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At least 73 records · Page 4

RLV Turbine Performance Optimization

A task was developed at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to improve turbine aerodynamic performance through the application of advanced design and analysis tools. There are four major objectives of this task: 1) to develop, enhance, and integrate advanced turbine aerodynamic design and analysis tools; 2) to develop the methodology for application of the analytical techniques; 3) to demonstrate the benefits of the advanced turbine design procedure through its application to a relevant turbine design point; and 4) to verify the optimized design and analysis with testing. Final results of the preliminary design and the results of the two-dimensional (2D) detailed design of the first-stage vane of a supersonic turbine suitable for a reusable launch vehicle (R-LV) are presented. Analytical techniques for obtaining the results are also discussed.

Griffin, Lisa W.↗

EVA Suit R and D for Performance Optimization

Designing a planetary suit is very complex and often requires difficult trade‐offs between performance, cost, mass, and system complexity. To verify that new suit designs meet requirements, full prototypes must be built and tested with human subjects. However, numerous design iterations will occur before the hardware meets those requirements. Traditional draw‐prototype‐test paradigms for R&D are prohibitively expensive with today's shrinking Government budgets. Personnel at NASA are developing modern simulation techniques which focus on human‐centric designs by creating virtual prototype simulations and fully adjustable physical prototypes of suit hardware. During the R&D design phase, these easily modifiable representations of an EVA suit's hard components will allow designers to think creatively and exhaust design possibilities before they build and test working prototypes with human subjects. It allows scientists to comprehensively benchmark current suit capabilities and limitations for existing suit sizes and sizes that do not exist. This is extremely advantageous and enables comprehensive design down‐selections to be made early in the design process, enables the use of human performance as design criteria, and enables designs to target specific populations

Cowley, Matthew S.↗

Performance Optimization of Plate Airfoils for Martian Rotor Applications Using a Genetic Algorithm

The Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator will be flying on the NASA Mars 2020 rover mission scheduled to launch in July of 2020. The goal is to demonstrate the viability and potential of heavier-than-air vehicles in the Martian atmosphere. Research is performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA Ames Research Center to extend these capabilities and develop the Mars Science Helicopter as the next possible step for Martian rotorcraft. The Mars Science Helicopter mass is scaled up to the 5 to 20 kg range, allowing a greater payload (approximately 0.5 to 2.0 kg), and greater range (approximately 3 km). Key to achieving these targets is careful aerodynamic rotor design. The Martian atmosphere’s low density and the small helicopter rotors result in very low chord-based Reynolds number flows, which reduces rotor performance. A continuous genetic algorithm is developed to optimize airfoil shapes at representative conditions for the Martian atmosphere. Previous research indicates that sharp leading edges and plate-like airfoils can out-perform conventional airfoil shapes. The present optimization allows for camber and thickness variation of curved and polygonal thin airfoils with sharp leading edges. The airfoil performance is evaluated at the highest attainable liftto- drag ratio near a moderate lift coefficient at compressible Mach numbers, as expected for Martian rotor application. Increases between 16% and 29% in airfoil lift-to-drag ratio at fixed lift coefficients are observed when compared with the Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator airfoils. Improvements in hover figure of merit are estimated to be between 4% and 10%, when applied to the Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator.

Koning, Witold J. F.↗

Performance Optimization for Relative-Error-Bounded Lossy Compression on Scientific Data

Scientific simulations in high-performance computing (HPC) environments generate vast volume of data, which may cause a severe I/O bottleneck at runtime and a huge burden on storage space for postanalysis. Unlike traditional data reduction schemes such as deduplication or lossless compression, not only can error-controlled lossy compression significantly reduce the data size but it also holds the promise to satisfy user demand on error control. Pointwise relative error bounds (i.e., compression errors depends on the data values) are widely used by many scientific applications with lossy compression since error control can adapt to the error bound in the dataset automatically. Pointwise relative-error-bounded compression is complicated and time consuming. In this article, we develop efficient precomputation-based mechanisms based on the SZ lossy compression framework. Our mechanisms can avoid costly logarithmic transformation and identify quantization factor values via a fast table lookup, greatly accelerating the relative-error-bounded compression with excellent compression ratios. In addition, we reduce traversing operations for Huffman decoding, significantly accelerating the decompression process in SZ. Experiments with eight well-known real-world scientific simulation datasets show that our solution can improve the compression and decompression rates (i.e., the speed) by about 40 and 80 p, respectively, in most of cases, making our designed lossy compression strategy the best-in-class solution in most cases.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Deployable reflector antenna performance optimization using automated surface correction and array-feed compensation

