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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Precision Measurement of Net-Proton-Number Fluctuations in Au + Au Collisions at RHIC

We report precision measurements on cumulants (𝐶 𝑛 ) and factorial cumulants (𝜅 𝑛 ) of (net) proton number distributions up to fourth order in Au + Au collisions over center-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7–27 GeV from phase II of the Beam Energy Scan program at RHIC. (Anti)protons are selected at midrapidity (|𝑦| < 0.5) within a transverse momentum range of 0.4 < 𝑝 𝑇 < 2.0 GeV/𝑐. Relative to various noncritical-point model calculations and peripheral collision 70%–80% data, the net proton 𝐶 4 /𝐶 2 measurement in 0%–5% collisions shows a minimum around 19.6 GeV for significance of deviation at ∼2–5⁢𝜎. A minimum in 𝐶 4 /𝐶 2 with respect to a noncritical baseline is expected to be a characteristic feature of the signature associated with a critical point in the QCD phase diagram. In addition, deviations from noncritical baselines around the same collision energy region are also seen in proton factorial cumulant ratios, especially in 𝜅 2 /𝜅 1 and 𝜅 3 /𝜅 1 . As a result, dynamical model calculations including a critical point are called for in order to understand these precision measurements.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

A new online detector for estimation of peripheral neutron equivalent dose in organ

Purpose: Peripheral dose in radiotherapy treatments represents a potential source of secondary neoplasic processes. As in the last few years, there has been a fast-growing concern on neutron collateral effects, this work focuses on this component. A previous established methodology to estimate peripheral neutron equivalent doses relied on passive (TLD, CR39) neutron detectors exposed in-phantom, in parallel to an active [static random access memory (SRAMnd)] thermal neutron detector exposed ex-phantom. A newly miniaturized, quick, and reliable active thermal neutron detector (TNRD, Thermal Neutron Rate Detector) was validated for both procedures. This first miniaturized active system eliminates the long postprocessing, required for passive detectors, giving thermal neutron fluences in real time. Methods: To validate TNRD for the established methodology, intrinsic characteristics, characterization of 4 facilities [to correlate monitor value (MU) with risk], and a cohort of 200 real patients (for second cancer risk estimates) were evaluated and compared with the well-established SRAMnd device. Finally, TNRD was compared to TLD pairs for 3 generic radiotherapy treatments through 16 strategic points inside an anthropomorphic phantom. Results: The performed tests indicate similar linear dependence with dose for both detectors, TNRD and SRAMnd, while a slightly better reproducibility has been obtained for TNRD (1.7% vs 2.2%). Risk estimates when delivering 1000 MU are in good agreement between both detectors (mean deviation of TNRD measurements with respect to the ones of SRAMnd is 0.07 cases per 1000, with differences always smaller than 0.08 cases per 1000). As far as the in-phantom measurements are concerned, a mean deviation smaller than 1.7% was obtained. Conclusions: The results obtained indicate that direct evaluation of equivalent dose estimation in organs, both in phantom and patients, is perfectly feasible with this new detector. This will open the door to an easy implementation of specific peripheral neutron dose models for any type of treatment and facility.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Experimental investigation of ρ{sup 0} photoproduction on the pion in the H1 experiment

Experimental results on quasielastic photoproduction of the ρ{sup 0} meson in association with a neutron, obtained at the HERA collider, are presented. The total and differential cross sections of the γp → ρ{sup 0}nπ{sup +} reaction at the positron–proton center-of-mass energy of √s =319 GeV are measured. The data collected with the H1 detector in 2006 and 2007 correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.16 pb{sup −1}. The kinematic region of the photon–proton cms energy of 20 < W{sub γp} <100 GeV, photon virtuality of Q{sup 2} < 2 GeV{sup 2}, and the ρ{sup 0} transverse momentum below 1 GeV/c is analyzed. Secondary neutrons with energies x{sub L} > 0.35 (in proton-energy units) and emission angles below 0.75 mrad are selected. The model of double peripheral exchange, in which the ρ{sup 0} is elastically produced via the photon interaction with the virtual pion from the proton–neutron vertex, is employed for interpreting the results. The cross section for the ρ{sup 0} elastic photoproduction on the pion, γπ{sup +}→ ρ{sup 0}π{sup +}, is extracted in the one-pion-exchange approximation. The magnitude of the cross section suggests that the γp → ρ{sup 0}nπ{sup +} reaction is significantly affected by absorption.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography imaging platform and metrics to quantify electrostimulation-induced peripheral nerve injury in vivo in a small animal model

