Optical radar studies of the atmosphere.
Optical radar studies of lower atmosphere, giving Mie theory calculations of clear atmosphere volume backscattering cross sections for four laser wavelengths
Lawrence, J. D., Jr.↗
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The thermal radiation field emitted by anisotropically scattering cloudy planetary atmospheres.
Particle albedos and extinction cross sections computed by Mie theory showing dependence on refractivity, considering thermal radiation from cloudy planetary atmospheres
Samuelson, R. E.↗
The contribution of atmospheric aerosols to the Martian opposition effect
Atmospheric aerosols role in Martian opposition effect, applying Mie theory to integrated scattering intensities calculation for submicron particles
Mead, J. M.↗
Models of the zodiacal light
Zodiacal light theoretical models, considering interplanetary particles optics, Mie theory and multicolor polarization
Greenberg, J. M.↗
Transfer of thermal microwaves in the atmosphere, volume 1
The Mie theory is used to determine the absorption and scattering properties of liquid hydrometeors at 27 microwave frequencies from 500 MHz to 60 GHz. Based on the Marshall-Palmer distribution of drop sizes, regression equations are developed for the volume absorption coefficient of rain as a function of its temperature and content of liquid water.
Paris, J. F.↗
Transfer of thermal microwaves in the atmosphere, volume 2
Figures and tabular information that are supplemental to a study on transfer of thermal microwaves in the atmosphere are presented. The numerical values for the absorption and scattering cross sections of a pure, liquid, water drop are given for drop diameters ranging up to 6 mm, and for various drop temperatures. These values were obtained through the Mie theory. For a Marshall-Palmer distribution of drop sizes, the volume absorption and scattering coefficients of rain are given for the same temperatures and microwave frequencies shown above and for contents of liquid water in the rain mass. Also, scattergrams are given of the katabatic and upwelling brightness temperatures of up to 582 model atmospheres over a calm ocean versus the equivalent depths of liquid water in cloud form, rain form, or combined cloud and rain form.
Paris, J. F.↗
A catalogue of normalized intensity functions and polarization from a cloud of particles with a size distribution of alpha to the minus 4th power
The Mie theory of light scattering by spheres was used to calculate the scattered intensity functions resulting from single scattering in a polydispersed collection of spheres. The distribution used behaves according to the inverse fourth power law; graphs and tables for the angular dependence of the intensity and polarization for this law are given. The effects of the particle size range and the integration increment are investigated.
Craven, P. D.↗
Formation of spectral lines in planetary atmospheres. III - The use of analytic scattering diagrams in computations of synthetic spectra for cloudy atmospheres.
Results of some comparisons that have been made of line profiles and equivalent widths computed from atmospheric models where the scattering has been represented by the Mie theory and a simple analytic expression, the Heyney-Greenstein function. These results show that the spectroscopic features for these models are indistinguishable and demonstrate the value of using this simple analytic function in terms of the great saving in computer time when computing synthetic spectra for any cloudy planetary atmosphere.
Hunt, G. E.↗
Preliminary data on the optical properties of solid ammonia and scattering parameters for ammonia cloud particles.
The infrared absorption spectrum of solid ammonia is obtained from 2 to 125 microns as a composite of the published measurements. From this, the absorption coefficient and the complex refractive index are calculated as a function of frequency by integration of the Kramers-Kroenig dispersion relations. These data are used in a Mie theory analysis to obtain the basic parameters for scattering of long wavelength radiation by solid ammonia particles; this is believed to be an important process in radiative transfer within the atmospheres of the giant planets.
Taylor, F. W.↗
Optical modeling of agricultural fields and rough-textured rock and mineral surfaces
Review was made of past models for describing the reflectance and/or emittance properties of agricultural/forestry and geological targets in an effort to select the best theoretical models. An extension of the six parameter Allen-Gayle-Richardson model was chosen as the agricultural plant canopy model. The model is used to predict the bidirectional reflectance of a field crop from known laboratory spectra of crop components and approximate plant geometry. The selected geological model is based on Mie theory and radiative transfer equations, and will assess the effect of textural variations of the spectral emittance of natural rock surfaces.
