Single-crystal Brillouin spectroscopy with CO2 laser heating and variable q
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Zhang, Jin S.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “LASER-RADIATION HEATING”
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Spin-injection optical pumping of molten cesium salt and its NMR diagnosis
Nuclear spin polarization of cesium ions in the salt was enhanced during optical pumping of cesium vapor at high magnetic field. Significant motional narrowing and frequency shift of NMR signals were observed by intense laser heating of the salt. When the hyperpolarized salt was cooled by blocking the heating laser, the signal width and frequency changed during cooling and presented the phase transition from liquid to solid. Hence, we find that the signal enhancement is mostly due to the molten salt and nuclear spin polarization is injected into the salt efficiently in the liquid phase. We also show that optical pumping similarly induces line narrowing in the solid phase. The use of powdered salt provided an increase in effective surface area and signal amplitude without glass wool in the glass cells.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Time-resolved detection of structural change in polyethylene films using mid-infrared laser pulses
Some of the vibrational modes of crystalline organic polymers are known to be sensitive to the structural change from the crystalline phase to the amorphous phase, and vice versa. Using a mid-infrared (mid-IR) pulse from a free-electron laser as a probe, we demonstrate the time-resolved detection of structural change in crystalline polymer (polyethylene) films upon laser heating by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Transmittance of the resonant mid-IR pulse almost instantaneously changes before and after the Nd:YAG laser pulse if its fluence is sufficient to induce the structural change in the film. The developed technique would be useful to study the time-dependent dynamics of the structural change in various materials.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Effect of microstructure on the coupled electromagnetic-thermo-mechanical response of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine-estane energetic aggregates to infrared laser radiation
The coupled electromagnetic (EM)-thermo-mechanical response of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine-estane energetic aggregates under laser irradiation and high strain rate loads has been investigated for various aggregate sizes and binder volume fractions. The cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) crystals are modeled with a dislocation density-based crystalline plasticity formulation and the estane binder is modeled with finite viscoelasticity through a nonlinear finite element approach that couples EM wave propagation with laser heat absorption, thermal conduction, and inelastic deformation. Material property and local behavior mismatch at the crystal-binder interfaces resulted in geometric scattering of the EM wave, electric field and laser heating localization, high stress gradients, dislocation density, and crystalline shear slip accumulation. Viscous sliding in the binder was another energy dissipation mechanism that reduced stresses in aggregates with thicker binder ligaments and larger binder volume fractions. This investigation indicates the complex interactions between EM waves and mechanical behavior, for accurate predictions of laser irradiation of heterogeneous materials.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Formation of the domain structure in CLN under the pyroelectric field induced by pulse infrared laser heating
The evolution of the self-assembled quasi-regular micro- and nanodomain structures after pulse infrared laser irradiation in congruent lithium niobate crystal was studied by in situ optical observation. Several scenarios of domain kinetics represented covering of the irradiated zone by nets of the separated domain chains and rays have been revealed. The time dependence of the total domain length was analyzed in terms of modified Kolmogorov-Avrami theory. The domain structure evolution was attributed to the action of pyroelectric field appeared during cooling. The time dependence of the spatial distribution of the pyroelectric field during pulse laser heating and subsequent cooling was calculated by finite element method. The results of computer simulation allowed us to explain the experimental results and can be used for creation of tailored domain structures thus opening the new abilities of the submicron-scale domain engineering in ferroelectrics.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
The absorption and radiation of a tungsten plasma plume during nanosecond laser ablation
