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DOE OSTI2026

EOS at the Fermilab LHC Physics Center(LPC)

The Fermilab CMS LPC center has operated an EOS instance since initial testing began in June 2012, transitioning to production storage in 2013 with an initial capacity of 600\,TB. Today, the system provides approximately 16\,PB of storage to support the 4{,}500-core LPC user analysis cluster, which serves several hundred active CMS users at any given time. In this talk, we will provide an update on our system setup and outline near-term plans for the CMS LPC production EOS system. We will share operational experiences from running our EOS system over the past year. Additionally, we will briefly discuss our recent efforts within the Fermilab Disk Evolution Project to consider the future architecture of HEP data storage at Fermilab for the HL-LHC era.

Wu, Yujun↗
DOE OSTI2026

EOS at the Fermilab LHC Physics Center(LPC)

The Fermilab CMS LPC center has operated an EOS instance since initial testing began in June 2012, transitioning to production storage in 2013 with an initial capacity of 600\,TB. Today, the system provides approximately 16\,PB of storage to support the 4{,}500-core LPC user analysis cluster, which serves several hundred active CMS users at any given time. In this talk, we will provide an update on our system setup and outline near-term plans for the CMS LPC production EOS system. We will share operational experiences from running our EOS system over the past year. Additionally, we will briefly discuss our recent efforts within the Fermilab Disk Evolution Project to consider the future architecture of HEP data storage at Fermilab for the HL-LHC era.

Wu, Yujun↗
DOE OSTI2026

CMS Storage Performance with RNTuple

CMS is transitioning to use ROOT’s new RNTuple data storage format for the files CMS will write in the HL-LHC era. Based on initial tests, CMS expects faster I/O and smaller files compared to the present TTree storage format. This contribution will show a comprehensive performance comparison between RNTuple and TTree I/O using CMS AOD and MiniAOD data formats as test cases for both simulation and collision data corresponding to similar data taking conditions of LHC Run 3. Quantities such as the resulting file size, the memory usage of the I/O components, and the rate of events being read from a file or written to a file will be measured. CMS’ data processing relies heavily on reading files over the local or wide area networks. The file read patterns are important because the latencies have been seen to influence the total production job times. Therefore a study on the file read patterns will be conducted by recording traces of the offset, size, and timestamp of each read request for both RNTuple and TTree. The behavior of network reads will be mimicked by reading local files where artificial latency will be added to the read requests. The effect of different latency values on the job times will be studied.

Jones, Christopher D. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

L'Arlesienne de ROOT

Over many years, ROOT users have repeatedly stumbled over—and loudly rediscovered—the infamous 1 GB limit on individual I/O operations, a constraint that somehow survived long past the era when anyone thought a gigabyte was “a lot.” As experiments embraced ever-larger objects and collections, this limit became an increasingly unavoidable rite of passage. This contribution recounts the sustained, multi-year quest by ROOT I/O developers to finally retire this relic, navigating a maze of legacy APIs, memory-management assumptions, and integer boundaries that seemed determined to preserve the status quo. We describe how internal interfaces were carefully modernized to introduce fully 64-bit–capable code paths without breaking the mountains of existing user code that would definitely have noticed. With the limit now lifted, ROOT can finally handle multi-gigabyte objects in a single read or write operation, even when splitting them into an RNTuple is not an option (we’re looking at you, large RooWorkspaces and giant histograms), liberating users from yet another “fun” debugging adventure and clearing the way for the massive analyses of the HL-LHC and beyond.

Canal, Philippe G. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000277487↗
DOE OSTI2026

Investigation and Diagnosis of Faulty Data Channels in CMS Outer Tracker Module Testing

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is currently undergoing upgrades to improve its luminosity. In parallel, this requires an upgrade to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)’s Outer Tracker, consisting of Pixel-Strip (PS) and Strip-Strip (2S) modules that can accurately track the path of charged particles originating from the collisions. It follows that such complex modules call for extensive testing, requiring a sophisticated Data Acquisition (DAQ) system that can perform specific tests to assess their performance. In addition, errors caused by the hardware of a given testing station, and its associated data channel, need to be accurately identified to guarantee proper testing of modules. We have developed a software extension to the Phase-II Outer Tracker Analyzer of Test Outputs (POTATO), which is a specialized software designed to analyze and grade all of the module tests through a centralized database. This extension categorizes and analyzes module test results by its station and data channel. Its analysis can be used to identify trends in grading that indicate issues in these channels’ grading process rather than in the individual modules. This poster shows our methodology and results for identifying faulty data channels. Using this extension, we can quickly diagnose and address problems in our DAQ system, ensuring proper evaluation corrections for each module.