Methods for increasing the electromagnetic (EM) performance of reflectors with rough surfaces were tested and evaluated. First, one quadrant of the 15-meter hoop-column antenna was retrofitted with computer-driven and controlled motors to allow automated adjustment of the reflector surface. The surface errors, measured with metric photogrammetry, were used in a previously verified computer code to calculate control motor adjustments. With this system, a rough antenna surface (rms of approximately 0.180 inch) was corrected in two iterations to approximately the structural surface smoothness limit of 0.060 inch rms. The antenna pattern and gain improved significantly as a result of these surface adjustments. The EM performance was evaluated with a computer program for distorted reflector antennas which had been previously verified with experimental data. Next, the effects of the surface distortions were compensated for in computer simulations by superimposing excitation from an array feed to maximize antenna performance relative to an undistorted reflector. Results showed that a 61-element array could produce EM performance improvements equal to surface adjustments. When both mechanical surface adjustment and feed compensation techniques were applied, the equivalent operating frequency increased from approximately 6 to 18 GHz.

Schroeder, Lyle C.↗

Performance Optimization of Storable Bipropellant Engines to Fully Exploit Advanced Material Technologies

This paper summarizes the work performed to dale on the NASA Cycle 3A Advanced Chemical Propulsion Technology Program. The primary goals of the program are to design, fabricate, and test high performance bipropellant engines using iridium/rhenium chamber technology to obtain 335 seconds specific impulse with nitrogen tetroxide/hydrazine propellants and 330 seconds specific impulse with nitrogen tetroxide/monomethylhydrazine propellants. Aerojet has successfully completed the Base Period of this program, wherein (1) mission and system studies have been performed to verify system performance benefits and to determine engine physical and operating parameters, (2) preliminary chamber and nozzle designs have been completed and a chamber supplier has been downselected, (3) high temperature, high pressure off-nominal hot fire testing of an existing state-of-the-art high performance bipropellant engine has been completed, and (4) thermal and performance data from the engine test have been correlated with new thermal models to enable design of the new engine injector and injector/chamber interface. In the next phase of the program, Aerojet will complete design, fabrication, and test of the nitrogen tetroxide/hydrazine engine to demonstrate 335 seconds specific impulse, and also investigate improved technologies for iridium/rhenium chamber fabrication. Achievement of the NRA goals will significantly benefit NASA interplanetary missions and other government and commercial opportunities by enabling reduced launch weight and/or increased payload. At the conclusion of the program, the objective is to have an engine ready for final design and qualification for a specific science mission or commercial application. The program also constitutes a stepping stone to future, development, such as higher pressure pump-fed in-space storable engines.

Miller, Scott↗

Optimized Performance and Cost Potential for Exemplar Indirect SCO 2 Coal Plants

This NETL report presents the techno-economic analysis (TEA) optimization results of coal-fired utility-scale power plants based on the indirect supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) power cycles both with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS). For the plants without CCS, the heat source is an air-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB). For plants with CCS, the heat source is an oxy-fired CFB. Four power cycle configurations were examined for this study: recompression cycle (RC) without and with reheat turbine (“RC without reheat” and “RC with reheat”), and partial cooling cycle (PCC) without and with reheat turbine (“PCC without reheat” and “PCC with reheat”).

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Performance optimization of detector electronics for millimeter laser ranging

The front-end electronic circuitry plays a fundamental role in determining the performance actually obtained from ultrafast and highly sensitive photodetectors. We deal here with electronic problems met working with microchannel plate photomultipliers (MCP-PMTs) and single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for detecting single optical photons and measuring their arrival time with picosecond resolution. The performance of available fast circuits is critically analyzed. Criteria for selecting the most suitable electronics are derived and solutions for exploiting the detector performance are presented and discussed.