In this paper, the effect of absorption of the laser beam and subsequent radiation on the dynamics of a tungsten plasma plume during pulsed laser ablation is analyzed. Different laser wavelengths are taken into consideration. The absorption and emission coefficients of tungsten plasma in a pressure range of 0.1–100 MPa and temperature up to 70 000 K are presented. The shielding effects due to the absorption and radiation of plasma may have an impact on the course of ablation. The numerical model that describes the tungsten target heating and the formation of the plasma and its expansion were made for 355 nm and 1064 nm wavelengths of a Nd:YAG laser. The laser beam with a Gaussian profile was focused to a spot size of 0.055 mm{sup 2} with a power density of 1 × 10{sup 9 }W/cm{sup 2} (10 ns full width half maximum pulse duration). The plasma expands into air at ambient pressure of 1 mPa. The use of the shorter wavelength causes faster heating of the target, thus the higher ablation rate. The consequences of a higher ablation rate are slower expansion and smaller dimensions of the plasma plume. The higher plasma temperature in the case of 1064 nm is due to the lower density and lower plasma radiation. In the initial phase of propagation of the plasma plume, when both the temperature and pressure are very high, the dominant radiation is emission due to photo-recombination. However, for a 1064 nm laser wavelength after 100 ns of plasma expansion, the radiation of the spectral lines is up to 46.5% of the total plasma radiation and should not be neglected.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Resonance Raman mapping as a tool to monitor and manipulate Si nanocrystals in Si-SiO{sub 2} nanocomposite
Specially designed laser heating experiment along with Raman mapping on Si-SiO{sub 2} nanocomposites elucidates the contribution of core and surface/interface in the intermediate frequency range (511–514 cm{sup −1}) Si phonons. The contribution of core to surface/interface increases with the size of Si nanocrystal, which itself increases on laser irradiation. Further, it is found that resonance Raman is crucial to the observance of surface/interface phonons and wavelength dependent Raman mapping can be corroborated with band edges observed in absorption spectra. This understanding can be gainfully used to manipulate and characterize Si-SiO{sub 2} nanocomposite, simultaneously for photovoltaic device applications.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Time differentiated nuclear resonance spectroscopy coupled with pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells
Developments in pulsed laser heating applied to nuclear resonance techniques are presented together with their applications to studies of geophysically relevant materials. Continuous laser heating in diamond anvil cells is a widely used method to generate extreme temperatures at static high pressure conditions in order to study the structure and properties of materials found in deep planetary interiors. The pulsed laser heating technique has advantages over continuous heating, including prevention of the spreading of heated sample and/or the pressure medium and, thus, a better stability of the heating process. Time differentiated data acquisition coupled with pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells was successfully tested at the Nuclear Resonance beamline (ID18) of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We show examples applying the method to investigation of an assemblage containing ε-Fe, FeO, and Fe{sub 3}C using synchrotron Mössbauer source spectroscopy, FeCO{sub 3} using nuclear inelastic scattering, and Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} using nuclear forward scattering. These examples demonstrate the applicability of pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells to spectroscopic techniques with long data acquisition times, because it enables stable pulsed heating with data collection at specific time intervals that are synchronized with laser pulses.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
The dynamics of Al/Pt reactive multilayer ignition via pulsed-laser irradiation
Reactive multilayers consisting of alternating layers of Al and Pt were irradiated by single laser pulses ranging from 100 μs to 100 ms in duration, resulting in the initiation of rapid, self-propagating reactions. The threshold intensities for ignition vary with the focused laser beam diameter, bilayer thickness, and pulse length and are affected by solid state reactions and conduction of heat away from the irradiated regions. High-speed photography was used to observe ignition dynamics during irradiation and elucidate the effects of heat transfer into a multilayer foil. For an increasing laser pulse length, the ignition process transitioned from a more uniform to a less uniform temperature profile within the laser-heated zone. A more uniform temperature profile is attributed to rapid heating rates and heat localization for shorter laser pulses, and a less uniform temperature profile is due to slower heating of reactants and conduction during irradiation by longer laser pulses. Finite element simulations of laser heating using measured threshold intensities indicate that micron-scale ignition of Al/Pt occurs at low temperatures, below the melting point of both reactants.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Laser imprint reduction for the critical-density foam buffered target driven by a relatively strong foot pulse at early stage of laser implosions