Neuromodulation devices are rapidly evolving for the treatment of neurological diseases and conditions. Injury from implantation or long-term use without obvious functional losses is often only detectable through terminal histology. New technologies are needed that assess the peripheral nervous system (PNS) under normal and diseased or injured conditions. We aim to demonstrate an imaging and stimulation platform that can elucidate the biological mechanisms and impacts of neurostimulation in the PNS and apply it to the sciatic nerve to extract imaging metrics indicating electrical overstimulation. A sciatic nerve injury model in a 15-rat cohort was observed using a newly developed imaging and stimulation platform that can detect electrical overstimulation effects with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. The sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated using a custom-developed nerve holder with embedded electrodes for 1 h, followed by a 1-h recovery period, delivered at above-threshold Shannon model k-values in experimental groups: sham control (SC, n = 5, 0.0 mA / 0 Hz), stimulation level 1 (SL1, n = 5, 3.4 mA / 50 Hz, and k = 2.57), and stimulation level 2 (SL2, n = 5, 6.8 mA / 100 Hz, and k = 3.17). The stimulation and imaging system successfully captured study data across the cohort. When compared to a SC after a 1-week recovery, the fascicle closest to the stimulation lead showed an average change of +4 % / – 309 % (SL1/SL2) in phase retardation and –79 % / – 148 % in optical attenuation relative to SC. Analysis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) shows a +1 % / – 36 % difference in myelin pixel counts and –13 % / + 29 % difference in axon pixel counts, and an overall increase in cell nuclei pixel count of +20 % / + 35 % . These metrics were consistent with IHC and hematoxylin/eosin tissue section analysis. The poststimulation changes observed in our study are manifestations of nerve injury and repair, specifically degeneration and angiogenesis. Optical imaging metrics quantify these processes and may help evaluate the safety and efficacy of neuromodulation devices.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Prediction of cccDNA dynamics in hepatitis B patients by a combination of serum surrogate markers

Quantification of intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is a key for evaluating an elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in infected patients. However, quantifying cccDNA requires invasive methods such as a liver biopsy, which makes it impractical to access the dynamics of cccDNA in patients. Although HBV RNA and HBV core-related antigens (HBcrAg) have been proposed as surrogate markers for evaluating cccDNA activity, they do not necessarily estimate the amount of cccDNA. Here, we employed a recently developed multiscale mathematical model describing intra- and intercellular viral propagation and applied it in HBV-infected patients under treatment. We developed a model that can predict intracellular HBV dynamics by use of extracellular viral markers, including HBsAg, HBV DNA, and HBcrAg in peripheral blood. Importantly, the model prediction of the amount of cccDNA in patients over time was confirmed to be well correlated with the data for quantified cccDNA by paired liver biopsy. Thus, our method combining classic and emerging surrogate markers enables us to predict the decay dynamics of cccDNA in patients undergoing treatment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1988

Modeling human perception and estimation of kinematic responses during aircraft landing

The thrust of this research is to determine estimation accuracy of aircraft responses based on observed cues. By developing the geometric relationships between the outside visual scene and the kinematics during landing, visual and kinesthetic cues available to the pilot were modeled. Both fovial and peripheral vision was examined. The objective was to first determine estimation accuracy in a variety of flight conditions, and second to ascertain which parameters are most important and lead to the best achievable accuracy in estimating the actual vehicle response. It was found that altitude estimation was very sensitive to the FOV. For this model the motion cue of perceived vertical acceleration was shown to be less important than the visual cues. The inclusion of runway geometry in the visual scene increased estimation accuracy in most cases. Finally, it was shown that for this model if the pilot has an incorrect internal model of the system kinematics the choice of observations thought to be 'optimal' may in fact be suboptimal.

Schmidt, David K.↗
NASA NTRS2003

The evolution of concepts of vestibular peripheral information processing: toward the dynamic, adaptive, parallel processing macular model

In a letter to Robert Hooke, written on 5 February, 1675, Isaac Newton wrote "If I have seen further than certain other men it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants." In his context, Newton was referring to the work of Galileo and Kepler, who preceded him. However, every field has its own giants, those men and women who went before us and, often with few tools at their disposal, uncovered the facts that enabled later researchers to advance knowledge in a particular area. This review traces the history of the evolution of views from early giants in the field of vestibular research to modern concepts of vestibular organ organization and function. Emphasis will be placed on the mammalian maculae as peripheral processors of linear accelerations acting on the head. This review shows that early, correct findings were sometimes unfortunately disregarded, impeding later investigations into the structure and function of the vestibular organs. The central themes are that the macular organs are highly complex, dynamic, adaptive, distributed parallel processors of information, and that historical references can help us to understand our own place in advancing knowledge about their complicated structure and functions.