Chen, Angus [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Performance Validation of Endcap Timing Layer Detector Modules for CMS Phase-2 Upgrade

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will operate up to 200 simultaneous collisions per bunch crossing, which is a significant jump from the current value of about 30 collisions per bunch crossing, producing significant pileup that challenges accurate event reconstruction. To address this, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is implementing the Endcap Timing Layer (ETL), a precision timing detector designed to provide timing measurements with a resolution of approximately 50 ps per hit and 35 ps per reconstructed track. This project focuses on the characterization and validation of ETL detector modules using laboratory laser test data. ETL performance is evaluated by analyzing key quantities such as Bunch Crossing Identification (BCID), Time-of-Arrival (TOA), Time-over-Threshold (TOT), Noise Stability etc. The resulting analysis provides insight into the timing performance and operational stability of ETL modules, contributing to the quality assurance process req uired before their installation in the CMS experiment and ensure that the modules can meet the long-term reliability requirements of approximately 10 years of operation without replacement.

Chipara, Munashe [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Detector architecture and data flow of the CMS HGCAL Phase-2 Endcap Calorimeter Upgrade

The CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is the Phase-2 endcap calorimeter upgrade for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, designed to provide precise spatial, energy, and timing measurements in a high-radiation, high-pileup environment. This work presents an overview of the HGCAL assembly process, detector architecture, and end-to-end data flow. The data flow goes from signal generation in silicon sensors and scintillator tiles through front-end electronics, optical transmission, and back-end data acquisition. The study highlights how the integrated detector, electronics, and readout systems enable efficient event reconstruction and support the physics objectives of the HL-LHC.

Osei Boakye, Prince [Grambling State U.]↗
DOE OSTI2026

L'Arlesienne de ROOT

Over many years, ROOT users have repeatedly stumbled over—and loudly rediscovered—the infamous 1 GB limit on individual I/O operations, a constraint that somehow survived long past the era when anyone thought a gigabyte was “a lot.” As experiments embraced ever-larger objects and collections, this limit became an increasingly unavoidable rite of passage. This contribution recounts the sustained, multi-year quest by ROOT I/O developers to finally retire this relic, navigating a maze of legacy APIs, memory-management assumptions, and integer boundaries that seemed determined to preserve the status quo. We describe how internal interfaces were carefully modernized to introduce fully 64-bit–capable code paths without breaking the mountains of existing user code that would definitely have noticed. With the limit now lifted, ROOT can finally handle multi-gigabyte objects in a single read or write operation, even when splitting them into an RNTuple is not an option (we’re looking at you, large RooWorkspaces and giant histograms), liberating users from yet another “fun” debugging adventure and clearing the way for the massive analyses of the HL-LHC and beyond.

Canal, Philippe G. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000277487↗
DOE OSTI2026

Investigation and Diagnosis of Faulty Data Channels in CMS Outer Tracker Module Testing

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is currently undergoing upgrades to improve its luminosity. In parallel, this requires an upgrade to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)’s Outer Tracker, consisting of Pixel-Strip (PS) and Strip-Strip (2S) modules that can accurately track the path of charged particles originating from the collisions. It follows that such complex modules call for extensive testing, requiring a sophisticated Data Acquisition (DAQ) system that can perform specific tests to assess their performance. In addition, errors caused by the hardware of a given testing station, and its associated data channel, need to be accurately identified to guarantee proper testing of modules. We have developed a software extension to the Phase-II Outer Tracker Analyzer of Test Outputs (POTATO), which is a specialized software designed to analyze and grade all of the module tests through a centralized database. This extension categorizes and analyzes module test results by its station and data channel. Its analysis can be used to identify trends in grading that indicate issues in these channels’ grading process rather than in the individual modules. This poster shows our methodology and results for identifying faulty data channels. Using this extension, we can quickly diagnose and address problems in our DAQ system, ensuring proper evaluation corrections for each module.

Chen, Angus [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Assembly and Testing of Scintillator Tile Modules for the CMS High-Granularity Calorimeter Upgrade

The High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL), part of the upgrade to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment, employs silicon and scintillator tile modules in the endcaps to maintain detector performance during the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) era, scheduled to operate from 2030 to 2040. The upgraded calorimeter will provide highly segmented three-dimensional imaging, energy measurements, and precise timing for particle shower reconstruction. Approximately half of the HGCal plastic scintillator tile modules (1,834 total) will be assembled at Fermilab using an automated pick-and-place (PnP) machine. Following assembly, each tile module undergoes quality control (QC) procedures such as electrical validation, thermal testing, and physics validation using cosmic rays. This poster/talk presents the QC procedures and results from the tile module production in 2026, demonstrating the performance and quality of the assembled tile modules.