In order to reduce the effect of laser imprint in direct-drive ignition scheme a low-density foam buffered target has been proposed. This target is driven by a laser pulse with a low-intensity foot at the early stage of implosion, which heats the foam and elongates the thermal conduction zone between the laser absorption region and ablation front, increasing the thermal smoothing effect. In this paper, a relatively strong foot pulse is adopted to irradiate the critical-density foam buffered target. The stronger foot, near 1 × 10{sup 14 }W/cm{sup 2}, is able to drive a radiative shock in the low-density foam, which helps smooth the shock and further reduce the effect of laser imprint. The radiative shock also forms a double ablation front structure between the two ablation fronts to further stabilize the hydrodynamics, achieving the similar results to a target with a high-Z dopant in the ablator. 2D analysis shows that for the critical-density foam buffered target irradiated by the strong foot pulse, the laser imprint can be reduced due to the radiative shock in the foam and an increased thermal smoothing effect. It seems viable for the critical-density foam buffered target to be driven by a relatively strong foot pulse with the goal of reducing the laser imprint and achieving better implosion symmetry in the direct-drive laser fusion.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Extreme heating with an x-ray free-electron laser
No abstract prepared.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Laser ablation of carbon targets placed in a liquid
We report experimental results on laser formation of carbon nanostructures produced during irradiation of a target placed in water. We have performed comparative experiments on laser heating of carbon targets by millisecond and femtosecond laser pulses. It is shown that under different conditions of laser irradiation of targets made of schungite, glassy carbon and pyrolytic graphite, different morphological types of micro- and nanostructured carbon are formed. (interaction of laser radiation with matter)
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Surface-selective laser sintering of thermolabile polymer particles using water as heating sensitizer
We report the implementation of a novel scheme for surface-selective laser sintering (SSLS) of polymer particles, based on using water as a sensitizer of laser heating and sintering of particles as well as laser radiation at a wavelength of 1.94 μm, corresponding to the strong absorption band of water. A method of sintering powders of poly(lactide-co-glycolide), a hydrophobic bioresorbable polymer, after modifying its surface with an aqueous solution of hyaluronic acid is developed. The sintering thresholds for wetted polymer are by 3 – 4 times lower than those for sintering in air. The presence of water restricts the temperature of the heated polymer, preventing its thermal destruction. Polymer matrices with a developed porous structure are obtained. The proposed SSLS method can be applied to produce bioresorbable polymer matrices for tissue engineering. (interaction of laser radiation with matter. laser plasma)
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Experimental and theoretical study of the heating dynamics of carbon-containing optothermal fibre converters for laser surgery
We have studied carbon-containing optothermal fibre converters (COTFCs) that are located on the distal end of a quartz – quartz optical fibre for delivering laser radiation in medical laser surgery systems and differ in the thickness and structure of the layer of a material converting laser radiation into heat. The heating dynamics of 'thin-film' and '3D' converters have been investigated at average incident 980-nm semiconductor laser beam powers of 0.3, 1.0 and 4.0 W, with the converters placed freely in air. The results demonstrate that, before the instant of disintegration, the efficiency of laser heating of the converter surface can reach 3000 °C W{sup -1} for thin-film converters, 1000 °C W{sup -1} for spherical 3D converters and 55 °C W{sup -1} for planar 3D converters. The thin-film converter breaks down at an average laser beam power as low as 0.30 ± 0.05 W, which is accompanied by a considerable reduction in heating efficiency and is caused by the disintegration of the carbon film on its surface. The spherical 3D converter breaks down at an average power of 4.0 ± 0.1 W, as a result of the disintegration of the carbon film on its surface and partial melting of a modified layer containing microbubbles. The carbon film on the surface of the planar 3D converter also disintegrates at an average power of 4.0 ± 0.1 W, but the structure of the modified layer remains unchanged. We have constructed structural and optophysical models of the converters by simulating light absorption in carbon films on the surface of the COTFC and inside the microbubbles present in the modified layer of the converters. The proposed models of the COTFCs have been shown to adequately describe real converters. (laser biophotonics)
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Laser-induced boiling of biological liquids in medical technologies