Review, Tutorial↗
DOE OSTI2015

Chronic inorganic arsenic exposure in vitro induces a cancer cell phenotype in human peripheral lung epithelial cells

Inorganic arsenic is a human lung carcinogen. We studied the ability of chronic inorganic arsenic (2 μM; as sodium arsenite) exposure to induce a cancer phenotype in the immortalized, non-tumorigenic human lung peripheral epithelial cell line, HPL-1D. After 38 weeks of continuous arsenic exposure, secreted matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) activity increased to over 200% of control, levels linked to arsenic-induced cancer phenotypes in other cell lines. The invasive capacity of these chronic arsenic-treated lung epithelial (CATLE) cells increased to 320% of control and colony formation increased to 280% of control. CATLE cells showed enhanced proliferation in serum-free media indicative of autonomous growth. Compared to control cells, CATLE cells showed reduced protein expression of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (decreased to 26% of control) and the putative tumor suppressor gene SLC38A3 (14% of control). Morphological evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurred in CATLE cells together with appropriate changes in expression of the EMT markers vimentin (VIM; increased to 300% of control) and e-cadherin (CDH1; decreased to 16% of control). EMT is common in carcinogenic transformation of epithelial cells. CATLE cells showed increased KRAS (291%), ERK1/2 (274%), phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK; 152%), and phosphorylated AKT1 (p-AKT1; 170%) protein expression. Increased transcript expression of metallothioneins, MT1A and MT2A and the stress response genes HMOX1 (690%) and HIF1A (247%) occurred in CATLE cells possibly in adaptation to chronic arsenic exposure. Thus, arsenic induced multiple cancer cell characteristics in human peripheral lung epithelial cells. This model may be useful to assess mechanisms of arsenic-induced lung cancer. - Highlights: • Chronic arsenic exposure transforms a human peripheral lung epithelia cell line. • Cells acquire characteristics in common with human lung adenocarcinoma cells. • These transformed cells provide a valuable model for arsenic-induced lung cancer.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2001

Stimulated single fiber electromyography in the mouse: techniques and normative data

As the number of new transgenic mouse models of human neuromuscular disease continues to increase, the development of sophisticated electrophysiologic techniques for assessing the peripheral nervous system in these models has become important. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) dysfunction, in particular, is often not detectable by morphologic or other techniques. To enable sensitive testing of murine NMJ function, we developed and tested a method for stimulated single fiber electromyography (S-SFEMG) in the gastrocnemius muscles of anesthetized mice. Jitter was assessed by measuring the mean consecutive latency difference (MCD) of single fiber responses to sciatic nerve stimulation at 2 HZ. Mean MCD values in normothermic mice were in the range of 6-8 micros for different strains, with no MCD values exceeding 25 micros. Reduced core temperature (to 29 degrees--30 degrees C) resulted in increased jitter, whereas intubation and mechanical ventilation of mice did not alter these values. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injection of vecuronium, however, resulted in progressively increased jitter followed by blocking in continuously monitored fibers. These observations validate the utility of S-SFEMG in mice as an index of NMJ function under a variety of physiologic conditions, and suggest that a high safety factor for neuromuscular transmission exists at mouse NMJs. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Non-NASA Center↗
DOE OSTI2016

Strategic priming with multiple antigens can yield memory cell phenotypes optimized for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis : A computational study

Lack of an effective vaccine results in 9 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) every year and 1.8 million deaths worldwide. While many infants are vaccinated at birth with BCG (an attenuated M. bovis ), this does not prevent infection or development of TB after childhood. Immune responses necessary for prevention of infection or disease are still unknown, making development of effective vaccines against TB challenging. Several new vaccines are ready for human clinical trials, but these trials are difficult and expensive; especially challenging is determining the appropriate cellular response necessary for protection. The magnitude of an immune response is likely key to generating a successful vaccine. Characteristics such as numbers of central memory (CM) and effector memory (EM) T cells responsive to a diverse set of epitopes are also correlated with protection. Promising vaccines against TB contain mycobacterial subunit antigens (Ag) present during both active and latent infection. We hypothesize that protection against different key immunodominant antigens could require a vaccine that produces different levels of EM and CM for each Ag-specific memory population. We created a computational model to explore EM and CM values, and their ratio, within what we term Memory Design Space. Our model captures events involved in T cell priming within lymph nodes and tracks their circulation through blood to peripheral tissues. We used the model to test whether multiple Ag-specific memory cell populations could be generated with distinct locations within Memory Design Space at a specific time point post vaccination. Boosting can further shift memory populations to memory cell ratios unreachable by initial priming events. By strategically varying antigen load, properties of cellular interactions within the LN, and delivery parameters (e.g., number of boosts) of multi-subunit vaccines, we can generate multiple Ag-specific memory populations that cover a wide range of Memory Design Space. As a result, given a set of desired characteristics for Ag-specific memory populations, we can use our model as a tool to predict vaccine formulations that will generate those populations.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Peripheral processes 2 {yields} 3 and 2 {yields} 4 in QED and QCD in p-p-bar high-energy collisions