Suits, G. H.↗
Coherent optical instrumentation for measurements of particle parameters
The application of cross-beam Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) for sizing small particles was investigated from September 1973 to August 1974. Theoretical results were obtained by analyzing the scattering characteristics of small particles in a cross-beam LDV system. Theoretical calculations based on scalar diffraction theory and Mie scattering theory were performed. Experimental results were also obtained to compare with theoretical predictions. It is concluded that the forward scattering characteristics of small particles in a cross-beam LDV system can be used for particle sizing.
Chu, W. P.↗
Scattering in liquid haze - Analytic approximations
An analytic formula is derived which describes approximately the scattering of electromagnetic waves in a haze. This formula is compared, and found to agree well, with the exact results from Mie theory that are available in the literature. The formula is used to arrive at a simple, nonredundant, but complete parametrization of the aerosol model.
Kuriyan, J. G.↗
Multichannel forward scattering meter for oceanography
An instrument was designed and built that measures the light scattered at several angles in the forward direction simultaneously. The instrument relies on an optical multiplexing technique for frequency encoding of the different channels suitable for detection by a single photodetector. A Mie theory computer program was used to calculate the theoretical volume scattering function for a suspension of polystyrene latex spheres. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental volume scattering functions is taken as a verification of the calibration technique used.
Mccluney, W. R.↗
Lectures on the scattering of light
The exact (Mie) theory for the scattering of a plane wave by a dielectric sphere is presented. Since this infinite series solution is computationally impractical for large spheres, another formulation is given in terms of an integral equation valid for a bounded, but otherwise general array of scatterers. This equation is applied to the scattering by a single sphere, and several methods are suggested for approximating the scattering cross section in closed form. A tensor scattering matrix is introduced, in terms of which some general scattering theorems are derived. The application of the formalism to multiple scattering is briefly considered.
Saxon, D. S.↗
Planetary isophotes as a clue to aerosol characteristics
A study was conducted to see how much information could be extracted from the Mariner 9 Mars isophotes taken at a phase angle of approximately 60 deg. It was found that the Minnaert functions and both isotropic and Rayleigh scattering could easily be ruled out, and that it was essential to use forward-peaked phase functions, which were computed from Mie theory. Isophotes similar to those observed assuming a semi-infinite dust cloud with a considerable variation in particle properties and size distribution could be obtained, so long as the ratio of the multiply- to singly-scattered light was held within certain limits. These conditions are met by micron-sized, moderatly absorbing mineral grains whose mean size should not be much larger than a micron. It was also found that a dust cloud of finite optical thickness bounded from below by a Lambert ground would fit the isophote data.
Kattawar, G. W.↗
Investigation of aerosol characteristics and their measurement
Various techniques for the measurement of aerosol properties are described. Methods considered include: solar aureole photographic technique; densitometric techniques; and video electronic isodensity mapper. Other topics briefly discussed include: multiple scattering experiment; multiple scattering computer program; the generation of the Mie theory results; and the NASA/OAST technology workshop.
Deepak, A.↗
Aerosal studies
Various methods of measuring aerosols were studied in terms of the best methods to use, the instruments or techniques actually employed, and those techniques applied in field measurements on air quality as influenced by rocket launch effluents, and in an urban environment. Further studies were initiated on the remote sensing of aerosols by satellites and the influence of aerosols on visibility. The characterization of aerosols by measurement of scattered light was studied on Mie theory calculations.
Harris, F. S., Jr.↗
Scattering by spheres with nonisotropic refractive indices
Experimental scattering results using a microwave analog technique are described. Artificially constructed axially symmetric spheres with a graphite-like fine-layered composite structure and anisotropic refractive indices were employed to aid high-precision measurements of forward scattering under stable conditions (temperature, physical dimensions, electronic conditions) and to facilitate studies of the extinction and polarization of light by graphite particles in interstellar space. A theoretical approximation utilizing Mie theory for spheres with suitable orientation-dependent refractive indices is applied to account for changes in the complex forward-scattering amplitudes and phase in response to target orientation. The methods are extended to the full range of scattering angles, from the forward direction continuously to about 165 deg and at 180 deg. Agreement between experiment and prediction is close when the symmetry axis is parallel to the polarization.
Wang, R. T.↗