Using optical and acoustic methods we study thermal and transport processes related to the boiling of biological liquids under the action of continuous-wave laser radiation having moderate power (1 – 10 W) in the near-IR range (0.97 – 1.94 μm). These processes are investigated in the course of a few particular clinical procedures aimed at the modification and removal of pathological tissues (veins, mammary gland cyst, Baker’s cyst) and tissue regeneration (intervertebral discs). In the proposed approach, the modification and destruction of biotissues are due to the fast delivery of heat by two-phase jet flows, formed in the course of liquid boiling, rather than the direct laser heating. This provides the high rate of heat delivery to the pathological biotissue, avoiding its overheating (the temperature higher than 100 °C) and undesired heating of adjacent tissues. Two main regimes of laser-induced boiling near the optical fibre tip were revealed, namely, the heterogeneous jet boiling (arising when the fibre with a blackened tip is used) and the homogeneous boiling (with the radiation absorbed in the liquid volume). Both studied regimes allow one to obtain high specific heat flows, and the domination of one of the boiling regimes is determined by the presence of absorbing coating on the fibre tip, the tissue type, as well as by its shape (e.g., the presence of channels or cavities in the tissue). It is established that the heterogeneous jet boiling at the fibre tip corresponds to the regime of superintensive bubble boiling. (paper)
42 ENGINEERING↗
Laser heating dynamics and glow spectra of carbon-, titanium- and erbium-containing optothermal fibre converters for laser medicine
Titanium- and erbium-containing optothermal fibre converters of laser radiation mounted at the distal end of quartz – quartz optical fibre are discussed for the first time. Technology of fabricating such converters is described. Carbon-containing converters are also considered. The laser heating dynamics of the converters and the glow spectra are studied by irradiating converters of each type by a 980 ± 10 nm semiconductor laser with an average power up to 4 W. It is shown that alongside with broadband thermal radiation accompanying the laser heating of all three types of converters in the temperature range 600 – 1100 °C, only in the spectrum of the erbium-containing converter the intense bands with the maxima at wavelengths 493, 523, 544, 660, and 798 nm, corresponding to the erbium radiative transitions {sup 4}F{sub 7/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 2}H{sub 11/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 4}S{sub 3/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 4}F{sub 9/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2} and {sup 4}I{sub 9/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, respectively, are present. Such converters can be used in laser medicine for tissue surgery as well as in procedures combining laser, thermal, biostimulation or photodynamic action.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Some Thoughts on the Role of non-LTE Physics in ICF
An effort to develop sub-critical-density high-Z metal-doped and pure metal foams as laser-driven x-ray sources is described. The main idea is that the laser beams preferentially heat the electrons, and if the plasma is sufficiently low density so that the heating rate is greater than the equilibration rate via electron-ion collisions, then the electron temperature in the plasma is much greater than the ion temperature as long as the laser is on. In such a situation the plasma is not in local thermal equilibrium (LTE), it heats supersonically and volumetrically, and the conversion efficiency of laser beam energy to multi-keV L-shell and K-shell radiation is much higher than what it would be in LTE plasma.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Underwater Laser Cutting Technology - 16491
Underwater dismantling is advantageous for the highly radioactive apparatuses such as nuclear reactor internals. The most advantageous point of underwater dismantling is a radiation exposure reduction for workers. Underwater dismantling can take advantage of the water shielding. Then it can make the exposure reduction for workers and contamination reduction for work area be realized. And, underwater laser cutting technology has major three advantages. First advantage is lower action force. Therefore it can be possible that we can use a simple remote device for underwater dismantling operation. Second advantage is to reduce secondary waste. The cutting kerf size of underwater laser cutting is very narrow, so the amount of cutting dross is very small. Third advantage is very simple methods for dismantling. This advantage can reduce process time for cutting. On the other hand, the contaminated off-gas which generates during cutting should be taken care. IHl Corporation (IHI) developed the underwater laser cutting devices. The characteristic of IHI's laser cutting torch is that there is no air habitat. Therefore, the positions of the torch and the access to the narrow space have little limitation. Using the device the series of performance tests were performed in order to verify the ability of it. In the first Laboratory test at 0.2 meter depth of water, we evaluated the optimum cutting parameters. The next underwater demonstration test at 6 meters depth of water was performed. In the test the cutting performance, which the mild steel plate of the thickness of 12 mm can be cut at the speed of 300 mm/min with the horizontal and downward position of torch was verified. Then the hot bubble test using real radioactive test coupons was performed to evaluate the radioactivity carried as air borne and the decontamination factor (DF) of off-gas passing through water. This document provides an overview of the underwater laser cutting device that has been developed by IHI, and the advantage of these devices for the dismantling work of underwater apparatus. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