Bazimya, Jean Luc [Grambling State U.]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quality Control of Silicon Sensor Modules for Particle Detectors

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will produce a higher rate of particle collisions than the current Large Hadron Collider (LHC), requiring important upgrades to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) to handle an increased amount of data. An important upgrade is the Phase-2 Outer Tracker Upgrade, which consists of 13,000 silicon sensor modules made of two parallel silicon sensors and readout electronics. These modules undergo careful quality control checks both during and after module assembly to ensure precise and reliable detector performance. This project focuses on precision testing for quality control of silicon sensor modules at Fermilab. Hands-on work includes visual inspection, current-voltage testing, module testing, and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure of modules showing abnormal current-voltage behavior. The ultraviolet exposure process improves the abnormal sensor readout data by placing the selected sensor side of the module directly under the UV light inside a controlled box. In addition to laboratory testing and ultraviolet experiments, I developed a Python-based data tool that connects to a module database and allows selected testing conditions and module information to be retrieved and displayed efficiently. These different testing procedures, experimental processes, and computational tools support the broader goal of identifying module issues and improving modules that will be used in the CMS Outer Tracker Phase-2 Upgrade.

Siddiqui, Hooriya [DuPage Coll.] (ORCID:0009000151↗
DOE OSTI2025

PREFACE: A Search for Long-Lived Particles at the Large Hadron Collider

The Standard Model (SM) fails to explain many problems (neutrino masses, dark matter, and matter–antimatter asymmetry, among others) that may be resolved with new particles beyond the SM. No observation of such new particles may be explained either by their exceptionally high mass or by considerably small coupling to SM particles. The latter case implies relatively long lifetimes. Such long-lived particles (LLPs) then to have signatures different from those of SM particles. Searches in the “central region” are covered by the LHC general purpose experiments. The forward small angle region far from the interaction point (IP) is unexplored. Such particles are expected to have the energy as large as E = O(1 TeV) and Lorentz time dilation factor γ = E/m ≈ 10 2 –10 3 (with m the particle mass) hence long enough decay distances. A new class of specialized LHC detectors dedicated to LLP searches has been proposed for the forward regions. Among these experiments, FASER is already operational, and FACET is under consideration at a location 100 m from the LHC IP5 (the CMS detector intersection). However, some features of FACET require a specially enlarged beam pipe, which cannot be implemented for LHC Run 4. In this study, we explore a simplified version of the proposed detector PREFACE compatible with the standard LHC beam pipe in the HL-LHC Run 4. Realistic G EANT 4 simulations are performed and the background is evaluated. An initial analysis of the physics potential with the PREFACE geometry indicates that several significant channels could be accessible with sensitivities comparable to FACET and other LLP searches.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Helium recovery system at IB3A

The growing demand for sustainable cryogenic operations at Fermilab has underscored the need to improve helium management, particularly at the Industrial Building 3A (IB3A) test facility. IB3A characterizes and tests superconductors, cables, and coils for projects such as the HL-LHC AUP and Mu2e, yet currently relies on 500 L Dewars whose boil-off is vented to atmosphere, wasting a critical, non-renewable resource and increasing the cost of testing. A project is therefore under way to link IB3A to an existing purification and liquefaction station in a neighboring building through a dedicated pipeline. Captured helium will be transferred, purified, reliquefied, and returned for reuse, cutting losses and operating costs. This paper details the first two project phases: "Design and Engineering" and "Procurement and Installation." The design phase finalizes pipeline specifications, establishes flow-control requirements, and resolves integration challenges with existing cryogenic infrastructure. The procurement and installation phase covers material sourcing, pipeline construction, and deployment of control and monitoring systems to assure reliable, efficient operation. Key technical hurdles-route optimization, pressure drop mitigation, and interface compatibility-are discussed alongside implemented solutions. Implementing the pipeline and upgrading IB3A will dramatically reduce helium consumption and therefore testing cost, strengthening Fermilab's capacity to support frontier science far into the future.

