonstoichiometric relic forsterite grain in this particle represents either evaporative magnesium loss during flash heating or thermally annealed ion implantation texture.

Rietmeijer, Frans J. M.↗
NASA NTRS2001

The Tensile Properties of Advanced Nickel-Base Disk Superalloys During Quenching Heat Treatments

There is a need to increase the temperature capabilities of superalloy turbine disks. This would allow full utilization of higher temperature combustor and airfoil concepts under development. One approach to meet this goal is to modify the processing and chemistry of advanced alloys, while preserving the ability to use rapid cooling supersolvus heat treatments to achieve coarse grain, fine gamma prime microstructures. An important step in this effort is to understand the key high temperature tensile properties of advanced alloys as they exist during supersolvus heat treatments. This could help in projecting cracking tendencies of disks during quenches from supersolvus heat treatments. The objective of this study was to examine the tensile properties of two advanced disk superalloys during simulated quenching heat treatments. Specimens were cooled from the solution heat treatment temperatures at controlled rates, interrupted, and immediately tensile tested at various temperatures. The responses and failure modes were compared and related to the quench cracking tendencies of disk forgings.

Gabb, Timothy P.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Quench Module Insert Capabilities and Development Test Results

The Quench Module Insert is a directional solidification furnace that will operate in the Materials Science Research Rack (MSRR) on the International Space Station. It will provide high thermal gradient and quench capabilities for processing metals and alloys in microgravity. Numerical analyses and breadboard testing conducted to date show that the QMI can produce an axial temperature gradient approaching 150 C per centimeter in a 1 centimeter diameter aluminum sample with a maximum molten sample temperature of 1100 C. Breadboard testing and analysis have also shown that the quench capabilities of the furnace are sufficient to rapidly solidify at least a 5mm axial portion of a 1 centimeter diameter molten aluminum sample in significantly less than the required 2 seconds and prevent significant backmelt. This paper presents the furnace requirements and capabilities and a status of the associated development testing and analyses.

Carswell, William E.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Collisional quenching of OH radio emission from comet Hale-Bopp

Observations of comets in the 18-cm OH transitions offer a means to probe gas production, kinematics, and OH excitation in comets. We present initial results of OH observations of comet Hale-Bopp obtained with the NRAO 43 m antenna located in Greenbank, WV. Maps of the emission provide strong constraints on the amount of quenching of the inversion of the OH ground state A-doublet in the coma. Analysis of the total radio OH flux and maps of its radial brightness distribution indicate a quenched region on the order of approximately 500,000 km during March and April 1997. This large value is generally consistent with previous observations of radio OH quenching in lower production rate comets when the high production rate of comet Hale-Bopp is considered.

NASA Discipline Exobiology↗
NASA NTRS2006

Quenching of Excited Na due to He Collisions

The quenching and elastic scattering of excited Sodium by collisions with Helium have been investigated for energies between 10(exp -13) eV and 10 eV. With the ab initio adiabatic potentials and nonadiabatic radial and rotational couplings obtained from multireference single- and double-excitation configuration interaction approach, we carried out scattering calculations by the quantum-mechanical molecular-orbital close-coupling method. Cross sections for quenching reactions and elastic collisions are presented. Quenching and elastic collisional rate coefficients as a function of temperature between 1 micro-K and 10,000 K are also obtained. The results are relevant to modeling non-LTE effects on Na D absorption lines in extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs.

Lin, C. Y.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Co2(nu2)-o Quenching Rate Coefficient Derived from Coincidental SABER-TIMED and Fort Collins Lidar Observations of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

Among the processes governing the energy balance in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), the quenching of CO2(nu2) vibrational levels by collisions with O atoms plays an important role. However, there is a factor of 3-4 discrepancy between the laboratory measurements of the CO2-O quenching rate coefficient, k(sub VT),and its value estimated from the atmospheric observations. In this study, we retrieve k(sub VT) in the altitude region85-105 km from the coincident SABER/TIMED and Fort Collins sodium lidar observations by minimizing the difference between measured and simulated broadband limb 15 micron radiation. The averaged k(sub VT) value obtained in this work is 6.5 +/- 1.5 X 10(exp -12) cubic cm/s that is close to other estimates of this coefficient from the atmospheric observations.However, the retrieved k(sub VT) also shows altitude dependence and varies from 5.5 1 +/-1 10(exp -12) cubic cm/s at 90 km to 7.9 +/- 1.2 10(exp -12) cubic cm/s at 105 km. Obtained results demonstrate the deficiency in current non-LTE modeling of the atmospheric 15 micron radiation, based on the application of the CO2-O quenching and excitation rates, which are linked by the detailed balance relation. We discuss the possible model improvements, among them accounting for the interaction of the non-thermal oxygen atoms with CO2 molecules.