Differential cross sections of processes with high-energy p(-p)p collisions-creation of a scalar, a pseudoscalar and a lepton pair-are considered in the Weizsacker-Williams approximation in QED in the QCD framework, processes with conversion of the initial proton (antiproton) to fermionic jets accompanied with one gluon jet and the state of two gluons and a quark-antiquark pair (without a rapidity gap) are considered in the framework of the effective Regge action of Lipatov's theory. The process of creation of a Higgs boson accompanied with two fermionic jets is considered. The azimuthal correlation in the process of two gluon jets separated by a rapidity gap is investigated. The gluon Reggeization effects are taken into account. Some distributions are illustrated by numerical calculations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Peripheral white blood cells profile of biodegradable metal implant in mice animal model

Biocompatibility or safety of the medical device is considered important. It can be determined by blood profile examination. The aim of this study was to assess the biocompatibility of biodegradable metal implant through peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) profile approach. Forty eight male ddy mice were divided into four groups according to the materials implanted: iron wire (Fe), magnesium rod (Mg), stainless steel surgical wire (SS316L) and control with sham (K). Implants were inserted and attached onto the right femoral bone on latero-medial region. In this study, peripheral white blood cells and leukocyte differentiation were the parameters examined. The result showed that the WBCs value of all groups were decreased at the first day after implantation, increased at the 10th day and continued increasing at the 30th day of observation, except Mg group which has decreased. Neutrophil, as an inflammatory cells, was increased at the early weeks and decreased at the day-30 after surgery in all groups. Despite, these values during the observation were still within the normal range. As a conclus ion, biodegradable metal implants lead to an inflammatory reaction, with no adverse effect on WBC value found.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Global Polarization of Ξ and Ω Hyperons in Au + Au Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV

Global polarization of Ξ and Ω hyperons has been measured for the first time in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV. The measurements of the $Ξ^{-}$ and $\overline{Ξ}^{+}$ hyperon polarization have been performed by two independent methods, via analysis of the angular distribution of the daughter particles in the parity violating weak decay Ξ→Λ+π, as well as by measuring the polarization of the daughter Λ hyperon, polarized via polarization transfer from its parent. The polarization, obtained by combining the results from the two methods and averaged over $Ξ^{-}$ and $\overline{Ξ}^{+}$, is measured to be $\langle{P_{Ξ}}\rangle$=0.47±0.10(stat)±0.23(syst)% for the collision centrality 20%-80%. The $\langle{P_{Ξ}}\rangle$ is found to be slightly larger than the inclusive Λ polarization and in reasonable agreement with a multiphase transport model. The $\langle{P_{Ξ}}\rangle$ is found to follow the centrality dependence of the vorticity predicted in the model, increasing toward more peripheral collisions. Finally, the global polarization of Ω, $\langle{P_{Ω}}\rangle$=1.11±0.87(stat)±1.97(syst)% was obtained by measuring the polarization of daughter Λ in the decay Ω→Λ+K, assuming the polarization transfer factor $C_{ΩΛ}=1$.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1978

Computing viscous flows

Although the goals and techniques of computational aerodynamics and computational fluid dynamics differ, advancement in the physical and mathematical aspects of the latter are required for progress in aerodynamic computation. The most attractive approach is the use of hybrid methods where both the equations treated and the solution algorithms reflect the local character of the flow. A working general turbulence model that is only peripherally related to the availability of large fast computers would provide a significant breakthrough in computational aerodynamics. There is no unanimity of opinion as to what may be the optimum algorithm or family of algorithms in the next decade. While it is premature to develop an optimum processor, such a machine dedicated to study the structure of solutions to the three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations and to the computability of turbulence would be very valuable.