Porwisiak, D. [Fermilab; Wroclaw Tech. U.]↗
DOE OSTI2025

CMS Token Transition

Within the LHC community, a momentous transition has been occurring in authorization. For nearly 20 years, services within the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) have authorized based on mapping an identity, derived from an X.509 credential, or a group/role, derived from a VOMS extension issued by the experiment. A fundamental shift is occurring to capabilities: the credential, a bearer token, asserts the authorizations of the bearer, not the identity. By the HL-LHC era, the CMS experiment plans for the transition to tokens, based on the WLCG Common JSON Web Token profile, to be complete. Services in the technology architecture include the INDIGO Identity and Access Management server to issue tokens; a HashiCorp Vault server to store and refresh access tokens for users and jobs; a managed token bastion server to push credentials to the HTCondor CredMon service; and HTCondor to maintain valid tokens in long-running batch jobs. We will describe the transition plans of the experiment, current status, configuration of the central authorization server, lessons learned in commissioning token-based access with sites, and operational experience using tokens for both job submissions and file transfers.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Building an AI-native Research Ecosystem for Experimental Particle Physics: A Community Vision

Experimental particle physics seeks to understand the universe by probing its fundamental particles and forces and exploring how they govern the large-scale processes that shape cosmic evolution. This whitepaper presents a vision for how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can accelerate discovery in this field. We outline grand challenges that must be addressed to enable transformative breakthroughs and describe how current and planned experimental facilities can implement this vision to advance our understanding of the vast and complex physical world from the smallest to the largest scales. We show how facilities currently under construction, such as the HL-LHC, DUNE and soon EIC, can both benefit from and serve as proving grounds for this vision, while also enabling a longer-term goal for how future experiments -- like FCC-ee at CERN, IceCube-Gen2, a Muon Collider in the U.S., and smaller to mid-scale projects -- can be fully AI-native. We describe how a truly national-scale collaboration, jointly managed across large funding partners, and involving both DOE laboratories and universities, can make this happen.

Aarrestad, Thea Klaeboe [ETH, Zurich (main)]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Melting LHC detectors: a novel search for stopped long-lived particles

Particles at the TeV scale with lifetimes of a year or longer could have been abundantly produced at the LHC yet escaped detection because of backgrounds, and could still be trapped within detector materials. With gluinos in split-supersymmetry as a working example, we show that these trapped particles can be recovered from detector materials once prepared in liquid form, for example, by melting silicon detectors, extracting liquid argon from the electromagnetic calorimeter, or constructing a large water pool near ATLAS or CMS. These liquid samples can then be processed using iterative centrifugation followed by mass spectrometry, enabling single-particle sensitivity in macroscopic samples. This method can potentially discover gluinos up to 3 TeV in mass at the HL-LHC. It can also improve upon existing limits for other long-lived particles. For example, it can discover the stop up to 2 TeV, and will also be sensitive to integer-charged particles in the TeV range.

Gonski, Julia L. [SLAC]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quality Control of Silicon Sensor Modules for Particle Detectors

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will produce a higher rate of particle collisions than the current Large Hadron Collider (LHC), requiring significant upgrades to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) to handle the increased amount of data. An important upgrade is the Phase-2 Outer Tracker Upgrade, which consists of 13,000 silicon sensor modules made of two parallel silicon sensors and readout electronics. These modules undergo careful quality control checks both during and after module assembly to ensure precise and reliable detector performance. This project focuses on precision testing for quality control of silicon sensor modules at Fermilab. Hands-on work includes visual inspection, current-voltage testing, module testing, and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure of modules showing abnormal current-voltage behavior. The ultraviolet exposure process improves the abnormal sensor readout data by placing the selected sensor side of the module directly under the UV light inside a controlled box. In addition to laboratory testing and ultraviolet experiments, I developed a Python-based data tool that connects to a module database and allows selected testing conditions and module information to be retrieved and displayed efficiently. These different testing procedures, experimental processes, and computational tools support the broader goal of identifying module issues and improving modules that will be used in the CMS Outer Tracker Phase-2 Upgrade.

Siddiqui, Hooriya [DuPage Coll.; Fermilab] (ORCID:↗
DOE OSTI2026

Proposal to search for long-lived neutral particles in CERN service shafts

Long-lived particles are predicted by many extensions of the Standard Model and have been gaining interest in recent years. In this paper the original proposal is presented for AN Underground Belayed In-Shaft (ANUBIS) detector that substantially extends the sensitivity to particle lifetimes by instrumenting the existing service shafts above the ATLAS or CMS experiments with tracking stations. For scenarios with electrically neutral long-lived particles with 𝑚 ≳ 1~GeV produced at the electroweak scale and above, the lifetime reach is increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to currently operating and approved future experiments at the LHC. Here, the original ANUBIS detector design proposal is outlined along with the projected costs.

ANUBIS↗