Cova, Sergio↗

Performance optimization of an MHD generator with physical constraints

A technique has been described which optimizes the power out of a Faraday MHD generator operating under a prescribed set of electrical and magnetic constraints. The method does not rely on complicated numerical optimization techniques. Instead the magnetic field and the electrical loading are adjusted at each streamwise location such that the resultant generator design operates at the most limiting of the cited stress levels. The simplicity of the procedure makes it ideal for optimizing generator designs for system analysis studies of power plants. The resultant locally optimum channel designs are, however, not necessarily the global optimum designs. The results of generator performance calculations are presented for an approximately 2000 MWe size plant. The difference between the maximum power generator design and the optimal design which maximizes net MHD power are described. The sensitivity of the generator performance to the various operational parameters are also presented.

Pian, C. C. P.↗

Loss Analysis and Performance Optimization Pathways of 729-mV VocSi Solar Cells with Poly-Si on Locally-Etched Dielectric Passivating Contacts

In this article, the performance analysis of a 22.5% efficient polysilicon on silicon oxide (poly-Si/SiOx) passivated contact solar cells with deliberately introduced pinholes using metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) has been performed with the help of optical analysis using Sunsolve and electrical analysis using Quokka3. The power loss is maximum due to recombination and resistive losses in the bulk (~0.76 mW/cm2 ) followed by power loss due to rear contact recombination (~0.35 mW/cm2 ). Recombination at the front surface also contributes to 0.24 mW/cm2. The effect of improving the bulk lifetime and lowering the recombination current density at the rear side on Voc, FF and efficiency has been investigated.

MACE↗

End-to-End Performance Optimization of a Crewed Lunar Landing Mission Staged from a Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit

A crewed lunar landing mission staged from a Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO) presents a unique set of challenges not considered before for the Apollo-type direct missions. The NRHO does not have a fixed orbital plane and its period also changes with time, due to which the mission performance is very sensitive to the timing and location of the NRHO departure and arrival burns for a near-polar surface landing site. For such type of mission staged from the NRHO, an end-to-end optimization approach for the entire mission, from the NRHO departure to surface landing and from surface lift-off to the NRHO insertion, is well-suited for extracting the maximum performance out of this design. In this paper, an integrated approach for performing end-to-end optimization of a NRHO-staged crewed lunar landing mission is proposed that optimizes the in-space and powered flight segments simultaneously using Copernicus trajectory optimization tool. Copernicus is augmented with analytical approximations for the in-space, powered descent, and powered ascent segments in this work to improve the convergence of its multiple-shooting based direct optimization method. New analytical solutions are derived for the different phases of the powered flight segments by solving associated guidance problems. These analytical solutions act as initial guesses for starting the numerical optimization of the integrated mission in Copernicus. An example lunar landing mission is simulated to validate the proposed end-to-end optimization approach and the results are compared with the conventional patched trajectory approach.

Bharat Mahajan↗

Strapdown system performance optimization test evaluations (SPOT), volume 1

A three axis inertial system was packaged in an Apollo gimbal fixture for fine grain evaluation of strapdown system performance in dynamic environments. These evaluations have provided information to assess the effectiveness of real-time compensation techniques and to study system performance tradeoffs to factors such as quantization and iteration rate. The strapdown performance and tradeoff studies conducted include: (1) Compensation models and techniques for the inertial instrument first-order error terms were developed and compensation effectivity was demonstrated in four basic environments; single and multi-axis slew, and single and multi-axis oscillatory. (2) The theoretical coning bandwidth for the first-order quaternion algorithm expansion was verified. (3) Gyro loop quantization was identified to affect proportionally the system attitude uncertainty. (4) Land navigation evaluations identified the requirement for accurate initialization alignment in order to pursue fine grain navigation evaluations.

Blaha, R. J.↗

Strapdown system Performance Optimization Test evaluations (SPOT), volume 2

A three axis inertial system is packaged in an Apollo gimbal fixture for fine grain evaluation of strapdown system performance in dynamic environments. These evaluations have provided information to assess the effectiveness of real-time compensation techniques and to study system performance tradeoffs to factors such as quantization iteration rate. The strapdown performance and tradeoff studies conducted in this program are discussed.