Murphy, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Loss of Signal Transduction and Inhibition of Lymphocyte Locomotion in a Ground-Based Model of Microgravity

Inflammatory adherence to, and locomotion through the interstitium is an important component of the immune response. Conditions such as true gravity (TG) and modeled microgravity (MMG) severely inhibit lymphocyte locomotion in vitro through gelled Type I collagen (Pellis et al., 1994, 1997). We used the rotating-wall vessel bioreactor (RWV) as a prototype for modeled microgravity. After observing that lymphocyte locomotion was severely affected in modeled microgravity, we found that polyclonal activation of lymphocytes before exposure to modeled microgravity reversed the locomotion inhibition. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) treatment of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, after exposure to modeled microgravity, restored lymphocyte locomotion by 84%. Calcium ionophore had no effect on modeled microgravity-exposed lymphocytes. Therefore, the signal pathways involving calcium may not be affected by modeled microgravity. However, direct activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) with PMA was effective in restoring locomotion in modeled microgravity almost comparable to normal levels in lymphocytes cultured in static T flasks. Thus, events either at the level of PKC or upstream are affected by modeled microgravity. Treatment of lymphocytes with mitomycin C prior to exposure to modeled microgravity, followed by PMA, restored locomotion to the same extent as nonmitomycin C-treated lymphocytes exposed to modeled microgravity (80-85%). Therefore 1) new DNA synthesis is not necessary to restore locomotion and 2) traditional activation and locomotion share common pathways up to PKC. Thereafter the signals diverge. Furthermore PMA added immediately before or after initiation of modeled microgravity prevents the loss of lymphocyte locomotion.

Sundaresan, Alamelu↗
DOE OSTI2017

Fermi Bubble Edges: Spectrum and Diffusion Function

Current measurements of the γ-ray Fermi bubbles (FB) are based on model-dependent tracers, carry substantial systematic uncertainties, and contain some discrepancies between each other. We show that gradient filters pick out the FB edges, which are found to smoothly connect to the bipolar X-ray structure emanating from the Galactic center, thus supporting the interpretation of the FBs as a Galactic-scale phenomenon. The sharp edges facilitate a direct, model-free measurement of the peripheral FB spectrum. The result is strikingly similar to the full FB-integrated spectrum, softened by a power law of index η ≃ (0.2–0.3). This is naturally explained, in both hadronic and leptonic models, if cosmic rays are injected at the edge, and diffuse away preferentially at higher energies E. The inferred, averaged diffusion function in the (more plausible) leptonic model, D(E)≃10{sup 29.5}(E/10GeV){sup 0.48±0.02} cm{sup 2} s{sup −1}, is consistent with estimates for Kraichnan-like turbulence. Our results, in particular the minute spatial variations in η, indicate that the FB edge is a strong, Mach ≳5, forward shock.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1974

Model of human dynamic orientation

The dynamics associated with the perception of orientation were modelled for near-threshold and suprathreshold vestibular stimuli. A model of the information available at the peripheral sensors which was consistent with available neurophysiologic data was developed and served as the basis for the models of the perceptual responses. The central processor was assumed to utilize the information from the peripheral sensors in an optimal (minimum mean square error) manner to produce the perceptual estimates of dynamic orientation. This assumption, coupled with the models of sensory information, determined the form of the model for the central processor. The problem of integrating information from the semi-circular canals and the otoliths to predict the perceptual response to motions which stimulated both organs was studied. A model was developed which was shown to be useful in predicting the perceptual response to multi-sensory stimuli.

Ormsby, C. C.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Carvedilol prevents functional deficits in peripheral nerve mitochondria of rats with oxaliplatin-evoked painful peripheral neuropathy

Oxaliplatin use as chemotherapeutic agent is frequently limited by cumulative neurotoxicity which may compromise quality of life. Reports relate this neurotoxic effect to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug, has also been appreciated for its antioxidant and mitoprotective properties. Carvedilol co-treatment did not reduce the anti-tumor effects of oxaliplatin in human colon cancer cells (HT-29), but exhibited free radical scavenging activity against oxaliplatin-induced oxidative stress in neuronal cells (Neuro-2a). Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of carvedilol in the experimental model of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Oxaliplatin reduced the sensory nerve conduction velocity and produced the thermal and mechanical nociception. Carvedilol significantly (P < 0.001) attenuated these functional and sensorimotor deficits. It also counteracted oxidative/nitrosative stress by reducing the levels of nitrotyrosine and improving the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression in both sciatic nerve and DRG tissues. It improved the mitochondrial function and prevented the oxaliplatin-induced alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential in sciatic nerve thus prevented loss of intra epidermal nerve fiber density in the foot pads. Together the results prompt the use of carvedilol along with chemotherapy with oxaliplatin to prevent the peripheral neuropathy. - Graphical abstract: Schematic representation neuroprotective mechanisms of carvedilol in oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. - Highlights: • Oxaliplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction causes neurotoxicity. • Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to bioenergetic and functional deficits. • Carvedilol alleviated oxaliplatin-induced behavioural and functional changes. • Targeting mitochondria with carvedilol attenuated neuropathic pain.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