SABER/TIMED↗
NASA NTRS2022

Cryogenic Spray Quenching of A Simulated Propellant Storage Tank Wall With Heat Transfer Enhancement By A Thin-Film Coating and Flow Pulsing in Microgravity

Human space exploration to the Moon, Mars, and possibly asteroids is NASA’s biggest challenge for the new millennium. One of the critical elements to this mission is the effective, sufficient, and reliable supply of cryogenic propellant fluids. Future lower-earth-orbiting (LEO) propellant fuel depots and human-carrying orbital transfer spacecraft flying to the moon and Mars will have to utilize the high thrust and high efficiency of liquid cryogenic chemical propulsion or nuclear thermal propulsion. Efficient in-space tank-to-tank propellant transfer (propellant fuel depot to orbital transfer spacecraft) of cryogenic propellants is an enabling technology for the planned Crewed Mars Surface Mission. The transfer of cryogenic propellants in space, however, has yet to be accomplished, solely due to the unavailability of cryogenic quenching heat transfer data during chilldown (quenching) and filling of the propellant receiver tank in reduced gravity and microgravity as liquid propellant cannot be stored in a required liquid state until the tank is quenched down to the liquid temperature. Therefore, highly energy efficient thermal-fluid management breakthrough concepts to conserve and minimize the cryogen consumption during propellant transfer have become the focus of research and engineering development, especially for the deep-space mission to Mars. In this paper, we introduce such concepts and demonstrate their feasibility for cryogenic storage tank chilldown in parabolic flights under a simulated space microgravity condition. In order to maximize the storage tank chilldown efficiency for the least amount of cryogen consumption, the technology adopted included cryogenic spray cooling, Teflon thin-film coating of the simulated tank surface, and spray flow pulsing. The completed flight experiments successfully demonstrated that spray cooling is the most efficient cooling method for the tank chilldown in microgravity. In microgravity, Teflon coating alone can improve the efficiency up to 72% and the efficiency can be improved up to 59% by flow pulsing alone. However, Teflon coating together with flow pulsing was found to substantially enhance the chilldown efficiency in microgravity for up to 113%.

spray↗
NASA NTRS2014

Bulge Growth and Quenching Since Z=2.5 in Candels/3D-HST

Exploiting the deep high-resolution imaging of all 5 CANDELS fields, and accurate redshift informationprovided by 3D-HST, we investigate the relation between structure and stellar populations fora mass-selected sample of 6764 galaxies above 1010 M, spanning the redshift range 0.5 z 2.5.For the first time, we fit 2-dimensional models comprising a single Sersic fit and two-component (i.e.,bulge + disk) decompositions not only to the H-band light distributions, but also to the stellar massmaps reconstructed from resolved stellar population modeling. We confirm that the increased bulgeprominence among quiescent galaxies, as reported previously based on rest-optical observations, remainsin place when considering the distributions of stellar mass. Moreover, we observe an increaseof the typical Sersic index and bulge-to-total ratio (with median BT reaching 40-50) among starforminggalaxies above 1011 M. Given that quenching for these most massive systems is likely tobe imminent, our findings suggest that significant bulge growth precedes a departure from the starformingmain sequence. We demonstrate that the bulge mass (and ideally knowledge of the bulge andtotal mass) is a more reliable predictor of the star-forming versus quiescent state of a galaxy thanthe total stellar mass. The same trends are predicted by the state-of-the-art semi-analytic model bySomerville et al. In the latter, bulges and black holes grow hand in hand through merging andordisk instabilities, and AGN-feedback shuts off star formation. Further observations will be requiredto pin down star formation quenching mechanisms, but our results imply they must be internal to thegalaxies and closely associated with bulge growth.

Quenching↗
NASA NTRS1978

Microstructure and mechanical properties of quenched and tempered 300M steel

Type 300M steel, which is being used for the landing gear on the space shuttle orbiter, was subjected to a wide range of quenched and tempered heat treatments. The plane-strain fracture toughness and the tensile ultimate and yield strengths were evaluated. Cryogenic mechanical properties were obtained for conventionally heat-treated steel. The microstructure of all heat-treated test coupons was studied both optically and by transmission electron microscopy. Fracture surfaces were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that substantial improvement in toughness with no loss in strength can be accomplished in quenched and tempered steel by austenitizing at 1255 K or higher. Low fracture toughness in conventionally austenitized 300M steel (1144 K) appears to be caused by undissolved precipitates, seen both in the submicrostructure and on the fracture surface, which promote failure by quasi-cleavage. The precipitates appeared to dissolve in the range 1200 to 1255 K.