Blaha, R. J.↗

Ring cusp discharge chamber performance optimization

An experimental study of the effects of discharge chamber length and the locations of the anode, cathode and ring cusp within the chamber on the performance of an 8 cm dia. ring cusp thruster is described. As these lengths and positions are varied the changes induced in plasma ion energy costs, extracted ion fractions and ion beam profiles are measured. Results show that the anode may be positioned at any location along an 'optimum virtual anode' magnetic field line and minimum plasma ion energy costs will result. The actual location of this field line is related to a 'virtual cathode' magnetic field line that is defined by the cathode position. The magnetic field has to be such that the virtual anode field line intersects the grids at the outermost ring of grid holes to maximize the extracted ion fraction and flatten the ion beam profile. Discharge chamber lengths that were as small as possible in the test apparatus yielded the lowest extracted ion fractions.

Hiatt, J. M.↗

Opto-mechanical Analyses for Performance Optimization of Lightweight Grazing-incidence Mirrors

New technology in grazing-incidence mirror fabrication and assembly is necessary to achieve subarcsecond optics for large-area x-ray telescopes. In order to define specifications, an understanding of performance sensitivity to design parameters is crucial. MSFC is undertaking a systematic study to specify a mounting approach, mirror substrate, and testing method. Lightweight mirrors are typically flimsy and are, therefore, susceptible to significant distortion due to mounting and gravitational forces. Material properties of the mirror substrate along with its dimensions significantly affect the distortions caused by mounting and gravity. A parametric study of these properties and their relationship to mounting and testing schemes will indicate specifications for the design of the next generation of lightweight grazing-incidence mirrors. Here we report initial results of this study.

Roche, Jacqueline M.↗

Opto-mechanical Analyses for Performance Optimization of Lightweight Grazing-incidence Mirrors

New technology in grazing-incidence mirror fabrication and assembly is necessary to achieve sub-arcsecond optics for large-area x-ray telescopes. In order to define specifications, an understanding of performance sensitivity to design parameters is crucial. MSFC is undertaking a systematic study to specify a mounting approach, mirror substrate, and testing method. Because the lightweight mirrors are typically flimsy, they are susceptible to significant distortion due to mounting and gravitational forces. Material properties of the mirror substrate along with its thickness and dimensions significantly affect the distortions caused by mounting and gravity. A parametric study of these properties and their relationship to mounting and testing schemes will indicate specifications for the design of the next generation of lightweight grazing-incidence mirrors. Initial results will be reported.

Roche, Jacqueline↗

Opto-Mechanical Analyses for Performance Optimization of Lightweight Grazing-Incidence Mirrors

New technology in grazing-incidence mirror fabrication and assembly is necessary to achieve sub-arcsecond optics for large-area x-ray telescopes. In order to define specifications, an understanding of performance sensitivity to design parameters is crucial. MSFC is undertaking a systematic study to specify a mounting approach, mirror substrate, and testing method. Because the lightweight mirrors are typically flimsy, they are susceptible to significant distortion due to mounting and gravitational forces. Material properties of the mirror substrate along with its thickness and dimensions significantly affect the distortions caused by mounting and gravity. A parametric study of these properties and their relationship to mounting and testing schemes will indicate specifications for the design of the next generation of lightweight grazing-incidence mirrors. Initial results will be reported.

Roche, Jacqueline↗

Performance Optimization of the Gasdynamic Mirror Propulsion System

Nuclear fusion appears to be a most promising concept for producing extremely high specific impulse rocket engines. Engines such as these would effectively open up the solar system to human exploration and would virtually eliminate launch window restrictions. A preliminary vehicle sizing and mission study was performed based on the conceptual design of a Gasdynamic Mirror (GDM) fusion propulsion system. This study indicated that the potential specific impulse for this engine is approximately 142,000 sec. with about 22,100 N of thrust using a deuterium-tritium fuel cycle. The engine weight inclusive of the power conversion system was optimized around an allowable engine mass of 1500 Mg assuming advanced superconducting magnets and a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) end plug at the mirrors. The vehicle habitat, lander, and structural weights are based on a NASA Mars mission study which assumes the use of nuclear thermal propulsion' Several manned missions to various planets were analyzed to determine fuel requirements and launch windows. For all fusion propulsion cases studied, the fuel weight remained a minor component of the total system weight regardless of when the missions commenced. In other words, the use of fusion propulsion virtually eliminates all mission window constraints and effectively allows unlimited manned exploration of the entire solar system. It also mitigates the need to have a large space infrastructure which would be required to support the transfer of massive amounts of fuel and supplies to lower a performing spacecraft.

Emrich, William J., Jr.↗