Youngblood, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Photochemistry of bromoacetylene - Formation of HBr and quenching of excited Br/4 2P 0 1/2/

The photolysis of bromacetylene is examined by means of vacuum ultraviolet flash photolysis-kinetic spectroscopy, with attention given to the production of Br atoms in the 2P 0 3/2 and 2P 0 1/2 states, the production of HBr, and UV absorption attributable to the ethynyl radical. Although Br(2P 0 1/2) and Br(2P 0 3/2) were both directly observed at the shortest delay time after the flash, strongly indicating the presence of the ethynyl radical, transient absorption by C2H was not detected in the range 125 to 180 nm. Quenching rate constants for the decay of the 2P 0 1/2 state of Br, which is observed to form concurrently with the ground state, are derived for quenching by He, CH2Br, CF4, and D2 from the pseudo-first-order decay rates. HBr was observed as a secondary photolysis product, and a model of its formation by the exothermic reaction of ground-state atoms with C2HBR, coupled with the secondary production of Br atoms, is found to agree well with the experiment.

Laufer, A. H.↗
NASA NTRS1981

I/asterisk/ /6s 4P/ collisional quenching - Application to the IF 491-nm laser

Measurements of the rate constants for quenching of the excited I (6s 4P) states by Ar, Xe, CF39I, UF6, and NF3 are described. Each rate constant is determined by recording the exponential time decay of the excited IF or excited I2 (342 nm) fluorescence in the afterglow of the e-beam-excited plasmas containing Ar, CF3I, NF3, and the desired quenching gas. In addition, further experimental evidence in support of neutral channel formation of excited IF in e-beam-pumped Ar/CF3I/NF3 mixtures is presented. Details of the experimental apparatus and gas handling procedures are given, and the kinetics model developed to interpret the experimental data is described.

Hutchison, S. B.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The influence of containerless undercooling and rapid solid-state quenching on the superconductive and magnetic properties of some clustering alloy systems

The properties of clustering alloy systems and the manner in which they are influenced by rapid quenching from a containerless undercooled melt are discussed. It was postulated that rapid quenching under such conditions would result in highly disordered metastable alloys, and furthermore, that alloys in such conditions would possess physical properties characteristically different from those of alloys in the annealed equilibrium state. The scope of the program is essentially to gauge the influence of containerless undercooling on the submicrostructure of clustering-type alloys, using certain physical properties as diagnostic tools. Microstructures and macrostructures were to be examined using optical- and scanning-electron microscopy.

Collings, E. W.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Rotational-level-dependent quenching of A2Sigma(+) OH and OD

The role of rotation in the collisional quenching of the A2Sigma(+) v' = 0 states of OH and OD is investigated experimentally by laser-induced-fluorescence measurements in a two-chamber differentially pumped flow chamber similar to that of McDermid and Laudenslager (1982). The experimental apparatus is described in detail, and the results are presented in extensive tables and graphs. Collisional-quenching rate constants are determined for 21 different quenchers at various specific N' rotational levels and shown to decrease as the rotational quantum number increases, with no significant role for the internal levels of the colliding pairs and reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations incorporating attractive forces.

Copeland, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Thermal electron quenching of N(2D) - Consequences for the ionospheric photoelectron flux and the thermal electron temperature

This paper examines the effects of quenching of N(2D) by thermal electrons on the ionospheric photoelectron flux and on the thermal electron heating rate. It is shown that the 2.5 eV electrons produced by electron quenching of N(2D) can account for the differences between theoretical and experimental 0-3 eV photoelectron fluxes above 200 km altitude. In addition, the heat transferred to the thermal electron gas amounts to 70 percent of the photoelectron local heating rate at 250 km altitude. The effect of the extra heating is to increase the electron temperature by approximately 200 K at 250 km.

Richards, P. G.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Statistical study of thermal fracture of ceramic materials in the water quench test

The Weibull statistical theory of fracture was applied to thermal shock of ceramics in the water quench test. Transient thermal stresses and probability of failure were calculated for a cylindrical specimen cooled by convection. The convective heat transfer coefficient was calibrated using the time to failure which was measured with an acoustic emission technique. Theoretical failure probability distributions as a function of time and quench temperature compare favorably with experimental results for three high-alumina ceramics and a glass.

Rogers, Wayne P.↗